PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION

TO

LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION,

II.

LONGER LATIN EXERCISES.

(On connecting propositions by the relative pronoun, where in English we should use a demonstrative.)

1. PROPOSITIONS are in Latin often connected by the relative qui, quæ, quod, where in English we should use and, for, but, now, &c., with the demonstrative.

2. (a) Nam et prætor pedestribus exercitibus præfuit, et præfectus classis res magnas mari gessit. Quas ob causas (= atque ob eas causas, ' and for these reasons') præcipuus ei honos est habitus.

(b) Namque omnibus unus insulis præfuit. In quâ (= nam in eâ) potestate Pheras cepit, coloniamque Lacedæmoniorum. (Nep. ix. 1.) 3. The relative in these propositions is equivalent to the unemphatic is, ea, id, with et, autem, igitur; or even nam, tamen, sed, vero. If the demonstrative pronoun required is the more strongly demonstrative hic, ille, or even if there would be any emphasis on 'is,' the relative must not be used: nor if the conjunction would be emphatic, e. g. itaque, ergo, at, verum, nempe, nimirum, &c.

4. Whether is should be retained, or this construction with the relative used, depends on various considerations. Thus in Cic. Cluent. 7: Postremo unus, qui erat reliquus Dineæ filius Cn. Magius est mortuus. Is fecit heredem illum adolescentem Oppianicum. Here the 'is' is retained because a qui had so lately preceded.

5. The connection by the relative is very often used, when there is a dependent or subordinate sentence, which is then placed immediately after the relative: hence this qui very often precedes a quum, postquam, ut, ubi.

6. Reddita inclusarum ex speluncâ boum vox Herculem convertit. Quem quum vadentem ad speluncam Cacus vi prohibere conatus esset, ictus clavâ fidem pastorum nequidquam invocans morte occubuit. (Liv.) 7. When an English relative clause is followed by a subordinate clause containing a demonstrative, or has such a clause inserted in it, the relative is, in Latin, placed in this subordinate clause (which then stands first), and either 'is' is used in the other clause or (if the pronoun is in the same case in both clauses) the pronoun is omitted.

8. An example or two will make this clear.

(a) A man (whom I should have spoken to), (if I had seen him).'

In Latin this would be:

'A man (whom if I had seen), (I should have spoken to).'

(b) 'A man by whose treachery I should have been ruined, if I had not discovered it in time.'

In Latin:

'A man (whose treachery if I had not discovered in time), (I should have been ruined by it).'

(c) Thus instead of

'Non vident id se cupere, quod (si adepti sunt id) fugitivo alicui aut gladiatori concedi sit necesse,'

A Roman would have written:

'Non vident id se cupere, (quod si adepti sunt) fugitivo alicui aut gladiatori concedi sit necesse.' (Cic.)

9. Hence never write qui, quum is, &c., qui, quum ejus, &c., qui, quum ei, &c.; but qui, quum—; cujus quum—; cui quum, &c. So not qui, si ejus, &c., but cujus si, &c.

Exercise 1.

[See Pract. Intr. Part I. 441.]

о

Alexander died at Babylon, a man who, if his life had been a longer one, would have subdued the whole world. Alexander died at Babylon, a man who, if a longer life had fallen-tohis-lot, would have subdued the whole world. Alexander died at Babylon, a man who, if fate had kept him alive for a longer time, would have subdued the whole world. Alexander died at Babylon, a man who, unless fate had taken from him his life prematurely, would have subdued the whole world.—His death was the ruin of all his fellow-citizens, by whom he was slain because he wished to save them. I have very often read that there is no evil in death, for that if any sense remains

d

after it, it ought to be considered immortality rather than death. The power of conscience is great, and those who neglect it, be. tray themselves. Philosophy contains the doctrine1 both of duty and of morality:m those therefore who profess it seem to me to support a very important character." King Eucratides reduced India under his dominion, but when he was returning thence, p was slain on his march by his son.

& WORLD should not be translated by mundus except when the meaning is universe. When the earth or its countries are meant, orbis terræ or terrarum should be used; the latter especially when there is reference to different countries. b Should you use contingit, or accidit? c reservare. d immature. b Part I. 161, Obs., and i' in it.' The verb in the next clause should be subj., it being the speech or sentiment of the person or persons from whom the narrator had

* perdere.

end of 162.

f civis.

g Död. interficere.

(On Rhetorical Figures.)

1. Geminatio, or the doubling of an emphatic word.

(a) Cruz, crux inquam misero et ærumnoso parabatur. (C.)

2. Repetitio (лavaçoçá), when several clauses or members of a sentence begin with the same word.

(a) Nihilne te nocturnum præsidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliæ, nihil timor populi, nihil consensus bonorum omnium, nihil hic munitissimus habendi senatûs locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt? (C.)

3. Conversio (avτioτoogń), when several clauses or members of a sentence end with the same word.

(a) Urbis vigiliæ nihil te moverunt, timor populi nihil, consensus bonorum omnium nihil, &c.

4. Complexio is when several clauses or members of a sentence both begin with the same word and end with the same word. (a) Quis legem tulit? Rullus. Quis majorem partem populi suffragiis prohibuit? Rullus. Quis comitiis præfuit? Rullus. Quis decemviros quos voluit renuntiavit? Rullus. (C.)

5. Traductio, when a word occurring in a clause, occurs again (intentionally and as an ornament) in one or more subsequent clauses.

(a) Eum tu hominem appellas, qui si fuisset homo, nunquam tam crudeliter vitam hominis petisset.

(b) Qui nihil habet in vitâ jucundius vitâ, is cum virtute vitam non potes tollere. (C.)

6. Polysynḍeton (rohvσúrdeтov), the using many conjunctions, i. e. one between each pair of words or notions.

(a) Et inimico proderas, et amicum lædebas, et tibi ipsi non consulebas. (C.) 7. Annominatio (лaçоvouaσia) is the antithesis of words of nearly the same sound.

a) ut eum non facile non modo extra tectum, sed ne extra lectum quidem quisquam videret. (C.)

(b) Hanc reipublicæ pestem non paulisper reprimi, sed in perpetuum comprimi volo. (C.)

(c) Expetenda magis est decernendi ratio, quam decertandi fortuna. (C.)

8. Qμοιóлττо, when the members of a sentence are of parallel construction, having the same cases, or the same persons of the same tense. When they end with the corresponding case or tense, it makes oμoloréλevrov.—Both occur in the following example:

(a) Vicit pudorem libido, timorem audacia, rationem amentia. (C.)

9. 'Iσóxolov, when the clauses are very nearly of equal length, (1) Alii fortuna felicitatem dedit: huic industria virtutem comparavit. 10. Avtidetov (antithesis) requires this equality of length in the antithetical portions.

(a) Est igitur hæc, judices, non scripta sed nata lex; quam non didicimus, accepimus, legimus, verum ex naturâ ipsâ arripuimus, hausimus, expres. simus; ad quam non docti, sed facti, non imbuti, sed instituti sumus ut, &c. (C.)

11. Commutatio (avtiμstaßolń) is when the antithesis consists in the conversion of a proposition.

(a) Quia stultus es, eâ re taces; non tamen quia taces, eâ re stultus es: si poema loquens pictura est, pictura tacitum poema debet esse.

12. Regressio (èπavoðós) is when this kind of conversion is a conversion of a part only of a proposition.

(a) Ut eloquentium juris peritissimus Crassus, juris peritorum eloquentissimus Scævola haberetur. (C.)

13. Gradatio (xiμaş) is the mounting up as it were from one word to another, the preceding word being repeated.

(a) Imperium Græciæ fuit penes Athenienses; Atheniensium. potiti sunt