§ 12. Interrogatives.

76. (a) Interrogatives, except ne, take the first place in an indi rect question that follows the principal sentence: but,

77. (b) In direct questions, or indirect questions that precede the principal sentence, the interrogative sometimes yields the first place to an emphatic notion.

(a) Quæritur, cur doctissimi homines de maximis rebus dissentiant. C. (b) 1. Dii utrum sint, necne sint, quæritur. C.-2. Quid? Alexandrum Pheræum quo animo vixisse arbitramur ? C.

Exercise 15.

78. What? is not nearly the whole heaven filled with the human race? But whether these numbers are poetical, or of some other kind, must be seen next. When Socrates* was asked, whether he did not think Archelaus, the son of Perdiccas, happy; I don't know, said he, for I have never conversed with him.5 What? did not the famous Cato of Utica die by his own hands? What? with what feelings do we think that Lucilius of Ariminum saw his mistake (b)? I wish to remark here, whats a calamity over-confidence' usually 10 is. 1 Ramshorn says: complere, to fill completely; implere, to fill what is hollow empty; opplere, to fill to the brim, to fill to overflowing, to cover a surface by filling. Nearly so Jentzen: plenum quod est ad satietatem dicitur completum, expletum: repletum est, quod exhaustum erat, ut fossa: oppletus ad superficiem, refertus, differtus, confertus ad spatium interius pertinent. 'Socrates, when it had been inquired of him' (subj.), 5 colloqui cum aliquo. 6 Uticensis, adj.-80 8 C. (1), 21. Df. (1), 50.

4

2 ex.

3 deinceps. &c., quærere ex aliquo. Ariminensis below. • nimia fiducia.

7 Libet interponere. 10 is wont to be.'

79. Prepositions (except versus and tenus) generally stand be fore their nouns. (a) When the substantive has an attributive with it, the preposition stands between the attributive and its substantive, when either of them is emphatic. (b) When the attributive is a rel. pron., the preposition generally stands between the pron. and its substantive

(a) 1. Magnâ cum curâ atque diligentiâ scripsit. C.-2. Romani Horatium accipiunt eo majore cum gaudio, quo prope metum res fuerat.

(b) In some expressions the preposition nearly always takes the middle place: e. g. quâ in re; quam ob rem; eâ de causâ.

80. Even when the relative has no substantive with it, the preposition often follows it.

1. Senatus, quos ad soleret, referendum censuit. C.-2. Homo disertus non intelligit eum, quem contra dicit, laudari a se, &c. C.-3. Socii putandi sunt, quos inter res communicata est. C.-4. Res, quâ de agitur. C. 81. Cum is always appended to me, te, se, nobis, vobis, qui (quo) and also to quo, quâ, quibus, when the cum is entirely unemphatic.

1. Maxime cavendum est, ut eos, quibuscum sermonem conferirnus, et vereri et diligere videamur. C.-2. Ira procul absit, cum (emphatic) quâ nihil recte fieri, nihil considerate potest. C.-3. Noli adversum eos me velle ducere, cum quibus (opp. to adversum eos) ne contra te arma ferrem, Italiam reliqui. Nep. 25, 4.

82. When a substantive governed by a preposition has other words attached to it, these words are often placed between the preposition and its noun.

1. Erat olim mos ut faciles essent in suum cuique tribuendo. C.-2. Honore digni cum ignominiâ dignis non sunt comparandi. C.

A preposition is sometimes separated from its noun by que, ve, vero, autem, tamen, quidem, enim.

1. Sensim hanc consuetudinem et disciplinam jam antea minuebamus; post vero Sullæ victoriam penitus amisimus. C.-2. So: post autem Alexandri mortem. Nep.-3. Post enim Chrysippum. C.

83. Even in prose, per in adjurations is separated from its case by the acc. pronoun of the person addressed, the verb adjure, beseech, implore being omitted.

Nolite, judices, per vos fortunas, per liberos vestros, inimicis meis, iis præsertim quos ego pro vestrâ salute suscepi, dare lætitiam. C.

3

Exercise 16.

84. On these matters I would wish1 you (pl.) to deliberate with Pomponius, with Camillus, with whomsoever2 it shall seem good to you. As to him, in whose hands all power* is lodged, I see nothing to fear. Epicurus showed himself a sufficiently apt scholar in receiving this nerveless" and effeminate opinion; after him Philonymus the Rhodian ||

10

nor in

asserted that to be without pain is the summum bonum. They fix a certain limit, beyond which, they say, we ought not to advance. Neither in those who frame constitutions, those who wage wars, is the desire of oratorical power11 wont to arise. I believe that a limit in sepulchres is properly required: for to what expenses that matter13 has already advanced, you see in the tomb of C. Figulus. Pomponius is going to set out for Sicily: a matter1 concerning which I have || fished out a great deal" from Hortensius.

85. A conjunction stands at the head of the clause to which it belongs.

86. But the relative or demonstrative pronoun, and any einphatic notion, may precede any but the co-ordinate conjunctions, et, ac, atque; vel, aut; sed; at, verum; nam, namque, etenim ; quamobrem, quapropter; ita, itaque, sic, &c.

1. Id ille ut audivit, domum reverti noluit. Nep.-2. Huic si paucos putatis affines esse, vehementer erratis.-3. Commentarios quosdam Aristotelis veni ut auferrem. C.-(So in subordinate sentences.) 4. Atilius Regulus

sententiam ne diceret, recusavit. C.-5. Gorgia Leontino tantus honos habitus est a Græcis, soli ut ex omnibus Delphis non inaurata statua, sed aurea statueretur. C.

87. When two conjunctions come together, the conjunction of the principal precedes that of the subordinate sentence.

Itaque, si aut requietem natura non quæreret, aut eam posset aliâ quadam ratione consequi, facile pateremur. C.

88. Quam (how) with an adjective is often separated from the adjective, for the purpose of adding emphasis to it.

Ut credam ita esse, quam est id exiguum? C.

Exercise 17.

89. When he heard this, he suffered nobody to rest. I am come to recompense you with some reward, if not a great one

a

(86, 3). When he heard this, he uttered the name of Quinc tilius in a very pathetic manner. I will call upon Caius, whom, though I think he will keep his promises, I will nevertheless bind by an oath. Do you then think those evils are to be feared, which are over in a moment of time? Listen to what that

If Demetrius has an audience,
Though Caius owes his life

Caius (of) yours has done. it will be all over1 with the army. to me, yet he endeavours to bring me into odium. If therefore (87, b) they think that they owe their lives to me, I should be honoured by them with some reward. If therefore (87, b) they have derived any advantage from my care, let them confer some reward' upon me.

1 Actum esse de.

§ 15. Conjunctions.—Autem, enim, igitur, with esse.

90. Obs. Igitur, tamen, ergo, deinde, præterea, itaque, take the first place, when they modify the whole clause, and not merely any particular notion of it. When they modify a particular notion, only or especially, they follow that notion, or the first and most important of the words by which it is expressed. In Cicero, however, itaque always takes the first place, igitur never.

91. If esse or the subject begins the sentence, autem, enim, igitur, take the second place.

1. Est enim effectrix multarum et magnarum voluptatum. C.-2. Sunt autem clariora indicia naturæ. C.--3. Id autem est perfectum offi

cium. C.

92. If the sentence begins with the predicate or non, num, nemo, nihil quis; or if esse is emphatic; esse (generally) takes the second, and the particle the third place.

1 Quis enim est, &c., occurs Tusc. iv. 2, and elsewhere. The thing to be considered is; whether the question or assertion relates to the existence of the thing or to its nature. "Quo minus recte dicatur quid enim est, nihil enim est, nulla obstat ratio.-Discrimen proficiscitur ex naturâ verbi esse, quod, quum non plenam significationem præstet, cum nomine conjungitur in unam notionem, et encliticorum more comprehenditur uno accentu: sed ubi significat vere esse, exstare, attrahit interrogandi particulam.-Qui quærit, quid est enim? aut exspectat responsionem nihil esse, vel nihil aliud esse; aut an res vere sit, dubitat. Qui interrogat, quid enim est? de certo genere rei quærit, vel, interrogationis

1. Dicendum est enim quod sentio. C.-2. Nihil est enim aliud, quamobrem, &c. C.-3. Quis est enim qui, &c. ?—4. Nemo est igitur, qui.

93. (a) A preposition throws these particles into the third place, unless it is emphatic; (b) when they may stand between the preposition and its noun.

(a) Ex hac igitur illud efficitur. C.

(b) 1. Post vero Sullæ victoriam (hanc consuetudinem) penitus amisimus. C.-2. Herillus jam pridem est rejectus: post enim Chrysippum non est disputatum. C.

94. Sometimes est follows a preposition and its case, and thus the particle is thrown forward to the fourth place.

95. Quoque, quidem (which always follow the word they belong to) also throw autem, enim, igitur to the third place.

Ei quoque enim proconsuli imperium in annum prorogabatur. L.

96. A partial exception to what is here said of quidem, arises from the affection of the pronominal particle quidem for a pronoun. Thus in tibique persuade esse te quidem mihi carissimum, sed multo fore cariorem, si, &c., the quidem, which properly belongs to carissimum, has deserted to the pronoun.

97. So with other verbs the particle takes the third place, when the verb has a word with it, from which it cannot well be separated.

Non video autem, &c.-.
-Num vis igitur audire, &c.?

98. The post-positive conjunctions may separate a prænomen from a cognomen, and even such a compound word as jusjurandum, plebiscitum.

1. L. quidem Philippus gloriari solebat. C.-2. Rem vero publicam.-3. Jurisque jurandi.-4. Rogationibus, plebisve scitis.

Exercise 18.

99. For I must say how salutary1 religion is to men. For some reason must be given of this, as it appears to you at least," strange counsel. For who is there, whose ears that report has

vi intentâ, non hoc esse, vel prorsus nihil esse. Nam tota vis continetur uno verbo quid.--Hoc ad alias quoque formas pertinet, quæ verbum est encliticum nomini conjunctum habent." (Hand. Turs. ii. 400.)