letters. He never answered a single word1 to my very kindly expressed letters. I cannot but return some answer to your very acceptable letters. Those wrong opinions of yours must be rooted-up out of your mind. Is it the part of a Christian to spend all his life in making gain? to retain that great reputation of yours. care lest your so-great reputution should be endangered. No obstacle shall be placed by me (°in the way of accomplishing) this so great and difficult an object. Is it then the part of a Christian to increase this unpopularity of mine?

You must strive
You must take

3 Df. (1), 18.

56. Quisque with a superlative or ordinal numeral follows the adjective.

Optimus quisque: altissima quæque flumina: quinto quoque verbo.

Quisque is generally placed immediately after a case of sui or suus referring to it.

Placet Stoicis suo quamque rem nomine appellare. C.

57. (a) Quidam generally follows its noun, whether substantive or adjective: but

58. (b) Quidam precedes its noun, when there is an opposition between the quidam and some others: and in other cases where the quidam is very emphatic.

(c) For instance, where the quidam means 'some that I could name:' some we know of!

(a) 1. Interim Agyllius quidam vincula laxavit. Nep.-2. Sed audio majorom quendam in urbe timorem esse. C.

(b) Clamor iste indicat esse quosdam cives imperitos, sed non multos. C. (c) Otium præstaturi videntur, si quidam homines patientius eorum poten. tiam ferre potuerint. C.

59. The ille of celebrity follows its substantive, if there is no adjective with it: if there is, it generally stands between the two. Obs. Not always: e. g. illam acerbissimam ministram Prætorum avaritiæ calumniam. C. Ep. ad Q. Fratr. i. 1, 8. Herculem Xenophontium illum. C. Xenophon Socraticus ille. C.

1. Habetur vir egregius L. Paullus ille, qui, &c. C.-2. Omnis illa vis et quasi flamma oratoris, &c. C.-3. Antipater ille Sidonius. C.-4. Mne sarchus, auditor Panætii illius tui. C.

60. Aliquis in connection with another adjective generally takes the second place.1

Bene dicere non habet definitam aliquam 2 regionem.

61. (a) When its substantive has no other adjective or pronoun with it, aliquis generally follows the substantive, when both are unemphatic; but (b) precedes it, when either is to receive prominence or emphasis.

Obs. Aliquis is emphatic and precedes the substantive, when it means · some at all events,' 'some if not much e. g. qui sedulitatem mali poetæ duxerit aliquo tamen præmio dignam, &c. C.

(a) 1. Aut de pingendo pictor aliquis diserte dixerit aut scripserit. C.-2. Si hujusce rei ratio aliqua, &c. C.

(b) 1. Ejus facti, si non bonam, at aliquam rationem afferre. C.—2. Quid mihi-tamquam alicui Græculo' otioso et loquaci-quæstiunculam-ponitis? C.-3. Timide tamquam ad aliquem scopulum' libidinis, sic tuam mentem ad philosophiam appulisti. C.

62. Two pronouns, or an adverb with the pron. from which it is derived, are generally brought close together.

Obs. Not always: even when the pronouns relate to the same person: e. g. 'cum quibus te non tuum judicium sed temporum vincla conjuntorunt." C. Fam. x. 6.

Equites, sine duce relicti, alii aliâ in civitates suas dilapsi sunt. L.

63. (a) When ipse with a case of sui stands for himself, &c., it generally follows the case of sui: but (b) when there is to be particular emphasis on the subject, ipse precedes, and is used in the nominative, even though the opposition intended is between oneself and somebody else.

(a) 1. Deforme est, de se ipsum prædicare, falsa præsertim. C-2. Non egeo medicinâ; me ipse consolor. C.-3. Lentulum mihi ipsi antepono. C. (b) 1. Si quis ipse sibi inimicus est, &c.—2. Ipsi se curare non possunt. [Sometimes, however, the ipse follows: si te ipse contineas. C.]

64. In other words: whenever what is asserted of the agent with respect to himself is a strange thing, ipse is to be in the nom. and precede sui, even when the meaning is himself, opposed to others (of whom the assertion might be expected to be made).

1 For any other,' alius ullus is more common (I think) than ullus alius: but this depends, of course, on the relative emphasis of 'any' or 'other.' To express it strongly, separate the adjectives, as: non ullam rem aliam artimescens nisi, &c. C.

2 In unus aliquis this order should be observed, unless there is another adj. (e. g. aliquis unus pluresve), or the aliquis is emphatic

Exercise 12.

dare to

must

['The famous,' 'the great,' &c., to be translated by ille.] 65. I far prefer this suburban gymnasium of yours (53, B) to the famous Academy and Lyceum. Every body loves himself.2 Every one is dear to himself. The longest letters are • always the most agreeable. To each virtue its own" peculiary praise is due. Does it then become an orator almost to die with laughing every third word? They cry-out, that each man must abide by his own judgment. Would you refuse to abide by the judgment of the great Plato ? explain, what was the opinion of that god of mine, Plato. That Epicurus of yours boasts that he had no master. Epicurus says that he attended the lectures of a certain Pamphilus at Samos. It cannot be denied, that some corpuscles are smooth, others rough, others round (ab x ba). Do you then believe, that this immense and most beautiful world was made of certain corpuscles, by no natural compulsion, 10 but by a certain fortuitous concourse? Let us honour this man's diligence with some reward, if not a great one. Do you then compare me to some Scythian (61, b)? Is it then like a philosopher12 to defend pugnaciously some doubtful opinion or other?

a

2 I. 363. Begin with ipse.

5

quisnam.

11 if

1 Longe anteponere. 3 I. 399, b. 4 peculiar, proprius. To be due, deberi. 6 to attend a person's lectures, audire aliquem. Turn the verb into the passive, 'was heard by him.' 7 quidam. 10 'no nature compelling.' with no (non) great, yet (at) with some reward.' (See Ex. 61, b.) 'of a philosopher.'

8 efficere.

9 ex.

12 Say:

§ 10. The Relative.

66. (a) The relative (except when it refers to is, ea, id) should stand as near as possible to its antecedent: (b) the place of the antecedent being often determined with this view.

(a) Xerxem per literas certiorem fecit id agi, ut pons, quem ille in Hellesponto fecerat, dissolveretur. Nep.

(b) Bellum grave et periculosum vestris vectigalibus atque sociis a duobus potentissimis regibus infertur, Mithridate et Tigrane; quorum alter, &c.

C.

67. This applies only to strictly relative clauses: not to qui : the demonstr. is, with et, nam, igitur, autem, &c.

=

68. Appositions, and even single adjectives (especially superlatives), that in English precede the relative clause, are in Latin generally placed in that clause.

Hence the very celebrated general Epaminondas, in whose house' would be: Epaminondas, cujus celeberrimi imperatoris in domo, &c. The immortal glory which the Greeks acquired,' gloria, quam inımortalem Græci retulerunt. So: 'a city which,' quæ urbs, &c.-'the city he first visited,' quam urbem primam adiit.—' an opinion which,' quæ sententia, &c., (city and opinion being in apposition to something preceding.)

Exercise 13.

69. In the same year Cumæ, a city' which' the Greeks were then in possession of,1 is taken by the Campanians. The Amanus divides Syria from Cilicia, a mountain which was full of our constant enemies. I hope that you will3 recover from the very severe disease, with which you are now afflicted. I hope that you will keep the many and very beautiful promises, which you made me. The very great' and beautiful reward, with which I have been presented, wonderfully delights me. That Athenagoras of Cyme, who had dared to export corn in a famine,1 was scourged with rods."

70. (a) When the subject is defined by lle and a relative clause, it is often placed in, and at the end of, the relative clause: so, (b) when a relative clause stands before the principal clause (the relative being in the nominative), the antecedent often terminates the relative clause.

(a) Ille, qui in Timæo mundum ædificavit Platonis deus.

(b) Quæ perspicuam omnibus veritatem continet propositio, nihil indiget approbationis. C.

71. When the relative clause precedes the principal one, the rel. may give up its usual place (as the first word) in favour of a notion that is to be made prominent.

Tributa vix, in fanus Pompeii quod satis sit, efficiunt. C.

72. Of two cases of qui, an oblique case precedes a nomi native.

Senatus ille, quem qui ex regibus constare dixit, unus veram speciem Romani senatûs cepit. L.

73. When qui refers to something preceding, no conjunctions can go with it but sed, et (before), tamen, quidem, que (after).

1. Perturbat me, C. Cæsar, illud interdum: cuod tamen, quum te penitus recognovi, timere desino. C.-2. Morositas senum habet aliquid excusationis, non illius quidem justæ, sed quæ probari posse videatur. C. 74. Other conjunctions, such as autem, vero, enim, igitur, cannot stand with qui, unless its reference is to something that follows.

1. Quæ autem secundum naturam essent, ea sumenda et quadam æstimatione dignanda docebat. C.-2. Qui igitur adolescens, nondum tantâ gloriâ præditus, nihil unquam nisi severissime et gravissime fecerit, is eâ existimatione, eâque ætate saltavit? C.-3. Quorum vero patres aut majores aliquâ gloriâ præstiterunt, ii student plerumque eodem in genere laudis excellere. C.-4. Quæ ergo ad vitam tuendam pertinent, partim sunt in animo, &c. C.

Exercise 14.

[r.f. means that the rel. clause is to stand first (see Part I. 30): a. v. that the sentence is to be translated by the active voice.]

L

75. That opinioni of yours, which is injurious1 to us, must be rooted-up out of your mind. That Rupilius, who for so many years had sat at the helm of the state, had fled away secretly. (r. f.) Let those therefore, to whom we all owe our lives, be buried with military honours. (r. f.) Will therefore that Lucilius, who is prepared for his fate, whatever it may be, fly away secretly? (r. f.) You are therefore driving from the helm of the state those, to whom both you and I owe our lives. {r. f.) The General who had so often saved the state, was suf fered by his fellow-citizens to be deprived of burial. (a. v.) We have scarcely corn enough for a month. Let those therefore who have kept back their corn, be fined a sum-ofmoney,3 Peace must be sued for; which those who sue for it (fut.), will obtain.

1 Lædere.

example (71),

2 Say: 'which may be enough for ('in') a month.' See 3 pecunia. abl.