Your connection Rutilius swore that he owed his life to me: his father' Numantius" would not beg Cæsar to spare mine. 1 Df. (1), 19. 2 histrio ( = ' stage-player') implies something of depreciation 4 deversari. (Luc. vir. opt.) 6 affinis. 3 Df. (1), 2. 7 The accent over father shows that it is to precede the proper name. § 5. Antithetical Words. 36. From 7, it follows that antithetical words or notions will naturally often stand, the one at the beginning, the other at the end of the clause. 1. Necessitatis inventa antiquiora sunt, quam voluptatis. C.-2. Errare mehercule malo cum Platone, quam cum istis vera sentire. C. 37. If the antithetical notions consist of more than one word (each answering to one of the other set), the order of the first set is very often reversed in the second. 38. If the antithetical notions are in different sentences, they stand, beginning} (a) Either both at the beginning of their respective clauses: (b) Or both at the end (c) Or the one at the end of its clause, the other at the beginning; the order of the first being generally reversed in the second, if they consist of several words. (a) Stulti malorum memoriâ torquentur; sapientes bona præterita, gratâ recordatione renovata, delectant. C. (ab-ab.) (a, b)Multi in amicis parandis adhibent curam: in amicis cligendis negligentes sunt. C. (a ba b.) (c) 1. Ut cupiditatibus principum et vitiis infici solet tota civitas: sic emendari et corrigi continentiâ. C.-2. Metuo ne scelerate dicam in te, quod pro Milone dicam pie. C. (a b X b a.) 39. When a substantive is repeated in a sentence, the two cases generally stand close together. Obs. Not always: e. g nihil semper floret: atas succedit ætati. C. In sentences of the kind to which this rule applies, the pron. 'another' might generally be substituted for the second substantive, 'one' being added to the first. 'Man kills man' 'one man kills another." 1. Vir virum legit.-2. Ex domo in domum migrare.-3. Diem ex die exspectare.-4. Arma armis propulsare. 40. These forms will be indicated thus: ab-a b will indicate that the order is to be retained ; a b× ba that it is to be reversed. Obз. The inverted order is called Chiasmus, and is the favourite form for an tithetical sentences. Obs. These rules are not invariably observed: e. g. Rerum copia verborum copiam gignit. C. Pausanias magnam belli gloriam turpi morte maculavit. Nep. Iniquissimam pacem justissimo bello antefero. C. Exercise 8. [Obs. When 'one' is to be omitted (one), 'another' must be translated by a case of the substantive that follows o ne.-Then indicates that the question is to be asked by an.] 6 41. I don't see, how past pleasures can assuage1 present evils (abxba). I confess that the judgment of the generality2 differs3 from my judgment. Laws punish the wicked, defend and protects the good. The opinion which you' are implanting in my mind, Rutilius is rooting up. The opportunity which you are seizing, Caius has let slip. The more difficult it is to acquire a knowledge of heavenly things," the more do they kindle in us the desire of knowings them. It is one thing to be unanimously acquitted, another to escape by a sentence1o purchased by bribery (ab-ab). Do you then believe, that the mind is strengthened by pleasure, and weakened by continence ? (a bxba). Arms must be resisted by arms (39, 4). Is it then true that on e poet always envies another? I by Hercules had rather be condemn. ed than acquitted by a sentence1 purchased by bribery (36, 2). 4 supplicio afficere". 'heavenly things, the 2 vulgus. 1 Sedare. 5 Död. tueri: or I. 374. 3 dissentire (a quâ re). more difficult knowledge they admit of (habent), &c. 9 I. 39. 10 See JJDGMENT. 6. Secondary Emphasis: position of words occurring in two clauses. 42. In a sentence of some considerable length a word receives a slight emphasis or prominence by being placed just before or after a pause. For instance, just after an apposition clause that belongs to the subject. In fact, the beginning or end of any group of words is a slightly emphatic position. 1. Oratoris nomen apud antiquos in Græciâ | majori quadam vel copiâ, vel gloriâ floruit. C.-2. Cœlius talis tribunus plebis fuit, ut nemo contra civium perditorum popularem turbulentamque dementiam | a senatu et a bonorum causâ steterit libentius. C. 43. A word that is the subject or object of two sentences should generally precede both. 1. Hostes, ubi primum nostros equites conspexerunt, impetu facto, celeriter nostros perturbaverunt. Cæs.-2. Quem, ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, telis eminus missis, interfecerunt. Nep. The position of a subject at the head of a sentence before the conjunction of an accessory sentence is so common, that it is often found there, even when it is not the subject of the principal sentence also. 1. Hic etsi crimine Pario est accusatus, tamen alia fuit causa damnationis. Nep.-2. Romani postquam Carthaginem venerunt- -tum ex Carthaginiensibus unus, &c. 44. A word that is the subject of one sentence and the object of another, should generally stand before both (as belonging to the principal sentence) and be represented in the accessory sentence by the proper case of is, ea, id. 1. Rex Prusias, quum Hannibali apud eum exsulanti depugnari placeret, negabat se audere. (When Hannibal, who was residing as an exile with King Prusias, wished, &c.- he said &c.) C.-2. Boios, petentibus Eduis, quod egregiâ virtute erant cogniti, ut in finibus suis collocarent concessit. Cæs. Exercise 9. 8 45. If the Boiia had sued for peace, they would have obtained it. If Caius does' this, he will endanger his reputation. Dio nysius having seen me at Rome, left nothing undone to bring me into odium. Could my favourite, your connection, Rutilius, upon hearing this (pl.) almost die with laughter? When your favourite Saufeius was staying with my friend Lucilius, the latter used to get an appetite by walking. (44). When Metellus was at Athens, he used to devour litera ture with that wonderful' person' Dionysius. 2 Df. Pt. I. 18. 6 homo 16 Shall have done.' 3 affinis. • Abl. Absol. apud quem deversari, to stay with any body for a time as a guest. nirificus. §7. On the position of Sum. 46. Sum, as the mere logical copula, stands either between the subject and predicate, or after them both. Homo est mortalis: or homo mortalis est. 47. Sum, when it precedes both subject and predicate, is more than the mere copula, and expresses existence emphatically [= 'exists' 'there is.'] Est homo mortalis (man is undoubtedly mortal). In est necesse the 'est' is emphatic (= 'is absolutely necessary :') or 'must in.fallibly.' 1. Non vident id se cupere, quod fugitivo alicui aut gladiatori concedi sit necesse. C.-2. Se esse tertium illum Cornelium, ad quem regnum hujus urbis pervenire esset necesse. C. 48. Sum, when unemphatic, should generally be placed after an emphatic word. Hence is it not placed after enim, autem, &c., except when it is em phatic. 1. Postquam divitiæ honori esse cœpere, &c. C.-2. Hæc conficta arbitror a poetis esse. C.-3. Ut a te paulo est ante dictum. C.-4. Natura est ipsa fabricata. C.-5. In eoque colendo sita vitæ est honestas omnis. C. 49. On this principle esse is often placed after its governing verb; especially after such verbs as affirm or deny existence, such as credo, nego, ajo, volo, veto.' 1. Is igitur versum in oratione vetat esse. C.-2. Defensum neget esse. C.3. Quos equidem credo esse, &c. C.-4. Ut socios honore auctiores velit esse. C. 50. Esse in compound infinitives very frequently precedes a hyperdissyllable participle; the participle often standing at the end of its clause. Abs te esse liberatas: per te esse recreatas; latrocinia esse depulsa: esse adeptos: operam esse ponendam (but, prorogatus esse videatur)—all in a small portion of one letter (Epp. ad Quint. Fratr. lib. i. 1). 51. The est of a compound tense often stands after its parti ciple, at the end of a clause. 1. Nihil amplius desiderarem hoc statu, qui mihi jam partus est. C.-2 Quæ tamen (ut in malis) acerbitati anteponenda cst. C. 1 By no means always: omni ratione tueare, ut cseo quam beatissimos vcla Epp. ad Quint. Fratr. lib. i. 1. Exercise 10. 2 52. Dionysius, who says that virtue is not productive of plea sure, is blamed' by many. Caius denies that gain should be pursued as a first object. He says that this should be the first object with those who are placed over others, that those who are under their command3 should be as happy as possible.* I believe that the boy is a liar. He says that pleasure is not to be our first object. All cry-out, that this very false man a is not to be believed upon his oath. He promised that he would place no obstacle in the way of accomplishing so great an object. Are you' then going to feel affronted at this? They teach us, that that opinion should be given up. 2 To be placed over others, præcsse aliis. Indic. 4 I. 410. p. 144. 1 Död. reprehendere. 3 To be under any body's command, in cujus imperio esse. * mendax, adj. 6 mendacissimus. 7 res. § 8. Pronouns. 53. When a substantive has both an adjective and adjective pronoun with it, there are six possible positions, without separation. a 1. Tuæ suavissimæ littera 2. Tuæ litteræ suavissimæ 3. Litteræ tuæ suavissimæ b 4. Suavissimæ tuæ litteræ 5. Suavissimæ litteræ tuæ 6. Litteræ suavissimæ tuæ. (a) If both the predicates are emphatic, the forms 2. 5. should probably be preferred. (6) There may be two adjective pronouns and an adjective: e. g. tuum hoc suburbanum Gymnasium. C. De. Orat. i. 1, 21 (end). (a) Examples of form 1(which is the English order) are: in hac nostrâ actione (C. De Orat. iii. 59): suis lenissimis postulatis (Cæs. B. C. i. 5): in meo gravissimo casu (C. ad Fam. iv. 6, 1): in hac præclarâ epistolâ (C. de Fin. ii. 31). 54. If the substantive has a demonstrative pronoun and two adjectives joined by et, &c., the most usual place of the pronoun is after the first adjective. Crassus hic et concretus aer. C. Exercise 11. 55. Do not pester that excellent man with your threatening |