(From her divine birth and origin.)

(1) A divino ortu et progenie.

(2) Ab ortu et progenie divinâ.
(3) Ab ortu divino et progenie.

Not, ab ortu et divinâ progenie.?

19. Zumpt confines the position after the first to the 'familiar style;' but it occurs even in the Orations of Cicero, and is, I think, the best position, when the second substantive is an emphatic addition: e. g. Cic. Phil. ii. 33. "Sed arrogantiam hominis insolentiamque cognoscite."

20. Of two adjectives or other words joined by 'and' (or some other co-ordinate conjunction) that which is to arrest the attention most is often placed towards the end of the sentence, and sepa rated from the other by one or more of the words that belong equally to both.

Obs. The pronouns, and other small unaccented words, are very frequently used for the separation of connected words.

1. Insula est Melita, satis lato ab Siciliâ mari periculosoque disjuncta. C.-2. Omnibus officiis diligenter a me sancteque servatis, &c.-3. Et dolori fortiter ac fortuna resistere.-4. Dominos esse omnium rerum et moderatores deos.

21. Obs. This separation of co-ordinate notions is conveniently employed in dividing a long sentence into portions, and thus giving symmetry and strength to the style by preventing the accumulation of unaccented words. For instance, Wolf writes: nunc tandem jucundum fructum mihi capere licet variarum curarum : jucundum and fructum are here emphatic, mihi capere licet wholly unemphatic. By arranging the sentence thus, nunc tandem licet jucundum mihi | variarum curarum | fructum capere,' we have a nearly regular alternation of the rising and falling of the voice; or what Cicero calls intervalla æqualia. (Reisig.)

Exercise 3.

[An accented pronoun is emphatic, and to be expressed.]

22. Is it the part of a Christian to yield basely to pain and fortune (20,3)? Thick clouds are covering the whole sky. (Turn into pass. voice.) It is a great thing to be able to endure cold and

2 This sentence (sic) is in Cic. Tusc. i. 12 (26), and Wolf improperly refers divinâ to both substantives: a supposition which Orelli appears to counte nance by not condemning it.

me.

g

hunger. They believe that they shall derive great advantage. from this injury. He' gave me advice boldly and rashly. Fired with anger and ambition,▪ he' heaped every kind of abuse upon It cannot be doubted, that he is easily accessible to flattery.' Which advice they' received with acclamations. He' did many and rash actions by the advice of Caius. There is no doubt that he is living by alms. Caius has made this question very dark. He has followed a bold' and rash' advice. Deliver me from the yoke of slavery. You see (pl.) the anger and ambition of the man (19)!

1 'that flatterers have easy access to his ears.'

23. When a substantive, with a notion joined to it attributively, is more nearly defined by some other words, those words are usu ally placed between the substantive and its attributive.

Tua erga Lucceium benignitas. C. Tanta fuit in castris capiendis celeritas, &c. Cæs. Halesini pro multis et magnis suis majorumque suorum in rempublicam meritis atque beneficiis, &c. C. Pro hac, quam conspicitis, ad conservandam rempublicam diligentiâ, &c. C. [Obs. the insertion of the relative clause.]

(a) A deviation from this rule occurs, C. Nep. Miltiad. 3, 3, 'hortatus est pontis custodes ne a fortunâ datam occasionem liberandi Græciæ dimit terent.' Here fortuna is emphatic.

(3) A notion joined attributively to a substantive may be expressed either by an adjective, or a participle, or a genitive case.

24. (a) A participle generally follows its substantive, as containing a predicate assumed attributively; but (b) where the predicate would precede the subject, if the clause were resolved, there the participle should precede the substantive.

(a) Ratibus junctis trajectus. L. Consules-regibus exactis creati sunt. (b) Ingratus est, qui, remotis testibus, agit gratiam. Sen. Cæsar pulsus, non instante Pompejo, negavit eum vincere scire. Suet.

25. In other words, the participle should precede, when attention is to be called to it rather than to the substantive; and also when the participle and substantive together form one complex notion.

Temeritas est videlicet florentis Ttatis. C. Itaque bene adhibita ratio cernit quid optimum sit. C.

Exercise 4.

26. It was decreed, that for his so-great merit state, he should be called king by the senate.

with such courtesy3 towards all, that no mar

towards' the

Caius behaved

was so humble

as not to have access to him. I will strive to satisfy men's great expectations of me. I fear that I shall not satisfy your great" expectations of me. If (Ego, si, &c.) such an opportunity of successi were offered me, I' would eagerly seize it [I. 445, a, (1).] The Gauls, having lost their baggage, all' fled. The troops of Lentulus P restore the fortune of the day," and rout the enemy. Are you the man' to lose such1o an opportunity of success" by your-own laziness? I fear that I shall not12 be able to recompense 13 you for your so-great benefits towards1 me.1 There were some, who looked forward to your arrival with impatience.

13

27. When a gen. depends on two substantives it generally procedes both.

Hujus autem orationis difficilius est exitum quam principium invenire. C. 28. When a gen. depends on a substantive that has another genitive dependent upon it, with which it forms one complex notion, it is generally placed before it.

The gen. that forms, as it were, one notion with the substantive, generally follows it: it is very often an objective genitive.

1. Fortissimi viri magnitudinem animi desideras. C.-2. Themistoclis vitia ineuntis ætatis magnis sunt emendata virtutibus. C. Nep.-3. Cupio ab hac hominum satietate nostri discedere. C.-4. Hujus voз animi monumenta retinebitis corporis in Italiâ nullum vestigium esse patiemini? C.

1 Not always: e. g. hujus rex animi magnitudinem admirans. C. Nep. li. 10

Exercise 5.

29. It is more difficult to avoid the snares of these men," than to endure their arms. Nearly all men's youthful opinions are gradually weakened. Who would not praise this great philosopher's contempt for external things? I am not the man to laugh at the Christian's contempt for the things of this life. I have very often admired both the courtesy and the benevolence of Cimon. Extreme' cheapness' followed' that year's dearness of provisions. I don't doubt that extreme dearness will follow this year's cheapness of provisions. My Tullia's weak state12 kills 13 me with anxiety.

a

1 sustinere.

2 Say; 'opinions of commencing life.' Should it be iniens ætas, or ætas iniens? (See 25. last clause.) 3 Död. paulatim. 4 despicientia. 5 Pt. I. 156. 6 Df. 1109 (9). 7 Say; 'of human things.' 9 Summus. 10 consequi. 11 Pt. I. 290 (d).

tum.

tas corporis.

13 exanimare.

8 qиит12 imbecilli

§3. Participial Clauses.

30. When a participial clause is equivalent to an apposition or relative sentence, it stands as near as possible to the word it modifies.

1. Pisistratus primus Homeri libros, confusos antea, sic disposuisse dicitur, ut nunc habemus. C.-2. Sæpe homines rationem, bono consilio a diis immortalibus datam, in fraudem malitiamque convertunt. C.

31. But when a participial clause is equivalent to a sentence beginning with a conjunction, it is sometimes inserted in the principal sentence, sometimes placed before it, sometimes after it, as its relation to the principal sentence requires.

1. Egyptii et Babylonii, in camporum patentium æquoribus habitantes, (quum hab.) omnem curam in siderum cognitione posuerunt. C.— 2. Perditis (= licet perd.) rebus omnibus, tamen ipsa virtus se sustentare potest. C.-3. Brutus Consul ita prœlio uno accidit Vestinorum res ut dilaberentur in oppida, se defensuri (: ut defend.). L.

Exercise 6.

[P means that the sentence is to be turned into a participial clause.] 32. My reputation being lost, nothing' remains but that I

о

should die by my own hands. I gladly
offered to me for3 having saved the state.
town to defend themselves there.
neglect your health, which is now re-established.

receive the honours
They all' fly to the
Be sure not to
De s

Can any one cure a body, that is worn-out by such labours? Who doubts, that such opinions, so deeply implanted, so long entertained, are very hard to root up 28 7 The example of a man who makes glory his first object, is not to be followed.

1 nihil aliud nisi.

republic saved.' 4 cave.

2 See i. 83.

See Df. (1), 118.

3ob. Say; 'on account of the 5 C (1), 10. 6 tam penitus.

7 vetustus: the word for old which refers to the superiority of age. Död. anti

quus.

8 Df. (1), 93.

§ 4. Proper Names.

33. A proper name generally precedes its apposition.

1. Er præpositio: tis syllaba : & litera.-2. Cato, vir clarissimus.-3. Lemnos insula.

34. But if the attention is to rest upon the apposition, or if it has a nearer relation to some preceding notion, it stands first.

1. Ejus doctor Plato triplicem finxit animum. C. (because the ejus refers to Xenocrates in the former sentence.)-2. Homo mirificus, Dionysius (that wonderful person, Dionysius).

Exercise 7.

35. I will make no objection' to your hissing off the stage that very bad actor2 Balbus. I remember that Pamphilus, my host, said that he would not come. You (sing.) have heard Q. Minucius Rufus say, that king Antiochus lodged at his house' o when at Syracuse. Verres invited Antiochus, king of Syria, to supper. I hear that the excellent Lucilius," a friend of mine, is suffering from a disease that must end fatally. I am vexed that Rutilius, a man who has deserved well of me, should be living on such confined means. I fear that Satureius, an excellent man, and one who has deserved extremely-well of the state, will be brought into danger of his life. It is your business to be. seech the conqueror to spare the life of Pamphilus, your host.