EXPLANATION OF MARKS, ETC.

Words in Italics are to be looked for in the Vocabulary.*

to which the mark || is prefixed, are to be looked for in the Antibarbarus.

Df. and C. stand respectively for the Differences and Cautions at the end of the book.

Df. (1) and C. (1) stand respectively for the Differences and Cautions of

Part I.

a, b, after a word, mean that that word is to be the first or second word respectively in the clause.

', ', mean that the word is to be the last, or last but one (respectively) in the clause.

r. f. mean that the relative clause is to be placed first.

a. v. that the sentence is to be translated by the active voice.

i means that the word is to be inserted in the relative clause.

means that the word is to stand near the (head =) beginning of the seu

tence.

means that the word is to be placed in as emphatical a position as possible, near the middle of a sentence.

p means that the sentence is to be turned into a participial clause.

ab

- a b indicates that the order is to be retained.

abb a indicates that the order is to be reversed.

8 6 mean that the words over which they are placed, are to be separated. An accent over a word means that it is emphatic.

Words in spaced printing (printing) are those to which the direction intimated by a mark or reference applies.

prefixed to a word, or to several words, in spaced printing, means that it or they are to be omitted.

* The pupil will there find, not the word only, but the phrase of which it forms a part. For other words a dictionary must be used.

PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION

ΤΟ

LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION.

I.

ON THE ORDER OF WORDS IN LATIN.

1. In the usual arrangement of a Latin sentence, the subject, as the most important word, stands first; and words which modify the meaning of another, precede the word whose meaning they modify.

1. Ratio præest; appetitus obtemperat.-2. Consuetudo est altera natura.— 3. Habent opinionem, Apollinem morbos depellere.

2. Hence (a) oblique cases mostly precede the verb (or other word) on which they depend; (b) adjectives and dependent genitives precede the substantives to which they belong; and (c) ad. verbs precede their verbs or adjectives.

(a) Corporis gravitatem et dolorem animo judicamus.

(b) 1. Mamertina civitas.-2. Syracusius Philistus.-3. Reliqua vitæ instituta

(c) 1. Sui negotii bene gerens.-2. Sapientia prope singularis.

3. With respect to the usual order of oblique cases ;—

The nearer object precedes the more remote: e. g., the accus. after the transitive verb precedes an abl. of manner or instrument, &c.

Helvetii legatos ad Cæsarem mittunt. Cæs. [See also exx. under 2 (a).} Descriptions of a place precede the mention of things existing, or actions done in it.

Cæsar a Lacu Lemano ad montem Juram millia passuum decem murum for samque perducit. Cæs.

The cause precedes the effect.

Veniebant ad Eumenem, qui propter odium fructum oculis ex ejus casu capere vellent. C. Nep.

Exercise 1.

4. [Does mens or animus denote the mind with all its passions, emotions &c.? (92, note c.)]

We do not feel a disease of the mind by any bodily sensa tion. Caius is going to send a copy2 of the letter to his father. There is no doubt that the plea of necessity is a valid excuse for Dionysius. It cannot be denied, that he employed an advocate at Carthage. It cannot be doubted that they lived in affluence at Rome. We have been impatient for your arrival. There were some who looked forward with impatience to your arrival. The Gauls attack the Romans, before they have disencumbered them. selves of their baggage. The Athenians are going to recall Balbus from banishment. It would have been better1 never to have returned from banishment. It is one thing to sin, another to throw the blame upon another. There is no doubt that Philistus the Syracusan (6) lived many years at Rome. It cannot be denied, that you are connected with Scipio by the ties of blood.

1 'By the body.' 2 See EXAMPLE. SDf. 1109. 4 satius fuit, 426, (5).

5 38.

5.

Unusualness of position calls attention to a word so placed, and thus renders it emphatic.

6. Hence in a language which, like the Latin, admits of considerable variety in the collocation of words, what we effect by printing a word in Italics, is accomplished by placing it in an unusual position.

7. This unusualness of position is the great principle on which the emphasis or prominence of a word depends.

8. The beginning and the end of a clause are positions favorable to emphasis because "by the former our attention is excited, and on the latter it rests." But of course the beginning of the clause is not an emphatic position for the subject, nor the end for the predicate; but vice versâ. 9. (a) The subject receives emphasis by being placed at or near the end of the clause: (b) the predicate by being placed at or near the beginning of the clause.

(a) 1. Sensit in se iri Brutus.-2. Semper oratorum eloquentiæ moderatrix fuit auditorum prudentia. C.

(b) Disces tu quidem quamdiu voles: tamdiu autem velle debebis, quoad te,

quantum proficias, non pænitebit. C.

10. An emphatic subject often stands just before a verb which closes the sentence.

Eorum, qui exactâ ætate moriuntur, fortuna laudatur. C.

11. A verb stands at the head of its clause without emphasis, when it is used with autem to explain a previous assertion.

In English we should insert such an explanation parenthetically. 1. Amicum ægrotantem visere volebam: habitat autem ille in parte urbis remotissimâ.-2. [Cato] objecit ut probrum M. Nobiliori, quod is in provinciam poetas duxisset: duxerat autem consul ille in Ætoliam, ut scimus, Ennium. C.

12. The verb or adjective precedes its oblique cases when its comparative importance to the whole meaning of the sentence is greater than theirs.

1. Quæritur an is, qui profuit nobis, si postea nocuit, nos debito solverit. C. 2. Quæ perspicuam omnibus veritatem continet propositio, nihil indiget approbationis. C.—3. Iris nunquam non adversa soli est. Sen.-4. Similes parentibus ac majoribus suis filii plerumque creduntur. C.

13. Oblique cases and adverbs receive emphasis by being placed at or near the beginning or end of the clause.

1. Semper oratorum eloquentiæ moderatrix fuit auditorum prudentia. C.2. Arbores serit diligens agricola, quarum adspiciet baccam ipse nunquam. C.-3. Erudito homini esse ego iratus, ne si cupiam quidem, non possum. C.-4. Ne vitationem quidem doloris ipsam per se quisquam in rebus expetendis putavit. C.

14. Of words standing close together, the reversing their usual order gives promidence (I think) to the first rather than to the second. Thus when a b becomes b a, it is b rather than a that receives prominence. Mirabile videtur, quod non rideat haruspex, quum haruspicem viderit. C.

Exercise 2.

15. It cannot be denied, that Hortensius is going to follow the example of Cato. Let Hortensius defend himself from this charge by the plea of bad health. Brutus felt that he was invited to a share. He exclaims: "What' advantage will the Carthaginians derive from so great a wrong?" Let good examples for imitation be proposed to boys. There is no doubt that the plea of necessity is a valid excuse for you. I' will follow the advice of Cato. The examples of those who die for their country are quoted-with-approbation. We are looking impatiently for the arrival of Cicero. I fear that he will not undergo the danger

willingly.

I could not follow such an example, even if I wished it (13, 3). He is always bringing me into danger. I fear that1 Hortensius will not ward off the danger from me. I fear that Hortensius will die by his own hands. How few there are who have altogether satisfied the expectations of men !b

1 How are questions of appeal asked in oblique narration? [460, (c) (2).] 2 Pro patriâ mortem or morte occumbere. 3 Laudare.

5 Df. 1109, (14). 6 Ex omni parte.

4Df. 153.

§1. Position of Attributives.

16. (a) An attributive receives, perhaps, a slight emphasis from being placed after its substantive; but (b) it receives more by separation from it, especially if it be placed near the beginning or end of the sentence.'

(a) 1. Sedebat in rostris collega tuus, amictus togâ purpureâ, in sellâ aurcâ, coronatus. C.-2. Jacet inter saltus satis clausus in medio campus herbidus aquosusque. L.

(b) 1. In miseriam nascimur sempiternam. C.-2. Ædui equites ad Cæsarem omnes revertuntur. Cæs.

17. If the attention is to rest on a substantive having an attributive with it, it is placed after the attributive, and separated from it, so as to be thrown as near the end of the sentence as possible.

1. Cimon barbarorum uno concursu vim maximam prostravit. C. Nep.2. In iis perniciosus est error, qui existimant libidinum peccatorumque omnium patēre in amicitiâ licentiam. C.-3. Miles quidam parum abfuit, quin Varum interficeret; quod ille periculum, sublato ad ejus conatum scuto, vitavit. Cæs.

18. If an attributive belongs to two substantives, it either precedes both, or follows both, or follows the first.

1 Grysar makes the position after its substantive the usual position of an attributive; that before its substantive the more emphatic one. This opinion see: to me utterly untenable; e. g. in the example, "sedebat in rostris collega tu ainictus togâ purpureâ, in sellâ aureâ, coronatus," (Cic. Phil. ii. 34.) who can doubt that the adjectives purple and golden are here more important notions than the substantives toga and chair?-In this sentence, however, purpureâ and aureû gain a little emphasis from their being followed by a slight pause.