(1) In June the Nones are on the fifth: therefore three must be subtracted from (5 + 1 =) six; and the remainder being 3, the day is 'the third day before the Nones of June.'

(2) In June the Nones being on the fifth, the Ides are on the thirteenth, and the subtraction must be from fourteen. Hence subtract 9 from 14: the remainder being 5, the day is the fifth day before the Ides of June.

(3) Since June has thirty days, we must subtract from thirty-two.

Hence substract 23 from 32; the remainder being 9, the day is the ninth day before the Kalends of July.

(The adjective forms are used with the months, and Idus is fem.)

'On the third before the Kalends of March' is by rule 'die tertio ante Kalendas Martias,' which was shortened by the omission of die and ante into 'tertio Kalendas Martias' or 'iii. Kal. Mart.'

But another form is used (almost exclusively) by Cicero and Livy; this form is 'ante-diem tertium Kalendas Martias' shortened into 'a. d. iii. Kal. Mart.,' a form which cannot be explained grammatically.

This ante-diem came to be treated as an indeclinable substantive, and the prepositions ad, in, ex, were prefixed to it, as to other substantives of time.

531. [When? on what day?]

Natus est Augustus ix. Kalendas Octobres, Augustus was born on the twenty-third of September (329=23.)

Claudius natus est Kalendis Augustis, Claudius was born on the first of August.

Claudius obiit (or excessit) iii. Idus Octobres, Claudius died on the thirteenth of October (16-3-13.) Meministine me ante diem (a. d.) xii. Kalendas Novembres dicere in Senatu? Do you remember that I spoke in the Senate on the 21st of October? (33-12-21.) [Against or by such a day for such a day.]

1

Consul comitia in ante diem tertium Nonas Sextiles

• These forms are, Januarius, Februarius, Martius, Apri.is, Maius, Junius, Quintilis (or Julius), Sextilis (or Augustus), Septem-, Octo-, Novem-, Decem. bris.

(Augustusd) edixit, The Consul fixed the elections
by an edict for the third of August (6—3—3.)

In ante dies octavum et septimum Kalendas Octobres
comitiis dicta dies, The time of the elections is fixed
for the twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth of September
(32-8=24).
Capuam venire jussi
We are ordered to
February.

532. VOCABULARY 72.

Elections,

To my election,

To suffer,

To lose flesh,

To stay (in a place),

To compel,

The day before the Ides,

To fix by edict,

It is worth while,

sumus ad Nonas Februarias, come to Capua by the fifth of

comitia, ōrum (properly,' the assembling of the people' for the purpose of electing the consuls, &c. &c.).

Sad mea comitia (i. e. to the meeting at which I am to be elected or rejected). sinĕre,* sīv, sit; păti, ior, passus.

corpus amittere.
commorari.

cōgère, coeg, coact.

prīdie Idus: or pridie Iduum.

edicere (with acc.).

operæ pretium est.

533. (a) (Eng.) Instead of reading, he is at play.

(Lat.) He is at play, whereas he ought to read (quum debeat).

(b) (Eng.) Instead of growing rich, he is growing poor.

(Lat.) He is growing poor, whereas he might grow rich (quum posset).

534. (c) (Eng.) Far from thinking this, I hold, &c.

(Lat.) It is so far off that I should think this, that I hold, &c. (tantum abest ut-ut, &c.)

Exercise 77.

535. Tiberius died on the sixteenth of March. Nero was born

a The months of July and August were called Quintilis, Sextilis respectively, (= the fifth and sixth month, reckoning from March, the old beginning of the year,) till those names were exchanged for Julius and Augustus in honour of the first two Cæsars.

* Sinere is properly 'to let go,' 'not to stop,' pati is, 'not to prohibit:' sinere has for its immediate object the person acting, pati the action itself: sinere is commonly, though not exclusively, followed by ut with the subj.: pati by the acc. with infin. (D.)

• Tantum abest ut nostra miremur, ut . . . . nobis ipse non satisfaciat Demog thenes. Sometimes the second ut is omitted, the clause having vir or etiam: 'tantum abfuit ut inflammares nostros animos: somnum vix tenebamus? (Cic. Brut. 80.)

on the fifteenth of December. Caius was born on the fifteenth of October. Balbus died on the twelfth of August. Vitellius was born on the 24th of September; or, as some (say), on the seventh of September. The Consul has fixed (by edict) the elections for the 21st of July. I believe that the elections will be fixed for the ninth of April. Say that I shall not be angry with him, if he does not comes to my election. I am compelled to stay here till I recruit myself: for I have lost both flesh and strength. There are some who think that the elections will be fixed for the ninth and tenth of July. Instead of being with me, he is at his own house. Instead of being very rich (as he might have been), he is very poor. Instead of applying vigorously to the affair, he is gone into the country. I am so far from praising, that I can scarcely restrain myself from calling you a betrayer of your country. I am so far from believing any body (no matter who he may be), that I scarcely believe you. I was so far from being ill spoken of, that all men praised me. some who laughed.

There were

XXIX.

$67. Connection of Propositions by the Relative.
Imperative forms.

536. Any relative pronoun or adverb may be used for the corresponding demonstrative with the conjunction and (and sometimes, but, for, therefore, &c.)

537. When in English such a clause as 'they say,' ' as—says;' &c., is inserted parenthetically in a relative sentence, the verb of this clause should generally be made the principal verb of the relative clause in Latin, the other verb being put in the infinitive.

538. When in English the relative pronoun is separated from its verb by another clause, which contains a demonstrative pronoun, the relative should be expressed in that clause in Latin, and the demonstrative be expressed or understood in the other.

539. The imperative may be expressed by several circumlo. cutions:

(1) The imperat. of command by cura ut (take care to), fac ut (or fac only) with subj.

(2) The imperat. of prohibition by cave with subj (governed by ut omitted), or noli with infin.'

(Lat.)

540. (a) (Eng.) Two and two make four: and if this is granted, &c.
Two and two make four: if which is granted, &c.
Caius, who, they say, was killed at Lugdunum.
(Lat.) Caius, whom they report to have been killed, &c.

(b) (Eng.)

(c) (Eng.) Crassus, who, as Lucilius tells us, never laughed but once.
(Lat.) Crassus, whom Lucilius reports to have never laughed but

once.

(d) (Eng.) Narratives, by which, when we read them, we are affected. (Lat.) Narratives, which when we read, we are affected.

(e) (Eng.) Success with which, if it should fall to our lot, we should be dissatisfied.

(Lat.) Success, if which should fall to our lot, we should be dissatisfied.

(f) (Eng.) I did this; and if you had not thwarted me, &c.

(Lat.) I did this; whom if you had not thwarted, &c.

541. [C. xxxv.] Will' and 'would,' 'will not' and 'would not' are often principal verbs, to be translated by velle and nolle respectively.

Cave

f Cura ut quam primum venias. Fac animo forti, magnoque sis. putes, or noli putare.-Such forms in English are, 'take care to,' 'be sure you,' mind you,' &c.

g In Latin, the relative must stand before si.

* Another noun will, of course, follow regione in the gen.

So, e republicâ est.

i A person is tutus when he is in safety; securus when he believes himself to

Pro virili parte, according to one's duty or power as an individual (not 'with all one's might') as far as an individual can.

Pro re natâ (according to the thing that has arisen) = according to circumstances.

Pro eo ac mereor, according to my deserts.

Exercise 78.

543. I for my part wished this: and if Pompejus had not envied me, the republic would now be safe. Philosophy teaches that the world moves; and if this be true, we also must necessarily move. Who can deny that this is for my interest? The gods will requite me according to my deserts. Is it not certain, that the gods will requite you according to your deserts? I am sorry that have a pain in you If you had done this,

your head.

You will not be able

I should have praised you from my heart. to see the sun for the multitude of our javelins. Caius, being tired of his journey, was killed by his slave. They answered that they would receive us. Did he not answer that he would not receive us? Do not think that the soul is mortal. Take care

to finish the business to my satisfaction. Do not think that every man can command himself. Be sure to come to my assistance as soon as possible. Who will deny that these things are for the interests of the republic? I cannot speak for sorrow. Be sure not to impute this to me as a fault. Be sure not to hurry. Be sure not to believe that it is necessary to make haste; for, if you believe this, it is all over with us. The moon is eclipsed, when it is opposite to the sun. May I not determine what should be done according to circumstances? It is the part of a good citizen to defend the republic as far as an individual can. Benefits, for which, if you confer them upon me, I will prove myself grateful (memor). You may eat the food P which is placed on the table. He says that he will not eat the cheese P which is placed on the

be so, and is without care (se-curus) or anxiety on the subject. Hence 'Ne sit securus, qui non est tutus ab hoste.' Of salvus, sospes, incolumis,—salvus says the least (as it properly relates only to (existence); sospes more, as it points to the protection of a higher power; incolumis the most of all, as it excludes not only annihilation, but even the supposition of any injury or attack.