Per famam et populum nigros efferre maritos.
Aude aliquid brevibus Gyaris et carcere dignum,
Si vis esse aliquid: probitas laudatur et alget.
Criminibus debent hortos prætoria mensas

tannicus, ib. xiii. 15; she was exe-
cuted by order of Galba, Dio Cass.
lxiv. 3.

72. nigros] from the poison: efferre, ékpéρew, to carry out to burial: Britannicus was hastily buried amid a heavy shower (Suet. Ner. 33), which by washing away the gypsum with which his face had been rubbed, exposed its discoloration.

73. Gyarus] pl. Gyara (Chiura, or Jura), a rocky islet (G. clausus scopulis Juv. x. 170), xii. M. P. in circumference, north-west of Syros, 62 M. P. south-west of Andros [Plin. H. N. iv. 23 (12) ], classed with the Sporades (Plin. 1. 1, Mela ii. 7 §$11. Steph. Byz., Suid.), or Cyclades (Plin. viii. 43 (29), Artemidor. ap. Strab. x. p. 485, Lucian. Toxar. 17). Strabo once visited Gyarus, and found it a small fishing village (the inhabitants gained their living by diving for the purple-fish, Lucian. Toxar. 18). A fisherman was taken on board, who was charged with a petition to Augustus, praying for an alleviation of tribute for the islanders were rated at 150 drachmæ, but could barely raise 100. Strabo cites, in attestation of their poverty, Aratus, ἐν τοῖς κατὰ λεπτόν. Ω Λητοῖ, σὺ μὲν ἤ με σιδηρείη Φολεγάνδρῳ, δειλὴ, ἢ Γυάρῳ παρελεύσεαι αὐτίχ ̓ ὁμοίῃ, x. p. 485-6. Such then was Gyarus, the most barren (Avπροτάτη) of all the islands in the Ægean (Philo in Flacc. vol. ii. p. 539 Mangey: cf. Antig. Caryst. 21, who

says that no tree but the a grew there, and Epictet. who speaks of it as a type of desola and the most dreaded of all p of exile (in the case of Silanus, 22, Tiberius said-insulam G. i tem et sine cultu hominum darent Juniæ familiæ, et viro o dam ordinis ejusdem, ut Cyth potius concederet, Tac. Ann. 68, 69; when Asinius Gallus, 24, advised that Serenus shoul confined [claudendum] in G. Donusa, Tiberius refused-ege aquæ [avvopos, Philostr. Vit. A vii. 16 § 2] utramque insulamı rens, dandosque vitæ usus, cui concederetur, Tac. Ann. iv. 30). the deportatio in insulam, v. Sat 563-4, x. 170. Dict. Ant. Exsiliu

74. aliquid] Si unquam in cendo fuimus aliquid, Cic. ad iv. 2: Aliquid sum ego quoque, ad Fam. vi. 50: ut tu tum aliq esse videare, id. in Cæcil. § 48: qu tribunus essem, erraverim fortas qui me esse aliquid putavi, P Ep. i. 23 § 2: so in Greek, éàv κῶσί τι εἶναι μηδὲν ὄντες, Plat. Αp ad fin.

prob. &c.] τὰ μὲν δίκαι' ἐπαίνει, η δὲ κερδαίνειν ἔχου. Soph. Frag Æthiop.

75. horti] Pleasure grounds wi statues (Plin. Ep. viii. 18 § 11), tre quaintly trimmed by the topiari (Plin. H. N. xvi. 60 (33), woods ( which boars and deer were som times kept, Varro R. R. iii. 13

Argentum vetus et stantem extra pocula caprum.
Quem patitur dormire nurus corruptor avaræ
Quem sponsæ turpes et prætextatus adulter?
Si natura negat, facit indignatio versum
Qualemcunque potest, quales ego vel Cluvienus.
Ex quo Deucalion nimbis tollentibus æquor

walks, along which the owner took
an airing in a lectica (gestationes,
Plin. Ep. 1. 3 § 1), and drives (hip-
podromi, Mart. xii. 50. 7, 57. 23),
fountains, pools, and canals (Nili,
Euripi, Cic. de Leg. ii § 2, Plin. H.
N. xix. 20 (4), Ep. i. 3 § 1); the
favourite trees were bays, myrtles,
and planes, the favourite flowers
violets, roses, and lilies. Such were
the luxurious retreats (jam quidem
hortorum nomine in ipsa urbe de-
licias agros villasque possident,
Plin. xix. 19 [4]) in which the
wealthy received their friends (Cic.
Off. iii § 58). Hortus is generally
a kitchen garden.

prætor.] On the villæ v. xiv. 86 sq. mensas] 137 n.

76. Argenti furiosa sui quum stemmata narrat Garrulus, Mart. viii. 6. 3: see the whole Epigr. and Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 55 (12), where after giving a catalogue of the most famous artists in gold and silver (amongst whom was Mentor, Sat. viii. 104), he adds-subitoque ars hæc ita exolevit, ut sola jam vetustate censeatur usuque attritis cælaturis ne figura discerni possit, auctoritas constet: cf. Plin. Ep. iii. 6 § 3 (Æs ipsum, quantum verus color indicat, vetus et antiquum): infr. 138, iii. 218. stant. &c.] Dicit emblematicum opus, Schol. On such emblemata or crustæ, see Dict. Ant. emblema,

80

cælatura; argentum in quod solidi auri cælatura descenderit, Sen. Ep. 5 § 2: Stat caper Æolio Thebani vellere Phryxi Cultus, Mart. viii. 51. 9, in which Ep. he is describing the very bowl here alluded to (Becker); altis exstantem signis... cratera, Ov. Met. v. 80 sq.: Forte fuit juxta signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater, Ov. Met. xii. 235.

77. dorm.] Quare obdormis, Domine?... intelligitur, Quare cessas? id est, non vindicas, Augustin. Locut. de Exod. xxxiv. 25 (vol. iii. p. 557 A. nov. ed.): Quiescas. Ne faciam, inquis, Omnino versus? Aio. Peream male, si non Optimum erat, verum nequeo dormire, Hor. S. ii. 1. 5. "Who can take rest for one that without doubt Bribes his son's wife to lust?" Holyday.

78. spons.] i.e. sponsæ non castæ nec libidinis saltem ante nuptias expertes, with whom are coupled præt. ad., adolescentuli jam in prætexta adulteri, Madvig.

præt.] pupillus adhuc et prætextatus, Sen. de Brev. Vit. 6 § 1: tenesne memoria prætextatum te decoxisse? Cic. Phil. ii § 44: infr. xi. 155 n. 79. nat.] for Poeta nascitur, non

fit.

80. Cluvienus] An indifferent poet of the time, as it should seem.

[81-86. The concerns and the life of man form the satirist's theme.]

C

Navigio montem ascendit sortesque poposcit,
Paulatimque anima caluerunt mollia saxa,
Et maribus nudas ostendit Pyrrha puellas,

Quidquid agunt homines, votum timor ira voluptas
Gaudia discursus nostri farrago libelli est.
Et quando uberior vitiorum copia? Quando
Major avaritiæ patuit sinus? Alea quando

Hos animos? Neque enim loculis comitantibus itur

Ad casum tabulæ, posita sed luditur arca.

Prælia quanta illic dispensatore videbis

Armigero! Simplexne furor sestertia centum
Perdere, et horrenti tunicam non reddere servo?
Quis totidem erexit villas, quis fercula septem

habuit? For the omission of habuit
Jahn compares-O Superi, Nilusne
et barbara Memphis, Et Pelusiaci
tam mollis turba Canopi Hos animos?
Sic fata premunt civilia mundum,
Lucan, viii. 541: Ag. Hos Scyrus
animos... Pyrrh. Scelere quæ fra-
trum caret, Sen. Troad. 340. In
the sense of vehemence, animi is
more frequent than animus. Dant
animos plaga (turbini buxeo), Virg.
En. vii. 383: Ut rapidus torrens,
animos cui verna ministrant Flu-
mina, Stat. Theb. iii. 671. "When
had gambling so great a zest?"

89. loc.] In which money (x. 46, xi. 38) and jewels (Sardonychus, loculis quæ custoditur eburnis, xiii. 139), keys (Plin. xiv. 14 [13]), rings (Val. Max. vii. 8 § 9) and the like were kept. It was a small casket, divided into compartments and made of ivory (Ov. Fasti, vi. 749, Mart. xiv. 12) or wood (Mart. xiv. 13).

90. cas.] to the hazard of the board.

pos.] set down on the table, so ponere vina &c.

arca.] The iron-bound money chest, which is contrasted with the sacculus, xi. 26, as here with the loculus, cf. iii. 143, xiv. 259.

91. Præl.] parvoque eadem movet arma fritillo, xiv. 5: cf. the epigram written on Augustus during the war in Sicily-Postquam bis classe victus naves perdidit, Ali

90

quando ut vincat ludit assidue aleam, Suet. Aug. 70.'

disp.] qui dispensat, vii. 219: dispensatoremque in precario aureos numerantem, Petron. 30: ad summum in republica nostra honorem non animus, non virtus, non manus mittit, sed arca et dispensator, Quintil. Decl. 345. The word, like stipendium, pensio, dispendium, carries us back to the times when money was weighed (ab... ære pendendo disp. Varr. L. L. v § 183). 92. Arm.] The steward furnishes the arms, i. e. the money with which the contest is maintained. Simpl.] Non simplex furor sed multiplex et varius.

fur.] Cf. ii. 18, viii. 97, xiv. 136. 93. et... non] So ii. 140. reddere] Not, as in duty bound, supply his shivering slave with clothes, v. ix. 68.

94. vill.] xiv. 86 sq.

fercula] Augustus had three fercula, or at most six, served up, Suet. Aug. 74: Pertinax, before he was emperor, never entertained his friends with more than three courses (missus), Jul. Capit. Pert. 12: ut ait Cato, in atrio et duobus ferculis epulabantur antiqui, Serv. ad Æn. i. 729, cf. 637 ; from Lamprid. Heliog. 25, Plin. xxxiii. 47 (10), and Petron. 35 sq., it appears that the fercula were served up in succession; the word, as its derivation (fero) shows, means

Secreto cœnavit avus? Nunc sportula primo
Limine parva sedet, turbæ rapienda togatæ.

a waiter; one in Petron. contained
twelve various dishes of meat, fish,
fruit, and vegetables: the company,
however, seemed disappointed with
the entertainment, until the upper
part of the ferculum being lifted up,
a choicer repast (capons, hares, sow's
paunch, and fish with rich sauce)
was discovered beneath: distentos
copia ferculorum ac varietate comes-
satio altius mersit, Sen. Nat. Qu. iv.
13.

The ancient Romans forbad more than 100 ases to be spent on one meal, or more than one fowl to be served up, Tert. Apol. 6. On the old sumptuary laws, cf. Val. Max. ii. 9 § 5, Gell. ii. 24, Macrob. Sat. ii. 13, Plin. H. N. x. 71 (50).

95. Secreto] Apart. "Epicurus taught that we must take more care to choose our company, than our viands. For it is to live the life of wolves or lions to feed without a friend," Sen. Ep. 19 § 10. Plutarch tells us of a Roman who having one day dined alone said "he had eaten that day, but had not dined," inasmuch as dinner implies friendly intercourse, Quæst. Conv. vii. Prooem. § 1, p. 697: ěpp' ès κóρακας, μονοφάγε καὶ τοιχώρυχε, Amipsias, ap. Athen. i. p. 8 E. Plutarch derives cœna from кowós, stating that the prandium was a solitary, the cœna a social meal, Quæst. Conv. viii. 6. 5 § 2, p. 726.

con. ferc.] Cf. coenare patinas, Hor. Ep. i. 15. 34.

sportula] orvpís, a wicker basket, in which the meat was given to the clients (iii. 249 : ἀπὸ σπυρίδος δεῖπνον,

9.

Athen. viii. 17 § 68, p. 365 A). Ori ginally the clients were invited t their patron's table; when they be came too numerous, instead of this cana recta they received a portion of meat, often ill-dressed (subitam con dictamque cœnulam, Suet. Claud. 21, Mart. viii. 50. 10). Nero reduced the expense yet more (Suet. Ner. 16), while Domitian restored the custom of giving food instead of the twenty-five ases which had been substituted for it (infr. 120 n.), and made the sportulæ nearly equal to cœnæ rectæ (Suet. Dom. 7, Mart. viii. 50. 10, iii. 7). After Domitian's time we again hear of the 100 quadrantes. This dole was received in the afternoon at the time of the cœna, by those who had been invited in the morning. (Balnea post decimam lasso centumque petuntur Quadrantes, Mart. x. 70. 13: cf. x. 27. On v. 127 infr. see note.)

96. Limine] vest. infr. 132. Hunc Romæ salutandi causa pro foribus adstantem, Suet. Tiber. 32: locum ante januam vacuum relinquebat, qui inter fores domus et viam medius esset; in eo loco qui dominum ejus domus salutatum venerunt, priusquam admitterentur consistebant: et neque in via stabant neque intra ædes erant: ab illa ergo grandis loci constitione, et quasi quadam stabulatione, vestibula appellata sunt, Gell. xvi. 5, Mart. ix. 101, infr. iii. 124, Claud. de Laud. Stil. ii. 114.

parva] compared with the fercula septem of the patron; cf. centum miselli jam valete quadrantes, Anteambulonis congiarium lassi,