self to possess universal knowledge and a spotless character, but also to exercise a vigilant superintendence over every act and every look of each of his pupils (215-243). The date of this Satire is uncertain. The mention of the Thebais (83 n.), which was completed A.D. 94, forbids us to place it earlier than the last year of Domitian's reign (A.D. 81-96). But the opening lines, which speak of the arts as reviving under Cæsar's smile after a period of neglect, will not apply to Domitian's time: it only remains for us to inquire whether they may be best referred to Nerva, Trajan, or Hadrian. Hadrian (A.D. 117—138) may be left out of the account, for though he was an encourager of learning (omnes professores et honoravit et divites fecit, Spartian. 3: cf. Aur. Vict. de Cæs. 14), yet it cannot be said that it was neglected (tristes... Camenas, 2) by his predecessor Trajan. Nerva (A.D. 96-98) is addressed by Martial in words very similar to those of Juvenal:-Contigit Ausoniæ procerum mitissimus aulæ Nerva, licet toto nunc Helicone frui, xii. 6. 1, 2, Most however fix upon Trajan as the Cæsar intended. For if Nerva was a patron of letters, still in two years he could do little to recover them from their decline; the Camena might be found tristes by his successor: cf. Quid? vitam, quid? mores juventutis quam principaliter formas ! Quem honorem dicendi magistris, quam dignationem sapientiæ doctoribus habes! Ut sub te spiritum et sanguinem et patriam receperunt studia &c.! Plin. Pan. 47 § 1. Teuffel and C. F. Hermann think that this view is confirmed by the fact that Trajan had a favourite actor, Pylades (Dio lxviii. 10), who, they suppose, may have been the actor who is said to have taken offence at verse 87 (Quod non dant proceres, dabit histrio): but the whole story seems unworthy of credit. Cf. Theocr. Id. xvi. 5 sq., Pallad. Alex. Epigr. 9, 14, 41-46 (Brunck Anal. ii. pp. 408, 409, 415 sq.), Tac. Dial. 9, 10, Mart. i 77, iii. 4, 38 (infr. 91 n.), iv. 46 (infr. 119 n.), v. 56, vi. 8, vii. 64. 7, 8, viii. 56 (infr. 69 n.), ix. 74 (infr. 27 n.), x. 76, xi. 3, xii. 6, Auson. Epigr. 136. ET 1. rat.] Motive. Cas.] Probably Trajan (Teuffel, C. F. Hermann, W. E. Weber, &c.). 2. trist.] Domitian, though at one time he feigned a love of letters, afterwards neglected them: in pri misque poeticæ studium [simulavit], tam insuetum antea sibi, quam postea spretum et abjectum: recitavitque etiam publice, Suet. Dom. 2. 3. Resp.] TEσкéyaто, St. Luke i. 68: lætiores videbis, quos nunquam Balneolum Gabiis, Romæ conducere furnos fortuna respexit, quam quos dese- 4. Baln.] Poets are forced to become balneatores in order to gain a livelihood. Besides the public baths (in publico lavari, Plin. Ep. iii. 14 § 6.) and those in private houses, there were also balnea meritoria, to which any one was admitted on payment of a small sum (quadrante lavari, Juv. vi. 447: cf. ii. 152, Hor. S. i. 3. 137, Sen. Ep. 86 § 8, Mart. iii. 30. 4, viii. 42. 3, Becker, Gallus, iii. 84). The calling of balneator appears to have been in bad repute, Dig. iii. 2. 4 § 2. Gab.] x. 100 n.: in so small a place but little custom could be expected. furn.] Bakehouses, such as are still to be seen at Pompeii: muliere vulgari, Antiochi cujusdam furnariam exercentis filia, Suet. Vit. 2. 6. Præc.] How much the præcones were despised, and how great were their gains, appears from iii. 33 n., ib. 157. Gallonius in particular obtained great notoriety from the verses of Lucilius:-O Publi, O gurges, Galloni: es homo miser, Coenasti in vita nunquam bene, quum omnia in ista Consumis squilla atque acipensere cum decumano, ap. Cic. Fin. ii § 24, cf. ib. §§ 25, 90, Quintil. infr. xi. 3 n.: ut in capite fortunisque hominum honestissimorum dominentur ii, qui relicta bonorum virorum disciplina, et quæstum et 5 sumptum Gallonii sequi maluerunt, Cic. p. Quint. § 94, cf. ib. § 11 sq: Galloni præconis erat acipensere mensa Infamis, Hor. S. ii. 2. 47: Mart. iv. 5. 4, v. 56 (Cui tradas, Lupe, filium magistro, Quæris sollicitus diu, rogasque. Omnes grammaticosque rhetorasque Devites, moneo; nihil sit illi Cum libris Ciceronis aut Maronis. Famæ Tutilium suæ relinquat. Si versus facit, abdices poetam. Artes discere vult pecuniosas? Fac discat citharæedus aut choraules. Si duri puer ingeni videtur Præconem facias vel architectum), vi. 8. Præcones were not eligible to the rank of decuriones, so long as they followed their calling, Tab. Heracl. ap. Becker, Röm. Alt. ii. 2. p. 383, Cic. ad Fam. vi. 18 § 1. Agan.] 'Ev 'Exíkwvi dè πpòs TÒ ἄλσος ἰόντι τῶν Μουσῶν, ἐν ἀριστερᾷ μὲν ἡ ̓Αγανίππη πηγή θυγατέρα δὲ εἶναι τὴν ̓Αγανίππην τοῦ Περμησσοῦ λέγουσι· ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ οὗτος ὁ Περμησσὸς περὶ τὸν Ἑλίκωνα, Pausan. ix. 29 § 3. 7. Hungry Clio leaves the springs of Helicon for the auction-rooms: atrium auctionarium, Orell. Inscr. 3439: At hoc etiam nequissimi homines, consumptis patrimoniis, faciunt, ut in atriis auctionariis potius, quam in triviis aut in compitis auctionentur, Cic. Leg. Agr. i § 7: ab atriis Liciniis atque a præconum consessu, id. p. Quint. § 12: cf. ib. $ 25. 8. If amid the groves of the muses Ostendatur, ames nomen victumque Machæræ, (Hæc ego Pieria ludebam tutus in umbra, Mart. ix. 85. 3: infr. 58, 59) you cannot find a livelihood, rather choose the meanest trade than enrich yourself by perjury. 9. Mach.] A præco of the day (Weber, from the name μáxαipa, supposes him to have been a cook). 10. com.] Ubi licitantes utrinque pretio pugnant; translate a gladiatoribus, Grang. supr. i. 162 n. 11. an. &c.] The various articles put up to sale by the poet in his new character of auctioneer. arm.] Cupboards. 12. Pacc. Faust.] Tragic poets of the day, who must part with their all, even their poems. Alc.] Alcithoe, daughter of Minyas, for her refusal to share in the worship of Bacchus, was changed into a bat, Ov. Met. iv. 1 sq., 388 sq. Theb.] The scene of the tragedies of Edipus Rex, the Seven against Thebes, and the Epigoni (Welcker, Griech. Trag. iii. 1490). Ter.] How Tereus violated his sister-in-law Philomela, and how his wife Procne served up to him his son Itys, and how the three were transformed into birds, is told by Ov. Met. vi. 424 sq., cf. Thuc. ii. 29. Tereus was the subject of tragedies by Sophocles, Philocles, Carcinus 10 the younger, and Attius (Welcker, 1. 1. p. 1495), cf. infr. 92, Sat. vi. 644. 13. sub] Sub judice morum, iv. 12: x. 69, xv. 26, Hor. A. P. 78, Pers. v. 80, Ov. Met. xi. 156. Vidi,] (audeat ille) pugnos qui vidit dicere "Vidi," xvi. 30 n. 14. Quantam Asiaticis testibus fidem habere vos conveniret, Cic. p. Flacc. § 60, ib. c. 25-27. Since the Cappadocians and Bithynians are included in the Asiani, and the first syllable of Bithyni is elsewhere (Juv. x. 162, xv. 1) long, v. 15 appears to be spurious. 15. Capp.] Qui Cappadoces dicerentur habere studium naturale ad falsa testimonia proferenda, qui nutritia pueritia in tormentis equuleum sibi facere dicuntur, ut in eo se invicem torquerent, et quum in pœna perdurarent, ad falsa testimonia se bene venumdarent, Schol. Pers. vi. 77. Τρία κάππα κάκιστα Καππαδοκία, Κρήτη καὶ Κιλικία, Suid. s. v. Κάππα διπλοῦν : Καππαδόκαι φαῦ λοι μεν ἀεί· ζώνης δὲ τυχόντες Φαυλότε ροι· κέρδους δ' εἵνεκα φαυλότατοι, Demodoc. Epigr. 3 (Brunck, Anal. ii. 56). Civis non Syriæve, Parthiæve, Nec de Cappadocis eques catastis, Sed de plebe Remi, Numæque verna, Jucundus probus innocens amicus, Lingua doctus utraque, cujus unum est, Sed magnum vitium quod est Altera quos nudo traducit Gallia talo. Nemo tamen studiis indignum ferre laborem poeta, Pullo Mævius alget in cucullo, 16. Alt. Gall.] New Gaul; i. e. Galatia, or Gallogræcia, so named from the Gallic tribes Trocmi Tolistoboii and Tectosages, who, separating from the main body of Gauls under Brennus, were invited into Asia B. C. 278 by Nicomedes of Bithynia, and were settled in the district to which they gave name by Attalus B. c. 238 (Liv. xxxviii. 16 s 6 sq., Strab. xii. p. 566, Memn. ap. Phot. Cod. 224, p. 227 sq. Bekker). The Galatians are called Galli by Hor. Epod. 9. 18. On the Galatian slaves, cf., Hinc fora venalis Galata ductore frequentat, Claud. in Eutr. i. 59. nud.] i. 111 n. On the great wealth often acquired by freedmen, cf. Calvisius Sabinus memoria nostra fuit dives: et patrimonium habebat libertini et ingenium, Sen. Ep. 27 § 4, ib. 86 § 6 (infr. 178 n.): hence they become equites, as having the census equestris, supr. i. 102 sq., iii. 131 sq., iv. 32: Postea gregatim insigne id [the golden ring] appeti cœptum. Propter hæc discrimina Caius princeps decuriam quintam adjecit, tantumque enatum est fastus, ut quæ sub divo Augusto impleri non potuerant decuriæ, non capiant eum ordinem passimque ad ornamenta ea 16 etiam servitute liberati transiliant, quod antea nunquam erat factum, quoniam in ferreo annulo et equites judicesque intelligebantur; adeoque promiscuum id esse cœpit, ut apud Claudium Cæsarem in censura ejus unus ex equitibus Flavius Proculus quadringentos ex ea causa reos postularet; ita dum separatur ordo ab ingenuis, communicatus est cum servitiis, Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 8 (2) § 32 sq.: Schol. Juv. v. 3, Tac. H. i. 13, ii. 57: Libertinos, qui se pro equitibus Romanis agerent, publicavit, Suet. Claud. 25, id. Galb. 14, Vitell. 12, Dio xlviii. 45, liii. 30, Ov. Trist. iv, 10. 8. tonsor dominæ munere factus eques, Mart. vii. 64. 2: id. ii. 29, Stat. S. iii. 3. 144, Tertull. de Res. 57 fin., Epict. Diss. iv. 1 § 38. Inter ceteros alimenta liberto relicta non idcirco non debentur, quia jus aureorum annulorum ab Imperatore libertus acceperit, Dig. xl. 10. 1 init.: cf. ib. 11. 2-6, Novell. lxxviii. trad.] Sends across the sea. 19. laur.] 'Holodov.... тdv μetà τὸν Ὅμηρον τὸ τῶν Μουσῶν δαφνηpayov Opéμμa, Boisson. Anecd. iii. 385: Καί μοι σκῆπτρον ἔδον, δάφνης épionλéos ŏšov, Hesiod, Theog. 30 (παρόσον ἡ δάφνη ἐνεργεῖ πρὸς τοὺς ἐνθουσιασμούς. Σοφοκλῆς [Fragm. 777 Dind.]. Δάφνην φαγὼν ὀδόντι προε TO σTóμa, Schol. ad loc.). Leaves of bay were eaten by the Delphic priestess, ἡ πρόμαντις μασησα μévn tâs dápvns, Lucian, Bis Acc. 1: cf. Tibull. ii. 5. 63, and on the bay 3, in.] were than y other hment of let" seems ith leaves of ien boards coparchment; poana capillis, Pers. and, apparently, berg, Becker's Gall. however, the Schol. ginam." cl.] In scrinia, or capsa: Seta quære carmina, et rudes curas, uas novit unus, scrinioque signatas, Custodit ipse virginis pater chartæ, Mart. i. 67. 5 sq.: Odisti claves et grata sigilla pudico, Hor. Ep. i. 20. 3 Obbar. tin.] Hor. Ep. i. 20. 12: "Littera me pavit, nec quid sit littera, novi. In libris vixi, nec sum studiosior inde, Sympos. Æn. 16 (Wernsd. P. L. Min., vol. vii. p. 362 Lem.): Conditus ut tineæ carpitur ore liber, Ov. ex Pont. i. 1. 72: Quam multi tineas pascunt blattasque diserti, Mart. vi. 60. 7 id. xiii. 1. 2, xiv. 37," Obbar. 27. Frange, puer, calamos, et inanes desere Musas; quid enim tibi fistula reddet Quo tutere famem? Calpurn. Ecl. iv. 23. At me litterulas stulti docuere parentes, Quid cum grammaticis rhetoribu que mihi? Frange leves calam Hos eme et scinde, Thalia, libellos, Si ( L |