by sloth; to which might be added, that those who waste most time are always complaining of their want of it.

Solon caused idleness to be punished by in

ted to give his son a trade, of the assistance which he might otherwise have had in his old age. But what need have we of heathen wisdom to guard us against waste or neglect of time? Holy writ expressly condemns it, and both by precept and narrated examples, teaches us that it is in itself one of the greatest vices, and is, besides, the parent of innumerable others.

OLD WHEAT.

the person to be lifted gives two signals by clapping his hands. At the first signal he himself and the four lifters begin to draw a long and full breath; and when the inhalation is completed, or the lungs filled, the sec-famy, and deprived every father who neglecond signal is given for raising the person from the chair. To his own surprise, and that of his bearers, he rises with the greatest facility, as if he were no heavier than a feather. On several occasions I have observed that when one of the bearers performs his part ill, by making the inhalation out of time, the part of the body which he tries to raise, is left, as it were, behind. As you have repeatedly seen this experiment, and have performed the part both of the load and of the bearer, you can testify how remarkable the effects appear to all parties, and how complete Is the conviction, either that the load has been lightened, or the bearer strengthened by the prescribed process. At Venice the experiment was performed in a much more imposing manner. The heaviest man in the party was raised and sustained upon the points of the fore-fingers of six persons. Major H. declared that the experiment would not succeed if the person lifted were placed upon a board. He conceived it necessary that the bearers should communicate directly with the body to be raised. I have not had an opportunity of making any experiments relative to these curious facts: but whether the general effect is an illusion, or the result of known or of new principles, the subject merits a careful investigation.-Sir D. Brew-items to this history of agriculture, ever bester.

From the Young Lady's Own Book.
EMPLOYMENT OF TIME.

THE American Farmer gives one of the most interesting facts on the subject of wheat, that has ever been published. It states that there is now growing in France a patch of wheat, the seeds of which are upwards of two thousand years old. It was obtained directly, from one who was an inhabitaut of Egypt somewhere about the year 414 before Christ, by some gentlemen in France! In other words, it was taken from a mummy, At this time, adds the Farmer, we only know that the wheat was in every particular, the same as that of the present time, and that it was growing finely at the last accounts we had of it. This is a most interesting circumstance, and adds one of the most important

fore recorded. It proves conclusively, that wheat is not a factitious vegetable, that has been so often and so authoritively asserted; and further, that it was not originally an inferior grain, and improved by cultivation to its present quality. But, on the contrary, that it has been at least two thousand two hundred and fifty years, exactly the same as

CURIOUS GEOLOGICAL FACT.

It was well said by a celebrated author, that many persons lose two or three hours every day for want of employing odd min-it is now. utes. Pleasure and business occupy so large a portion of our time, that we ought sedulously to take advantage of every little interval for rational and valuable study. If we could resolve to employ in this manner the nany though individually brief portions of our time, which we, by a perversion of sense and language, call spare minutes, how many advantages should we gain even in a single year!

To make the best and fullest use of our time, regularity is absolutely necessary in the arrangement of our pleasures and occupations, as celerity and attention are in our pursuit of them.

Were we to reflect upon the frightful havoc made in the brief period allotted to our existence upon earth, by slowness and want of methodical proceeding, we should be too much shocked to require any other incentive to improve our faulty practices. Lassitude 1s said to have been introduced into the world

We have been informed that a lump of coal weighing sixteen ounces, was lately discovered imbedded in the centre of a solid rock, about ten feet in diameter, on a track of coal land on the Broad Mountain, known as the Pott and Bannan track. The rock was a displaced fragment lying near the surface of the ground, found in the vicinity of the line of the Pottsville and Dansville rail-road, composed in the contract of Messrs. Neligh, by whom the discovery was made while the workmen were engaged in blasting. It is difficult to account for this extraordinary occurrence, since the rock exhibited no trace of a fissure or opening whereby the lump might have been introduced; but on the contrary presented the appearance of uniform solidity.-Miner's Journal.

SUPPLEMENT TO THE CONNECTICUT COURANT.

VOL. III.

DECEMBER 11, 1832.

AN ADDRESS
Delivered as the Introduction to the FRANKLIN
LECTURES, in Boston, November 14, 1832.

BY EDWARD EVERETT.

Continued from our last, page 140.

NO. 19.

of but one, who had been sent to jail, as a Criminal." Who would not be ashamed to compare the pure and happy renown of the man who had extended, by the suggestion of this simple but before untried plan of education, the blessings of instruction to a million and a half of his fellow-creatures, with the false and unmerited glory which has been awarded to conquerors, whose wars have hurried their millions of victims to cruel and untimely death!

This topic might be illustrated, perhaps, still more powerfully, by depicting the evils which flow from ignorance. These are deplorable enough in the case of the individual; although if he live surrounded by an intelligent community, the disastrous cosequences are limited. But the general ignorance of large numbers and entire classes of men, acting under the unchastened stimulus of the passions, and excited by the various causes of discontent which occur in the progress of

See a very interesting address, at the celebration of the Sunday School jubilee, or the fiftieth year from the institution of Sunday schools, by Robert Raikes: delivered at Charleston, S. C. Sept. 14, 1831, by the Hon. Thomas Smith Grimke. I find, however, the following statement in a public print, of the accuracy of which, I have no means of judg

But it must not be supposed, from the instances I have chosen, to show the amount of good which may be done by the exercise or the mental powers, that it is confined to the material comforts of life; to steamboats, looms, or machinery for spinning. Far from it. The true and most peculiar province of its efficacy is the moral condition. Think of the inestimable good conferred on all succeeding generations, by the early settlers of America, who first established the system of public schools, where instruction should be furnished gratis to all the children in the community. No such thing was before known in the world. There were schools and colleges, supported by funds, which had been bequeathed by charitable individuals, and, in consequence, most of the common schools of this kind in Europe, were regarded as a kind of pauper establishments, to which it was not respectable to have recourse. So deep-rooted is this idea, that, when I have been applied to for information as to our public schools, from those parts of the United States where no such system ex-ing. ists, I have frequently found it hard to obtain "The credit of originating these institucredit, when I have declared, that there was tions has usually been given to Mr. Raikes, nothing disreputable, in the publie opinion a newspaper proprietor of Gloucester, who here, in sending children to schools, support- died some years ago. It now appears, howed at the public charge. The idea of such ever, from statements and documents of unschools, therefore, when it first crossed the questionable authenticity, that the plan of minds of our forefathers, was entirely origin- the first school of this description, which was al; but how much of the prosperity and hap- established in Gloucester, in 1780, originapiness of their children, and posterity, has tied with the Rev. Thomas Stock, head masflowed from this living spring of public intel-ter of the cathedral school in that city. Mr. ligence! So, too, the plan of Sunday schools, which have proved a blessing of inestimable value, in Europe and America, and particularly to thousands who are deprived of the advantages of other institutions. It is probable that instruction is now given, in Sunday schools, to more than a million and a half of pupils, by more than one hundred and fifty thousand teachers. This plan was the happy suggestion of an humble individual,-a printer,-who contemplated, at first, nothing but the education of the destitute and friendless children in his immediate neighborhood. After laboring in this noble field of usefulness for 20 years, and among the class of population most exposed to the temptations to crime, he had the satisfaction of being able to say, that out of three thousand scholars, he had heard

Stock, who was in narrow circumstances, communicated the details of his plan to Mr. Raikes, when the latter assisted him with his purse; and, having taken a very active and zealous part, in promoting the establishment of Sunday schools, he ultimately obtained all the merit of being their founder. Mr. Raikes, who is, undoubtedly, entitled to much credit, for his benevolent exertions in the cause of education, lived to see 250,000 children enrolled in these schools. The number now enjoying the benefits of instruction on the Sabbath in England, is 1,250,000. At Birmingham, the system has been carried to a much greater extent, than in any other town in England, nearly 13,000 Sunday school pupils have been mustered there on the occasion of the last jubilee."

human affairs, is often productive of scenes
which make humanity shudder. I know not
that I could produce a more pertinent illus-
tration of this truth, than may be found in
the following extract from a foreign journal.
It relates to the outrages committed by the
peasantry,in a part of Hungary,in consequence
of the ravages of the cholera in that region.
"The suspicion that the cholera was caus-
ed by poisoning the wells, was universal
among the peasantry of the counties of Zips
and Zemplin, and every one was fully con-
vinced of its truth. The first occasion oc-
curred in Klucknow, where, it is said, some
peasants died in consequence of taking the
preservatives; whether by an immoderate
use of medicine, or whether they thought
they were to take chlorate of lime internally,
it not known. This story, with a sudden and
violent breaking out of cholera at Klucknow,
led the peasants to a notion of the poisoning
of the wells, which spread like lightning. In
the sequel, upon the attack of the estate of
Count Czaki, a servant of the chief bailiff
was on the point of being inurdered, when,
to save his life, he offered to disclose some-
thing important. He said that he received
from his master two pounds of poisonous
powder, with orders to throw it into the
wells, and, with an axe over his head, took
oath publicly in the church to the truth of
his statement. These circumstances, and
the fact that the peasants, when they forcibly
entered the houses of the land-owners,
every where found chlorate of lime, which
they took for the poisonous powder, confirm
ed their suspicions, and drove the people to
madness. In this state of excitement they
committed the most appalling excesses.
Thus, for instance, when a detachment of
thirty soldiers, headed by an ensign, attempt-
ed to restore order in Klucknow, the peas-
ants, who were ten times their number, fell
upon them; the soldiers were released, but
the ensign was bourd, tortured with scissors
and knives, then beheaded, and his head fixed
on a pike as a trophy. A civil officer, in
company with the military, was drowned, his
carriage broken, and chlorate of lime being
found in the carriage, one of the inmates
was compelled to eat it till he vomitted blood,
which again confirmed the notion of poison.
On the attack of the house of the Lord at
Klucknow, the Countess saved her life by
piteous entreaties; but the chief bailiff, in
whose house chlorate of lime was unhappily
found, was killed, together with his son, a
little daughter, a clerk, a maid, and two stu-
dents, who boarded with him. So the bands
went from village to village; wherever a no-
bleman or a physician was found, death was
his lot; and in a short time it was known
that the High Constable of the county of
Zemplin, several Counts, Nobles, and Parish
Priests, had been murdered. A clergyman

was hanged, because he refused to take an oath that he had thrown poison into the well; the eyes of a Countess were put ont, and innocent children cut to pieces. Count Czaki, having first ascertained that his family was safe, fled from his estate at the risk of his life, but was stopped at Kirchtrauf, pelted with stones, and wounded all over, torn from his horse, and only saved by a worthy merchant, who fell on him, crying" Now I have got the rascal." He drew the Count into a neighboring convent, where his wounds were dressed, and a refuge afforded him. His secretary was struck from his horse with an axe, but saved in a similar inauner, and in the evening conveyed with his master to Leutschau. But enough of these horrible scenes. Those here mentioned-and they are but a few from the counties of Zips and Zemplin will suffice to give an idea of the mad rage of a people, hitherto kept in a state of ignorance and brutality, as soon as it breaks its fetters for a moment."

It is by no means my purpose, on this ocasion, to attempt even a sketch of what the judicious exercise of the intelligent principle has enabled men to do, for the improvement of their fellow-men. Enough I venture to hope, has been said, to put all, who favor me with their attention, upon the reflection that it is only by its improvement, that it is possible for a man to render himself useful to man; and consequently, that it is in this way alone, that he can taste the highest and purest pleasure, which our natures can enjoy, that which proceeds from the consciousness of having been useful to others.

But it is time that I should make a few remarks on another subject which would seem appropriately to belong to this occasion.

An idea, I fear, prevails, that truths, such as I have now attempted to illustrate, are obvious enough in theinselves, but that they apply only to men of literary education, to professional characters, and persons of fortune and leisure; and that it is out of the power of the other classes of society, and those who pass most of their time in manual labor and mechanical industry, to engage in the pursuit of knowledge, with any hope of being useful to themselves and others.

This, I believe, to be a great error. I trust we may regard the meeting of this numerous audience, as a satisfactory proof, that you consider it an error; and that you are persuaded that it is in your power, to enjoy the pleasures and the benefits, which flow from the pursuit of useful knowledge.

What is it that we wish to improve? The mind. Is this a thing monopolized by any class of society? God forbid: it is the heri tage with which he has endowed all the children of the great family of man. Is it a treasure belonging to the wealthy? It is talent bestowed alike on rich and poor; high

and low. But this is not all; mind is in all
men, and in every man, the same active, liv-
ing, and creative principle; it is the man
himself. One of the renowned philosophers
of heathen antiquity beautifully said of the
intellectual faculties, I call them not mine
but me. It is these, which make the man;
which are the man. I do not say that oppor-
tunities, that wealth, leisure, and great ad-
vantages for education are nothing; but I do
say, they are much less than is commonly
supposed; I do say, as a general rule, that
the amount of useful knowledge, which men
acquire, and the good they do with it, are by
no means in direct proportion to the degree
to which they have enjoyed what are com-
monly called the great advantages of life.
Wisdom does sometimes, but not most com-
monly, feed her children with a silver spoon.
I believe it is perfectly correct to say, that a
small proportion only of those, who have
been most distinguished for the improvement
of their minds, have enjoyed the best advan-
tages for education. I do not mean to de-
tract, in the least degree, from the advanta-
ges of the various seminaries for learning,
which public and private liberality has found-
ed in our country. They serve as places,
where a large number of persons are prepar-
ed for employment in the various occupa-
tions, which the public service requires.
But, I repeat it, of the great benefactors of
our race; the men, who by wonderful inven-
tions, remarkable discoveries and extraordin-
ary improvements, have conferred the most
eminent service on their fellow-men, and
gained the highest names in history,-by far
the greater part have been of humble origin,
narrow fortunes, small advantages, and self
taught.

And this springs from the nature of the mind of man, which is not unlike natural things, a vessel to be filled up from without; into which you may pour a little or pour much; and then measure, as with a guage, the degrees of knowledge imparted. The know-ledge that can be so imparted is the least valuable kind of knowledge; and the man who has nothing but this, may be very learned, but cannot be very wise. We do not invite you to these lectures, as if their object would be attained, when you have heard the weekly address. It is to kindle the understanding to the consciousness of its own powers; to make it feel within itself that it is a living, spiritual thing; to feed it, in order that it may itself begin to act and operate, to compare, contrive, invent, improve, and perfect. This is our object; an object, as much within the reach of every man, who hears me, as if he had taken a degree in every college in Christendom.

sess the same natural senses and organs, than
that their minds are endowed with the same
capacities for improvement, though not per-
haps all in the same degree. The condition
in which they are placed is certainly not a
matter of entire indifference. The child of
a savage, born in the bosom of a barbarous
tribe, is, of course, shut out from all chance
of sharing the improvements of civilized
communities. So, in a community like our
own, an infant condemned, by adverse cir-
cumstances, to a life of cominon street beg-
gary, must be considered as wholly out of the
reach of all improving influences. But
Shakspeare, whose productions have been
the wonder and delight of all who speak the
English language for two hundred years, was
a runaway lad, who got his living in London,
by holding horses at the door of the theatre,
for those who went to the play; and Sir
Richard Arkwright, who invented the ma-
chinery for spinning cotton, of which I have
already spoken, was the youngest of thirteen
children of a poor peasant, and, till he was
thirty years of age, followed the business of
a travelling barber.

As men bring into the world with them an
equal intellectual endowment; that is, minds
equally susceptible of improvement; so in a
community, like that in which we have the
happiness to live, the means of improvement
are much more equally enjoyed, than might,
at first be supposed. Whoever has learned
to read, possesses the keys of knowledge;
and can, whenever he pleases, not only un-
lock the portals of her temple, but penetrate
to the inmost halls and most secret cabinets.
A few dollars, the surplus of the earnings of
the humblest industry, are sufficient to pur-
chase the use of books, which contain the el-
ements of the whole circle of useful know-
(Concluded in our next.)
ledge.

From a Correspondent of the N. Y. Commercial Advertiser.
MANDAN VILLAGE, Upper Missouri,
Aug. 5th, 1832.

Dear Sir,-Soon after the date of my last letter from the mouth of Yellow Stone, I descended the river in a skiff to this place, where I have resided about two weeks, a guest in this subterraneous city-the strangest place in the world, where one sees in the most rapid succession, scenes which force him to mirth-to pity and compassion-to admiration—to disgust—to fear and to astonishment. Here are subjects and scenes worthy the pens of Irving, or Cooper; rich in legends and romances which would require no aid of the imagination for a picture.

The Mandans, or (See-pobs-ka-nu-ka-kee, people of the pheasants,") as they call themselves, are perhaps one of the most ancient tribes of Indians in our country. They

In this great respect,-the most important" that touches human condition,-we are all equal. It is not more true, that all men pos

take great pride in relating their traditions not quite as high; they are made of round with regard to their origin-contending that they were the first people created on earth. Their village is undoudtedly of very ancient origin, and from what I could learn of their traditions, they have, at a former period, been a very numerous and powerful nation; but by the continual wars which have existed between them and their neighbors, they have been reduced to the number of 16 or 1800 souls.

poles, rudely framed together. A Buffalo skin is strained across like a sacking bottom, on which they place a number of Buffalo robes, making the finest bed in the world. Their beds are all covered with dressed skins, strained over the frame, in the form of curtains, leaving a square hole to get into and out of their beds. Some of these curtains are fringed and otherwise beautifully ornamented. The Mandans have nothing in their personal appearance or demeanour to distinguish them in any considerable degree from the neighboring Indians, excepting the singular appearance of their hair. In this particular, they are different, I believe, from all Indians in the world. Their hair has all the shades and variety of colors that are to be seen amongst white society. Many children, male and female, at the age of 10 or 15 years, are seen with their hair of a bright silvery grey, and some almost perfectly white.

Many of the young women are comely and some of them extremely beautiful. They and unmarried they dress with much neatmarry at a very early age, and whilst young

Their village is situated on the Bank, in one of the most beautiful valleys on the Riv. er. The ground on which it was built was admirably selected for defence, being on a bank forty or fifty feet above the bed of the River. The greater part of this bank is nearly perpendicular, and of solid rock. The River suddenly changing its course to a right angle, protects two sides of the village, which is built upon this promontory or angle; they have therefore but one side to protect, which is effectually done by a strong piquet and a ditch inside of it, of three or four feet in depth. They are undoubtedly secure in their village from the attacks of any Indian nation, and have nothing to fear except when they meet their enemies on the prairie. Their vil-ness, and practice more pure, native modesty, in their dress and demeanor, than any felage has a most strange appearance to the eye male society that I ever was in. If modesty of a stranger; their lodges are closely grou- be a virtue, it would be well if some of our ped together, leaving but just room enough fashionable ladies could study from these for walking and riding between them. They simple models. Their beautiful white skin appear from without to be built entirely of dresses extend from their chins down, quite dirt, but one is surprised, when he enters to the ground, and are studiously formed to them, to see the neatness, confort, and spa-hang loose over their bodies without showing cious dimensions of these earth-covered dwel- any thing of the shapes of the person; inlings. They all have a circular form, and are stead of drawing and cording themselves up from fifty to sixty feet in diameter. Their into angles and protuberances, as our fair roofs are formed of poles of six or eight inch-ladies do, to attract the gaze and admiration es in diameter, with the butt end in the of the world. Their dresses are made of the ground, and placed so thick as to touch each skins of the mountain sheep, which they conother-the points nearly meeting at the top, sider preferable to all others, being softer, of leaving an aperture of four or five feet in finer texture, and much lighter. These skins diameter, answering for a chimney and a sky-light at the same time. These poles are around the neck, down the sides, and around are so ingeniously dressed that they leave, supported in the middle by large beams, and the bottom, a border of the skin with the over their tops is laid a close mat of willows, hair on, which is cut into a kind of fringe which protects them from the dampness of the earth, with which they are covered, of They are ornamented in a great variety of having very much the appearance of ermine. ways with porcupine quills, beads of different colors, elk's teeth, and shells. After becomng matrons, that blushing modesty in a great made of elk skin, a coarser material, shorter degree disappears, and they wear a dress and better calculated for the laborious duties which they have to perform, as slaves to their lords.

about a foot in thickness. The floors of

these dwellings are of earth, but so hardened, and swept so clean, that they have a bright polish, and would not soil the whitest linen. In the centre, and immediately under the sky-light, is the fire place-a hole of four or five feet in diameter, of a circular form, sunk a foot or more below the surface, and curbed around with stone;-around this are the family group, reclining in all the most picturesqe attitudes and groups, resting on their Buffalo robes and beautiful mats of willow. These cabins are so spacious that they contain from 15 to 20 persons-a family and all their connexions. They all sleep on bedsteads similar in form to ours, but generally

Perhaps nothing ever more completely astonished these people than the operations of my brush. Soon after my arriving in their village, I invited and painted the two principal chiefs; in a very few minutes after having exhibited them, it seemed as if the whole village was crowding upon me to see them.