time to time, the area for ornamentation became too insignificant to be regretted when the whole was required by the architects and builders.

Jefferson Park was established in 1848. It was given by the Canal Trustees. It is located in what was the old town of Jefferson, which was annexed to the city in 1889 and whose expansive territory is now shared by the Twenty-seventh, Thirty-third, and Thirty-fifth Wards, with the lion's share, two-thirds, assigned to the Twenty-seventh Ward. The park has five acres. It is situated at Winnemac avenue, North Laramie avenue, Argyle avenue, and North Lockwood avenue, but it no longer bears the original name. A larger Jefferson Park has recently been created in the West Division, and to avoid a duplication of names, that which rightfully belonged to the historic park, so long known as Jefferson, and the gift of the Canal Trustees (a truly historic executive body of citizens that may be styled ancient), has been dropped and that of Roberts Square substituted. It is now under the jurisdiction of the Small Parks Commission and has been beautifully improved.

Union Park, described in the instrument of conveyance of the ground to the city in 1854 as situated on Bryan place, Ogden avenue, Warren avenue, and Ashland avenue, and containing seventeen acres, was a part of a large tract owned by Samuel Snowdon Hayes. The purpose of his handsome gift was to provide for a public park. Certain conditions were attached in order to secure that the grantor's intentions regarding it should be fulfilled by the city. As in nearly every instance-strike the adverb out and say as in every instance-where an individual has given of his real estate holdings for a like purpose, the motive of this act was rather of a personal than of a benevolent nature. But this is only to intimate that not the public itself, but enterprising units of that public, ever must be credited with the effecting of needed and lasting improvements of the kind. It may be recalled that Mr. Hayes was perhaps the largest operator here in real estate in his time. He was one of the remarkable group of men— most of them from the South-S. S. Hayes, James H. Walker, H. H. Honore, and Carter H. Harrison-who settled on the West Side, bought land by the many acres, and projected improvements that were designed to make of that division the most attractive, as it was the largest, quarter of the city. Some of the number built them fine houses, on ample grounds, whence they beckoned to constantly arriving settlers to come into their quarter and do as they had done. All but one of the original group ultimately met with failure. The exception was Carter H. Harrison, who brought with him ready money and paid down for the lands he bought. He could not be classed as a speculator. Mr. Hayes and the rest made their purchases on time; and while there were some periods of prosperity, there were more of adversity, and a large part of their hoped-for profits were not realized. The last general panic that overtook S. S. Hayes was that of 1873; this reduced him almost to the ranks of the poor. Union Park remained, but as it does not bear the donor's name it deplorably fails to commemorate his memory.

Ellis Park was given to the city in 1885. It contains four acres and is situated at 37th street, Langley avenue, and Elmwood court. It, as also does Ellis avenue, keeps in memory the name of its donor, who came to Chicago when there were government lands to be had at a dollar and a quarter an acre, just outside the city limits to the south, as well as in other directions. Mr. Ellis took up a quarter section below the present 35th street and between Grand boulevard and the lake. He cultivated the tract as a farm for a long time and eventually laid it out in two additions to the City of Chicago. As these were sold off, large purchasers laid out more additions, until all were owned in small parcels and built upon. Mr. Ellis died the year before Ellis Park and avenue were named for him, by provision filially made by his sons.

Vernon Park was next in order; it was given to the city in 1857 by Henry D. Gilpin of Philadelphia, who, with associates, had purchased at the sale of canal lands in 1839 a tract a mile long and half a mile wide, lying between the present Harrison street and Twelfth street, west of the river. The name of the park-Vernon-was intended to carry a thought of General Washington's estate at Mount Vernon. It contains six and fourteen-hundredths acres, and is situated at Macalister place, Lytle street, Gilpin place, and Sibley street-names all of them rightly chosen.

Henry D. Gilpin was of national repute, a scholar, statesman, and high official in the government of the United States. He was born at Philadelphia

in 1801, and received the best education that could be had in this country, supplemented and enriched by periods of study in England. He entered the profession of the law, in which he early achieved distinction, and in 1832 was U. S. District Attorney at Philadelphia; in 1835 he was nominated governor of Michigan territory, but was rejected in the Senate by a strict party vote; in 1837 he was solicitor of the U. S. Treasury, serving during the time of turbulence and triumph in Jackson's administration. Upon his retirement from office in 1840, he was chosen president of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.

Equally deserving with Henry D. Gilpin of honorable mention, is Mrs. Eliza Sibley Gilpin, who was his wife and conscientious sharer in good works. She was a daughter of Dr. John Sibley of Louisiana, and was married first to Joseph H. Johnston, who, at the time of the marriage, was a United States Senator from that state. He died in 1833, and in 1836 the widow became Mrs. Gilpin by marriage in Washington. She came with her husband to Chicago in 1859 and is remembered by some who then saw her as a person of singular beauty and charm. The Gilpin library of the Chicago Historical Society is maintained by a legacy made by Mr. Gilpin to the society. The sum thus bequeathed, with interest accumulations, now amounts to $69,000. In this library hang portraits in oils given by Mrs. Gilpin of herself and her husband. It further shows the confidence that Mr. Gilpin had in the stability of Chicago, that he directed in his will that his bequest to the society be invested in the City of Chicago's securities.

On the several maps of Chicago, made by J. W. Riley, Superintendent of the Map Department, are seen many bits of green sprinkled almost over the whole city. These mark the locations of small parks, and of them are a number that antedate the Special (Small) Parks Commission. They are located between intersecting straight and diagonal streets and are mere triangles. Slightly improved as they are, they have become places for a few minutes' rest and shade to casual pedestrians. Thus they serve a good purpose, while not meriting attention for any scenic features; with one exception—the tower park must be excepted. In the City Manual for 1913 the tower there was described and illustrated, but a few additional particulars have been gathered, and at the present writing further labors on its restoration to its original state are to be noticed. This beautiful structure stands on the west side of Lincoln parkway, and immediately opposite the engine house of the water works. It rises to a height of one hundred and fifty feet and affords from the cupola magnificent views of the lake and city. The pile foundation was constructed by O. B. Green, a brother of the distinguished Andrew J. Green of New York City, at a cost of $2,100, and the construction of the tower was by August Wallbaum, for $55,000. The architectual design was by W. H. Boyington. Of course, the object of the tower was to attain an elevation whence could be forced water into all parts of the city; but such use of it was abandoned after the 1871 conflagration, which sadly damaged the elaborate structure. During the year 1913 Charles W. Kallal, the City Architect, by direction of Mayor Harrison and Commissioner McGann, undertook the tower's perfect restoration, and now are seen the satisfactory final results. A new cupola in copper has been built, following the lines of the original design, windows are furnished for the purpose of observation, and the stairway of steel (this has been altered) is provided with platforms, instead of being continuous from the ground to the cupola.

III.

FIRST GREAT PARK HAD VARIOUS NAMES.

Various names were in succession given to the first great park in Chicago, which likewise had fathers and fathers, "and then some." The designation it was started with was Cemetery Park. As a pleasure ground its origin was neither obscure nor doubtful. The first official notice of it was in the report for 1862 of the Board of Public Works, a body composed of Benjamin Carpenter, Fred Letz, and J. G. Gindele-one member, as the custom was, for each division of the city. In an extension of their work upon the City Cemetery they had done much improving of some forty acres of unoccupied ground at the north extremity of the city's cemetery property. These are described as public grounds of diversified surface, bordering on the lake, covered with a young growth of wood, where the prescient commissioners saw promise of an attractive park at small expense. They already had done a good deal toward giving the grounds an

inviting appearance by trimming up the young trees to secure a good growth and shape to such as were left standing, and a gate had been built in this part of the grounds and several small bridges thrown across the country ditch flowing through and discharging into the lake; and they proposed to themselves to construct continuous drives through the cemetery and park, that there might be made a pleasant place of resort for parties either riding or walking. Mr. John C. Ure, then the Superintendent of Parks, of all the parks of the city, had been called on to supervise the work.

The next year, 1863, the report of the Commission of Public Works admitted that the work done in the parks and cemetery was disappointing, as the expenditures were necessarily limited to $3,000. Then they recommended a more liberal appropriation for this object for the coming year. "It would, doubtless," they contended, "gratify the citizens to see well ornamented the small amount of public grounds to be used for a park north of the cemetery. That their location may be understood, we submit a sketch appended herewith.". (That a correct understanding of the locality as it then was may at this day be had, this sketch is here reproduced. Green Bay road as seen indicated upon it is the present Clark street, Little Fort road is the present Lincoln avenue, and Wolcott is now State street.) Mr. Ure, besides his having the care of the parks scattered over the city, had the superintendence of the cemetery, and was required to make report concerning it once every year to the Board of Public Works. His report for 1863 is still interesting. After telling of what had been done in the actual cemetery, he continues: "We have trimmed the trees in the northern part of the cemetery, generally known as the park; planted a row of maple trees along the first road by the fence on the west side, which are all alive and doing well. Then again as to the cemetery: "About six months ago a large portion of the fence of the cemetery was blown down and damaged by a strong wind, and we have repaired it as well as possible under the circumstances. A portion of the fence on the east side of the cemetery was almost covered by drifted sand. The boards of this fence being rotten, we considered it best not to raise it, but put new boards above the old ones where the sand had covered them. There have been buried in the public grounds during the time specified, 2,218 persons, exclusive of the rebel (civil war) prisoners, who were 615 in number; making the total of interments in these grounds 2,833. There was no record of interments in the public grounds until June, 1861. The number of burials in private lots I cannot report, for the reason that the grave diggers were not under my charge until January 23, 1863. Since that time and up to date, there have been interred in private lots, sixty-two persons. There was expended for the improvements herein named $3,943.11.''

It is another story, but it will be well here to explain abruptly the acquisition by the city of the land for its cemetery. By act of the Legislature approved Feburuary 10, 1837, the inhabitants of the Town of Chicago, under the direction of the president and trustees of said town, were authorized and permitted to use a lot of canal land, which was described as being the east half of the southeast quarter of section thirty-three, in township forty, range fourteen, east of the third principal meridian. The authorities of the town were to pay to the state whatever sum the land might be valued at by the agent of the state, whenever the canal lands should be offered for sale. The trustees of the town were prohibited from ever selling or leasing the ground, but were permitted to lay off a part thereof for a public burying gound. That was done in 1842.

Concerning Washington Park, then as now a square of ground between North Clark street and Dearborn avenue, at Walton place, the superintendent made this strange report: "There have been set out in this park the past season seventy trees. Twenty-seven have been broken or destroyed. I have replanted them without expense to the city. The posts at all the gateways have been reset to keep out the cattle. I am informed that the posts are taken up to let the cattle into the park. If this evil continues, we shall be compelled either to maintain a watch, or use steps inside the posts, as at Union Park. The board having ordered that there be none but larger trees planted for the city parks, we have planted eight on each side of the cross walks.'' As to Union Park he says that "repairs have been made on the fence, and some of the trees which had died have been replaced. About six tons of hay were cut, which was taken by the water department."

In 1865 Superintendent Ure complained that "the limited appropriation placed at the disposal of the Board of Public Works for the benefit of the

cemetery grounds and the various public squares and parks of the city, have been barely sufficient to maintain their fences and sidewalks, and to keep the grounds in tolerable condition.''

Now it will be necessary to retrace our steps to some distance, that we may note in their order larger things, and more important developments concerning the then future parks of Chicago.

For the North Division of the city, a great park was privately proposed, and much discussed, several years before ever it was formally revealed to the general public. A number of prominent_citizens had part in this. To nam › the principal of them: William B. Ogden, John B. Turner, Charles V. Dyer, James H. Rees, and V. C. Turner-all of whom were made corporators in the charter of the North Chicago Street Railway Company, obtained on February 14, 1859. About that time, H. S. Kerfoot, Jacob Rehm, W. C. Goudy, Iver Lawson, Dr. Dyer, and others, bought each his acres of land in Lake View, in anticipation of the appearing of the horse cars. These were delayed, but not for long. The projectors of the railroad had obstacles thrown in their way by persons interested in ominbus lines and by short-sighted cavilers who after their kind were opposed to all improvements. The most, however, that they succeeded in doing was to make it harder for the railway company to place a sufficient amount of stock to enable them to construct and equip their one line on North Clark street. The idea that the road would ever pay was scouted. It was pointed out that almost nobody lived or had frequent occasion to go much above Chicago avenue; while by way of refuting them, the company proposed by their road to rapidly fill up the district with home builders. More: they declared that soon the cemetery would be transformed and become an attractive park, to which throngs of people would repair, if not daily, then on Sundays and all holidays. The aldermen were convinced; and by an ordinance passed on May 23, 1859, the City Council authorized the North Chicago Railway Company to build a horse railroad on each of five streets named, in the North Division; on the principal of the five, Clark street, from the river to the city limits. This line was completed and the horse cars were running before the close of the year 1859.

The next year, the Council took the necessary action. On March 20, 1859, an ordinance was passed directing that the sale of lots in the cemetery should cease after May 1, 1859; and on the recommendation of the Board of Public Works, on the 13th day of February, 1860, an ordinance was passed limiting the cemetery to that part then surveyed and sub-divided (twenty acres), prohibiting burials in the north sixty acres, and reserving them to be used for a public park, or such public purpose as the Common Council might devote them to. Now there was little in the way of progress, as grounds for a new cemetery had finally been chosen, to the north of the city, between Clark street and the lake, in the town of Lake View. Thomas B. Ryan was the moving spirit and financial promoter of this enterprise. He was a citizen of remarkable intelligence and energy, who foresaw many of the future needs of Chicago, and was ambitious to establish a cemetery here that should in time rival, in respect of scenic attractiveness and the nobility of its commemorative monuments, the finest of eastern burying grounds. He lost no time; with the aid of imported landscape gardeners he very soon realized in promising part his expectations. The chosen name for his cemetery was Graceland.

The public had been given two years of education in sanitary matters by Dr. John H. Rauch and Dr. N. S. Davis, and enough of prodding to forward steps by a number of anxious citizens, among whom were Judge Grant Goodrich, Judge Mark Skinner and Christian Wahl, an alderman of the old Eighth Ward. A pamphlet was composed and issued by Dr. Rauch, inviting the attention of the authorities to the subject of intramural interments and their pernicious effect, and also urging them to prevent further interments in the city cemetery; this was followed by a petition, signed by the most influential residents of the North Division, and presented to the City Council, asking that the bodies already there, be exhumed as soon as possible and the ground be converted into a park. Dr. Rauch declared that "The patients who died of the smallpox have been buried in the public part of the cemetery, at on average depth of four feet, owing to the fact that graves cannot be dug deeper on account of water." "This publication had the intended effect.

At about this time Mr. Bryan purchased outright a small burying ground— too small to receive more of the dead-on Calumet avenue at Twenty-second