Persian. Later on, besides being a most accomplished classical scholar, he had four modern languages at his command-German, French, Italian and Spanish. He was educated at Rugby before passing, at the age of 18, to Balliol College, Oxford. At the University, his career was of unexampled brilliancy. Elected Balliol Scholar in his first term, he gained a double First at Moderations and at the end passed out First in no less than three Schools-Literae Humaniores, Mathematics, and Law and History. He was afterwards elected Fellow of Brasenose, and obtained as his final academic distinction the Eldon Law Scholarship in 1870. In 1871 he was called to the bar as a member of Lincoln's Inn, and thenceforward practised as an equity draftsman and conveyancer, also in the Chancery Court of the Duchy of Lancaster. It was earlier, in 1869, that he produced his Essay on Physical Ethics or the Science of Action; but professional pursuits did not divert his interest from philosophy, as the readers of MIND know. His articles on "The Suppression of Egoism" and "Ethics and Politics," with his Note on "Ethics and Psychogony," in Nos. VI., VIII., and X. respectively, showed him eager and able to maintain his early positions in face of newer thought; and he has besides left behind him a considerable quantity of philosophical writing in a more or less unfinished state. His Physical Ethics was, upon any showing, no common piece of work to come from a young man of twenty-five just emerging from the University; and it has not failed to leave a mark on the thought of the time. Even more remarkable than the knowledge and intellectual acuteness are the fearless logic and honesty of purpose which it everywhere displays. With Mr. Barratt's varied intellectual gifts and acquisitions was joined a strong love of art, and he had a character of singular charm. Many warmly attached friends mourn his untimely fate. He leaves a young wife and a little daughter.

The death has also to be recorded of M. E. Littré, which took place on the 2nd of June. He was born at Paris, on the 1st February, 1801. The services he rendered to Comte personally are well known. Nobody of the same distinction gave so complete adhesion as he to the ideas of Comte as far as contained in the Cours de Philosophie Positive. In this relation, he published a second edition of the Cours in 1864, and also in the same year wrote his admirable work of biography and exposition, Auguste Comte et la Philosophie Positive. He has taken part from the first in the direction of the bi-monthly periodical La Philosophie Positive, now in its thirteenth year (2nd series), and written constantly, upon the most varied topics, in its pages. His Dictionnaire de la Langue Française (1863-77)—a work in which he has equalled, if not surpasssd, the labours of any other single man-may also be set down as a philosophical achievement.

It is proposed in the United States to celebrate the centenary of Kant's Kritik der reinen Vernunft by a philosophical Congress, to be held in the first week of August at Concord, Mass., when a number

of papers bearing on Kant's philosophy will be read and discussed. In England the appearance of the great book will be commemorated by the publication of a new translation. It will be the first English translation of the original text (Riga, 1781); the changes and additions of the later editions being given in the form of supplements. The translation has been entrusted to Prof. Max Müller, and there will be a historical Introduction by Prof. Noiré. Messrs. Macmillan will be the publishers.

Herr W. Schlötel, of Strasburg, has written to us to protest, as a German, against what he considers to be an unwarrantable impeachment by a German of Professor Jevons's credit for originality. Professor Lotze, in the criticism on Boole, which he has incorporated with the second edition of his Logik (see above, p. 446), after solving one of Boole's problems by a method similar to that of Prof. Jevons's Abecedarium, goes on to remark that the method did not need to be discovered by Prof. Jevons, but lay to hand in the traditional rules for classification. Herr Schlötel indignantly asks, in words which he has addressed also to the Vierteljahrsschrift für Wiss. Philosophie, V. 2, when did anybody before Prof. Jevons in 1870 work out and publish the method of the Abecedarium and its application to syllogistic reasoning? To this question it may be replied that a similar method is plainly set forth in Christian August Semler's Versuch über die combinatorische Methode, published at Dresden in 1811, as noted by Mr. Venn at p. 351 of his Symbolic Logic. But whether Prof. Lotze had Semler in view does not appear; and, in any case, Prof. Jevons's claim to originality is, of course, unaffected.

Under the title of Rassegna Critica di Opere Filosofiche, Scientifiche e Letterarie, there has been founded at Naples, from the beginning of this year, a new bi-monthly periodical, which, to judge by the first two numbers, promises to be very vigorously conducted. It is under the direction of Professor Andrea Angiulli, and is designed to keep Italian readers abreast of the general intellectual movement of Europe. English philosophical authors, who will send their works to Professor Angiulli (82 Via Nuova Capodimonte, Naples), may rely on having them carefully reviewed.

Professor Lotze, who for so many years has lent distinction to the University of Göttingen, has accepted the Chair of Philosophy in Berlin, vacated by the death of the late Professor Harms.

M. Renouvier has given in La Critique Philosophique, X. 11-17, a translation of Mr. Shadworth Hodgson's criticism on his Logic in MIND XXI., appending replies and new elucidations in foot-notes; and will proceed to do the same by the article on his Psychology in MIND XXII. He warmly acknowledges the merit of Mr. Hodgson's exposition and criticism.

A committee has been formed for the purpose of erecting a monument of Berkeley in his cathedral of Cloyne. Thus far it is proposed "to remove the present organ screen, which is architecturally a great disfigurement to the building, and to substitute one of a distinctly monumental character, with a statue of the Bishop as the prominent feature ". The movement is already supported by many influential names, and Professor Fraser represents philosophy on the committee. The following are honorary secretaries, any of whom will be happy to receive subscriptions in aid of the memorial:-Rev. T. Moore, LL.D., Precentor of Cloyne, Middelton College, Co. Cork ; R. Caulfield, LL.D., F.S.A., Librarian, Queen's College, Cork; R. Bagwell, M.A., Innislonagh, Clonmel; Rev. H. Kingsmill Moore, M.A., Church Place, Fermoy, Co. Cork.

We learn, with deep regret, as we go to press, the death of Mr. John Ferguson McLennan, the accomplished author of Primitive Marriage (1865), and Studies in Ancient History (including reprint of Primitive Marriage, 1876). He died on the 16th of June, at Hayescommon, Kent. Of late years, he has resided mostly at Algiers, for his health.

THE JOURNAL OF SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY. Vol. XIV., No. 4. J. H. Stirling Criticism of Kant's main Principles. J. Watson-Kant's Principles of Judgment. H. K. Jones-Philosophic Outlines. Notes and Discussions (G. S. Bower-The Philosophical Element in Shelley).

REVUE PHILOSOPHIQUE. VIme Année, No. 4. A. Fouillée-Critique de la morale de Kant (i.). J. Delboeuf-Le dernier livre de G. H. Lewes (fin). H. Spencer-Les chefs politiques. Analyses et Comptes-rendus. Rev. des Périod. No. 5. J. Darmesteter Les cosmogonies aryennes. T. V. Charpentier-Philosophes contemporains: M. Cournot. G. Le Bon -Problèmes anthropologiques: (i.) La question des criminels. Ch. Richet -La mémoire élémentaire. Analyses et Comptes-rendus (McCosh, The Emotions, &c.). Notices bibliographiques. Correspondance (P. Tannery, E. Evellin-Sur l'infini mathématique). No. 6. G. Guéroult-Du rôle du mouvement dans les émotions esthétiques. A. Fouillée-Critique de la morale de Kant (ii.). H. Spencer-Des gouvernements composés. A. Naville-L'amour propre: Etude psychologique. Analyses. Rev. des

Périod.

LA CRITIQUE PHILOSOPHIQUE. Xme Année, Nos. 7-20. F. Pillon-Les vues générales de M. Huxley sur la philosophie des sciences et sur la philosophie biologique (7). C. Renouvier-Politique et socialisme: La question du progrès (viii.) Condorcet (8); (ix.) Les espérances sociales de Condorcet (10); Une thèse sur l'infini (17); La doctrine de M. Evellin sur l'objectivité des idées géométriques (18). A. Penjon-Une leçon sur l'association des idées (9). J. Milsand-La science et ses droits (15, 18, 20).

LA FILOSOFIA DELLE SCUOLE ITALIANE. Vol. XXII. Disp. 3. F. Bertinaria-Il problema critico esaminato dalla Filosofia trascendente. P. D'Ercole-Le idee cosmologiche positive di R. Ardigò. L. Ferri-Il

Positivismo e la Metafisica. Bibliografia, &c. Vol. XXIII. Disp. 1. T. Mamiani-Intorno alla Sintesi ultima del Sapere e dell' Essere, lettera al prof. Bertinaria. P. D'Ercole-La morale dei Positivesti di R. Ardigò. T. Ronconi-Dell' Induzione Aristotelica e Baconiana. L. Ferri-Due parole alla Civiltà Cattolica. Bibliografia, &c. Disp. 2. F. Bonatelli-Filosofia della Storia : La Storia come fattore della coltura umana. G. Jandelli -Sociologia: Il precursore di Malthus. Bibliografia. P. d'Ercole Sulle Idee, risposta al Prof. Ferri.

ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR PHILOSOPHIE, &c. Bd. LXXVIII., Heft 2. E. Pfleiderer -Kantischer Kritizismus u. Englische Philosophie (Schluss). J. L. A. Koch-Ueber das Gedächtniss; mit Bemerkungen zu dessen Pathologie. E. Westerburg Schopenhauer's Kritik der Kantischen Kategorienlehre (i.). Recensionen (R. Adamson, Kant's Philosophie; A. Bain, Erziehung als Wissenschaft, &c.). Bibliographie.

VIERTELJAHRSSCHRIFT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTLICHE PHILOSOPHIE. Bd. V., Heft. 2. E. Laas-Vergeltung u. Zurechnung (i.). F. Tönnies-Anmerkungen über die Philosophie des Hobbes (Schluss). E. Kraefelin-Ueber Trugwahrnehmungen (i.). A. v. Leclair-Kritischer Idealismus u. Positivismus: Eine Entgegnung. H. Vaihnger-Erwiderung. Anzeigen. Selbstanzeigen, &c.

ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR VölkerPSYCHOLOGIE U. SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT. Bd. XIII., Heft 1, 2. G. H. Müller-Ueber den Accusativ u. sein Verhältniss zu den übrigen Casus: Ein Beitrag zur indogermanischen Casuslehre. F. Misteli-Ueber Analogiebildungen insbesondere im Ugrischen. Beurtheilungen.

PHILOSOPHISCHE MONATSHEFTE. Bd. XVII., Heft 1, 2. Von Kirchmann-Ueber Plato's Parmenides. Th. Lipps-Die Aufgabe der Erkenntnisstheorie u. die Wundt'sche Logik (ii) Recensionen u. Anziegen. Literaturbericht. Controverse zwischen Prof. Michelet u. Prof. Weis. Bibliographie, &c. Heft 3. J. Volkelt-Ueber die logischen Schwierig. keiten in der einfachsten Form der Begriffsbildung. Recensionen. Literaturbericht. Bibliographie, &c. Heft 4, 5. C. SchaarschmidtLessing u. Kant: Ein kleines Gedenkblatt Th. Lipps-Die Aufgabe der Erkenntnisstheorie, &c. (iii.). E. v. Hartmann-Bahnsen's Realdialektik. Recensionen. Literaturbericht. Bibliographie, &c.

Other Books, &c., received:-A. Macfarlane, Algebra of Relationship, II, (Reprint from Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb.), pp. 8. E. R. Conder, The Basis of Faith: A Critical Survey of the Grounds of Christian Theism, 2nd Ed. revised, London (Hodder and Stoughton), pp. 436. St. Bernard, On the Love of God, transl. by M. C. and Coventry Patmore, London (Kegan Paul, Pp. 151. Anonymous, The Deluge: a Poem, London (Stock), pp. 148. Anon., The Student's Dream, Chicago (Jansen & McLurg), pp. 97. G. Renard, L'Homme est-il libre? ("Bibliothèque Utile "), Paris (G. Baillière), pp. 186. P. Siciliani, La Scienza nell' Educazione, Sec. Ed. rifusa, &c., Bologna (Zanichelli), pp. 376. C. K. J. v. Bunsen, Allgemeines evangelisches Gesang- u. Gebetbuch, ed. by A. Fischer, Gotha (Perthes), pp. 753. 0. Schmitz-Dumont, Die Einheit der Naturkräfte, Berlin (Duncker), pp. 168. J. Duboc, Der Optimismus als Weltanschauung u. seine religiös-ethische Bedeutung, Bonn (Strauss), pp. 399.

SIGHT and smell stand to one another to some extent in rough inverse ratio. Where sight is the main intellectual sense, smell is generally deficient or unimportant; where smell is the main intellectual sense, sight is generally deficient or unimportant. The highest intellectual development is necessarily based upon sight. Hence, on the whole, as we mount in the vertebrate scale, we find sight gaining in relative importance, and smell losing in relative importance, among the most developed members of the three great groups. The lower divisions of fishes have smell for their chief sense; the teleosteans have sight. The reptiles have smell; the birds, sight. The lower mammals have smell; the Primates, sight. With the highest animal, man, sight has become the immensely preponderating intellectual sense, while smell survives with difficulty as an almost functionless relic. These are the chief propositions which the present paper sets out, if possible, to dentonstrate. It is sometimes well at the beginning of a long argument to state the general conclusions towards which that argument is tending: and they are here put down by anticipation so as to save the reader the trouble of blindly following the course of the reasoning without knowing at first sight whither it is making.

The most rudimentary known vertebrate, Amphioxus, has a simple central nervous organ, consisting of a spinal chord,