| operations to the above described unlawful dis- | robbery, in two states. Conviction of some of the crimination, are beyond the limit of the 15th enumerated crimes also disqualifies for jury servamendment, and unauthorized. (U. S. vs. Reese, ice in some of the states, while permanent ineligi92 U. S., 214.) Qualifications of electors are de- bility to office is the sole political disability that is fined in the several state constitutions, and no inflicted upon those guilty of bribery or of dueladditional qualifications can be required by the ing in other states. Three states (Nebraska, Nevastate legislature, but the legislature may prescribe | da and Wisconsin) admit the principle of the exby law "such conditions to the exercise of the territoriality of crime in their constitutional proelective franchise as shall seem reasonable to pro- visions for disfranchisement. Territories. The tect the privilege, and to prevent impositions and ordinance of 1787, for the government of the other frauds, and also all proper regulations for northwest territory, provided that "so soon as receiving and canvassing votes." (Cooley's Con. there shall be 5,000 free male inhabitants of full Law, 252.) The qualifications prescribed by exist- age in the district, they shall receive authority ing state constitutions are shown in the table on to elect representatives to a general assembly: pages 828, 829.— Some constitutions require regis- provided, also, that a freehold in fifty acres of tration; some disfranchise any persons while un- land in the district, having been a citizen of one der guardianship; some, any person while kept in of the states, and being resident in the district, any poor-house or other asylum at public expense, or the like freehold, and two years' residence in or while confined in any public prison; some, any the district, shall be necessary to qualify a man person stationed in any state while in the military, as an elector of a representative." The constitunaval or marine service of the United States; some, tion having given congress power to make all idiots or insane persons, but these persons, with- needful rules and regulations respecting the terriout express mention, are excluded from voting, as tory belonging to the United States, two forms incapable of exercising legal volition. The edu- of territorial government have from time to time cational test shown in the table was established been established: 1, by an executive and judges in Connecticut in 1855, in Massachusetts in 1857, of federal appointment, who together constitute in Missouri in 1876. The constitutions of Ala- a legislature; 2, by an executive and judges of bama and Mississippi forbid the imposition of federal appointment, and a legislature composed such a test. That of Florida allows it after 1880; of representatives chosen by the people of the terthat of Colorado, after 1890. The economic test ritory. In the second form of government, the shown is at least the prepayment of some tax, basis of suffrage has been substantially uniform, in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, being limited commonly, as it now is by law in Delaware, Tennessee and Georgia. The constitu- the first election in a territory, to "every male cittions of Alabama, Arkansas, California and Mis- izen above the age of twenty-one years, including sissippi, expressly forbid a property test, and the persons who have legally declared their intention constitution of Arkansas also expressly forbids a to become citizens in any territory hereafter orpoll-tax test; that of Nevada allows it. Paupers ganized, and who are actually residents of such are expressly disfranchised in Maine, Massachu- territory at the time of the organization thereof." setts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island, At subsequent elections the qualifications of voters South Carolina, Texas and West Virginia. A may be prescribed by the legislative assembly of moral test exists in all the states except four each territory, provided that the right of voting (Colorado, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and shall be exercised only by citizens of the United West Virginia), but if satisfactory proof of the States above the age of twenty-one years, and by reformation of the offender is given, the constitu alien declarants above that age, who have taken tions of ten states (Connecticut, Florida, Kansas, the required oath; that it be not denied to a citiMinnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, zen on account of race, color or previous condiNew Jersey, Rhode Island and Wisconsin) ex- tion of servitude; and that no person in the army pressly permit restoration to the suffrage; some of or navy, or attached to troops in the service of the them by a two-thirds vote of the legislature, others United States, shall be allowed to vote by reason by a majority vote.-The table on page 831 shows of being on service in the territory, unless it has the offenses for which states disfranchise for crime been for six months his permanent domicile. by the express terms of their constitutions, or for District of Columbia. The government of this which their legislatures may make disfranchise- district, over which congress has the power of exment a penalty. It shows that conviction of the clusive legislation, was originally vested in a board offenses enumerated, does or may disfranchise, of three commissioners under the act of July 16, specifically as follows: of bribery, in twenty-three 1790. This board was abolished by act of May states; of felony, in sixteen states; of infamous 1, 1802, and the city of Washington was incorcrime, in sixteen states; of treason, in eleven states;porated by act of May 3, 1802, which provided of dueling, in eleven states; of perjury, in ten states; of forgery, in seven states; of larceny, in seven states; of embezzlement of public funds, or fraud, in seven states; of election misdemeanors, in six states; of other high crimes or malfeasance in office, in six states; of murder, in two states; of that its council should be elective "by the free white male inhabitants of full age who have resided twelve months in the city, and paid taxes therein the year preceding." An act of May 15, 1820, provided that both the mayor and the council should be elective by "every free white male citi zen of the United States of lawful age, who shall have resided in the city for one year next preceding the day of election, and shall be a resident of the ward in which he shall offer to vote, and who shall have been assessed for the year ending on the 31st day of December next preceding the day of election, and who shall have paid all taxes legally assessed and due on personal property, when legally required to pay the same." The act of May 17, 1848, re-enacted this qualification, with the addition that it apply to persons assessed "as subject to a school tax for that year (except persons non compos mentis, vagrants, paupers or persons who have been convicted of any infamous crime), and who shall have paid the school tax and all taxes on personal property due from him." An act of March 4, 1855, for the codification of the laws of the District of Columbia, provided for the submission of the proposed code to the votes of "every free white male citizen of the United States above the age of twenty-one years, who has resided in said district for one year next preceding such election." The act of Jan. 8, 1867, extended Notes to Table on pp. 828, 829. The adjective "white" before "male" in some constitutions, adopted before the 15th amendment, is here omitted. Declarant means a male person of foreign birth, who shall have declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, conformably to the naturalization laws of the United States. b "Immediately preceding the election at which he offers to vote." "The general assembly may prescribe a longer or shorter residence in any precinct or county, or in any ward in any city or town having a population of more than 5,000 inhabitants, but in no case to exceed three months." (Const., Art. VIII., Sec. 1.) d "Provided no native of China shall ever exercise the privileges of an elector." * "Provided that no person shall be denied the right to vote at any school district election, or to hold any school district office, on account of sex." (Const., Art. VII., Sec. 1.) And "The general assembly may enact laws to extend the right of suffrage to women of lawful age, and otherwise qualified. No such enactment shall be of effect until submitted to the vote of the qualified electors at a general election, nor unless the same be approved by a majority of those voting thereon." (Idem, Sec. 2.) f"In the county, town or city in which he offers to vote." "The legislature may provide by law that any woman of the age of twenty-one years and upward may vote at any election held for the purpose of choosing any officers of schools, or upon any measure relating to schools, and may also provide that any such woman shall be eligible to hold any office pertaining solely to the management of such schools." (Const., Art. VII., Sec. 8.) h"Who have adopted the customs and habits of civilization." "Persons of Indian blood residing in the state, who have adopted the language, customs and habits of civilization, and shall have been pronounced (by any district court of the state) capable of enjoying the rights of citizenship." j"If twenty-two years of age or upward." k"Provided, that no person shall at any time be allowed to vote in the election of the city council of the city of Providence, or upon any proposition to impose a tax, or for the expenditure of money in any town or city, unless he shall, within the year next preceding, have paid a tax assessed upon his property therein, valued at least at $134." 1 "Who have once been declared by law of congress to be citizens of the United States, and civilized persons of Indian descent, not members of any tribe." the suffrage in the District of Columbia to "every male person, except paupers and persons under guardianship of the age of twenty-one years and upward, who has not been convicted of any infamous crime, and excepting persons who have voluntarily given aid and comfort to the rebels in the late rebellion, and who shall have been born or naturalized in the United States, and who shall have resided in this district for one year, and three months in the ward in which he shall offer to vote, without distinction on account of race or color." The act of Feb. 21, 1871, created a legislative assembly for the District of Columbia, consisting of a council and house of delegates, to be elected by "all male citizens of the United States above the age of twenty-one years, except such as are non compos mentis, and persons convicted of infamous crimes, who have been actual residents of the district for twelve months prior to any election therein, and of the election district or precinct in which they shall respectively reside, for thirty days imme diately preceding such election." This act applied a severe test to the political theories of the advocates of unrestricted suffrage. The white popu lation of the district always contains a large mobile element which has no large interest in its weal; almost the whole black population was ig norant, and without political responsibility. From 1860 to 1870 the white population had increased from 60,763 to 88,278, and the black population from 14,316 in 1860, to 43,404 in 1870. Under these conditions unrestricted suffrage produced extravagance, corruption and other incidents of bad government. Congress was petitioned for relief, and by the act of June 11, 1878, representative government was abolished, a population of 177,000 left without a voter, and the government vested, as originally under the act of July 16, 1790, in a board of commissioners. - WOMAN SUFFRAGE. The political dogma of the eighteenth century, that suffrage is a natural right, led to an early demand for its extension to woman. Condorcet published July 3, 1790, in Journal de la Societe de 1789, a plea for citizenship of women. The constitution of New Jersey, framed in 1776, permitted all inhabitants of certain qualifications to vote, and an act to regulate elections under it, passed in 1793, provided that "every voter shall, openly, and in full view, deposit his or her ballot, which shall be a single written ticket containing the names of the persons for whom he or she votes." This act was repealed in 1807. Agitation against slavery in the United States gave prominence to the dogma of "natural rights," and small groups of persons before the close of the first half century demanded its universal application. The first woman's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, N. Y., July 19, 1848. It based the claims of woman on the declaration of independence, and demanded equal rights. The first national woman's rights convention was held at Worcester, Mass., Oct. 23, 1850. The attention of the English people was called to the subject of woman suffrage by an article in the "Westminster Re |