ance.

one child, $14 for two children, and $4 for each additional child in Amount of

the allowNew Jersey; $10 a month for each child in Minnesota and Nebraska; $10 a month for one child and $5 for each additional child in Idaho, Missouri (i.e. Jackson County), New Hampshire, and Utah; $10 for one child and $7.50 for each additional child in Oregon; $12 for one child and $4 for each additional child in Wisconsin .. i $12 for one child, $20 for two children, $26 for three children, and $5 for each additional child in Pennsylvania; $12.50 for each child in California ($6.25 a month by the state and a like amount by the city or county); $15 for one child and $5 for each additional child in Washington; $15 for one child and $7 for each additional child in Ohio and South Dakota; $15 for one child and $10 for each additional child in Illinois (not to exceed in all $50 for any one family). In Colorado, Massachusetts, and Nevada no maximum is set, but the amount must be sufficient to care properly for the child, with the restriction in Nevada that it may not exceed what it would cost to maintain and educate the child in a county or state home.

a

136. A proposed uniform divorce law 1 One indication of family instability is the divorce rate. Students Seriousness

of the diof American social conditions have frequently pointed out that

vorce evil, in the United States the divorce rate is not only very high, but is and the rapidly increasing. Of the numerous remedies proposed for this proposal for

a condition, one of the most interesting is that of a uniform divorce divorce law. law throughout the United States. In 1906 a National Congress on Uniform Divorce Laws met in Philadelphia and proposed a statute, from which the following passage is an extract:

An Act Regulating Annulment of Marriage and Divorce

CHAPTER I- JURISDICTIONAL PROVISIONS

Article I— Annulment of marriage Section 1. Causes for annulment.

A marriage may be annulled for any of the following causes existing at the time of the marriage.

Causes which may justify an annulment of marriage.

(a) Incurable physical impotency. ...

(6) Consanguinity or affinity according to the table of degrees established by law, at the suit of either party. ...

(c) When such marriage was contracted while either of the parties thereto had a husband or wife living, at the suit of either party.

(d) Fraud, force, or coercion, at the suit of the innocent and injured party, unless the marriage has been confirmed by the acts of the injured party.

(e) Insanity of either party. . .

(f) At the suit of the wife when she was under the age of 16 years at the time of the marriage, unless such marriage be confirmed by her after arriving at such age.

(8) At the suit of the husband when he was under the age of 18 at the time of the marriage, unless such marriage be confirmed by him after arriving at such age.

Article II — Divorce Section 2. Kinds of. Divorce shall be of two kinds: (a) Divorce from the bonds of matrimony. . . . (b) Divorce from bed and board.

Causes for divorce from the bonds of matrimony.

Article III - Divorce from the bonds of matrimony
Section 3. Causes for.
The causes for divorce from the bonds of matrimony shall be:
(a) Adultery.

(6) Bigamy, at the suit of the innocent and injured party to the first marriage.

(c) Conviction and sentence for crime followed by a continuous imprisonment for at least two years, or in the case of indeterminate sentence, for at least one year.

(d) Extreme cruelty, on the part of either husband or wife.
(e) Wilful desertion for two years.
(f) Habitual drunkenness for two years.

.

Article IV — Divorce from bed and board
Section 4. Causes for.
The causes for divorce from bed and board shall be:

Causes for divorce from bed and board.

(a) Adultery.

(6) Bigamy, at the suit of the innocent and injured party to the first marriage.

(c) Conviction and sentence for crime . followed by a continuous imprisonment for at least two years, or in the case of indeterminate sentence, for at least one year.

(d) Extreme cruelty, on the part of either husband or wife. ...
(e) Wilful desertion for two years.
(f) Habitual drunkenness for two years.
(g) Hopeless insanity of the husband.

Bars to relief.

Article V Bars to relief Section 5.

When decree shall be denied. No decree for divorce shall be granted if it appears to the satisfaction of the court that the suit has been brought by collusion, or that the plaintiff has procured or connived at the offense charged, or has condoned it, or has been guilty of adultery not condoned. ...

Proof required

Article VIII Evidence Section 14. Proof required.

No decree for annulment of marriage, or of divorce, shall be granted unless the cause is shown by affirmative proof aside from any admission on the part of the defendant.

Decree nisi.

Article IX

Decrees Section 16. Rule for decree nisi.

If after hearing of any cause, or after a jury trial resulting in a verdict for the plaintiff, the court shall be of opinion that the plaintiff is entitled to a decree annulling the marriage, or to a decree for divorce from the bonds of matrimony, a decree nisi shall be entered.

Section 17. Final decrees, entry of.

A decree nisi shall become absolute after the expiration of one year from the entry thereof, unless appealed from or proceedings for review are pending, or the court before the expiration of said period for sufficient cause, .. otherwise orders; and at the expiration of one year such final and absolute decree shall then be entered, upon application to the court by the plaintiff, unless prior to that time cause be shown to the contrary.

Decree in the case of divorce from bed and board.

Section 18. Decree in the case of divorce from bed and board, terms of.

In all cases of divorce from bed and board for any of the causes specified in section 4 of this act, the court may decree a separation forever thereafter, or for a limited time, as shall seem just and reasonable, with a provision that in case of a reconciliation at any time thereafter, the parties may apply for a revocation or suspension of the decree; and upon such application the court shall make such order as may be just and reasonable. ...

137. Education for home-making 1

Education versus legislation as a remedy for family instability.

Although wisely drawn and carefully administered marriage and divorce laws will undoubtedly reduce the number of unsuccessful families, legislation is limited in its influence upon family instability. Legislation attacks symptoms, while education tends to remove the fundamental causes of unsuccessful marriages. While legislation remains an important concern, therefore, an increasing amount of attention is being given to the preparation of young people for home-making. At the present time an important element in this educational program is the attempt to give young people, and especially girls, a knowledge of those household arts which are fundamental to home-making. The following summary of a state program of education for the home is from a report by the Bureau of Education in the United States Department of the Interior:

There is presented herewith, in summary, a brief statement of points comprising a state program of education for the home as they may, with advantage, be expressed in its school legislation.

1. A requirement that household arts be taught in every elementary school, city and rural.

2. State supervision of household-arts education by an expert inspector, preferably an assistant attached to the office of the state superintendent of schools, who can give direction to the development of a progressive program.

A state program of education for the home.

3. Home economics included as a part of the normal-school prep- The prepaaration of every grade teacher, and as a part of the course in all

ration of

teachers. training classes for teachers, city and rural, so that household-arts teaching may be included in the grade work of the regular teacher.

4. A certificate for special teachers of household arts requiring not less than two years of professional training beyond the high school, and for supervisory teachers a three-year or, preferably, a full four-year course.

5. A state grant toward the salary of special teachers of house- Salary. hold arts and supervisors of household arts that is, of teachers with the specified preparations who devote full time to household teaching. 6. A system of supervision of household-arts teaching in rural Supervision

in rural schools, through a visiting teacher who gives special instruction

schools. and who aids the regular teacher in this special field ...; by a system of consolidation of rural schools; or by the Minnesota system of associating rural schools with a central school.

7. In secondary education encouragement of household science teaching in all public high schools; first by state grants toward teacher's salary, and ultimately by a requirement that the subject be offered at least as an elective.

8. The recognition of household arts and home-making in the new Vocational program of vocational education by giving these subjects a place education in

various coördinate with training for industry, commerce, and agriculture. types of

schools. 9. Prevocational classes of the seventh and eighth grades in household arts and in other fields to hold pupils who now leave school but not to encroach on fundamental education of a general character.

10. On the secondary level, distinct vocational training in household arts and in other fields — by day schools, or part-time continuation schools at daytime hours, or by evening classes to be done away with as soon as the part-time continuation school at daytime hours can be introduced.

11. Higher institutions, normal schools, technical institutes, and colleges will provide vocational instruction upon a higher level.

12. The program of extension education to reach the homemakers Extension of the present generation to be carried out both in city and country.

work in

city and In the city this involves lectures, day and evening classes under the country.