(Dolphin), Grapes (Bacchus), Corn (Ceres), the Hog (Boar, Sow).

In the next rank come the Vase (Diota, Amphora), the Spear, Club (Staff, Wand, Caduceus), Bow, Quiver, the Palm, the Goat and Stag, Sheep (Ram), Dog, Owl, Eagle, Snake, Ship (Rudder), Star, Lyre.

Last in importance and rarer are the Cock, the Crab, the Wolf, the Pigeon, the Bee, the Griffin,* the Plow, the Wheel (Cart, Biga), Triangle (Triskele), Thunder, the Tripod, the Hare or Rabbit, Frog, Leaf, Flowers, &c., Olive, Acorn, &c., Anchor, Shell, Swan, Axes, Shield, Chest, Torch, Globe, Arrow, the Elephant.

Almost singly are found the Lizard, Tortoise, Camel, Raven, Fly, Polypus, Peacock, Grasshopper, Rat, Mule, Ass, Pomegranate, Hand, Eye, Elbow, Distaff, Mask, Knife, Sword, Hammer, Net.

The Vase is common on the coins of the Greek islands, but no special reason suggests itself to me.†

In whatever form these objects appear on a medal, they are reducible by their name relation to one condition. Thus many a horse is by the die-sinker made to figure as Pegasus, but his name brings him down to a horse, whatever mythological reference may have been at some late time invented. So whether we have the Sun or Apollo (or a radiated head), the name is the same; the Moon, the Crescent or Diana; Grapes, or Bacchus; Corn, or Ceres. It remains clear that the object was the original, and the god an afterthought provided by the priest or the artist. Such gods as Apollo, Diana, Bacchus, Ceres, and Vulcan can have had no original place in the primitive religion of monotheistic fetishism.

Pallas is largely found on coins, but has an evident relation

*The Griffin appears to be the lion-winged, as Pegasus is the horsewinged.

+ It is possible (for it has a philological connexion with Die) that the application of the Vase is as a funeral urn or jar. On some appropriations of this, Mr. Walhouse's paper before the Anthropological Institute, 1881, will be found very interesting.

to names, and perhaps represents the Sun or Moon. The Sun and Moon are sometimes found conjoined in the same city, and this natural representation may have been the origin of Lunus and other mythical forms.

The attention of the numismatist should be called to the observation of each object on a medal. Where a horseman appears he will be found to signify horse, while the spear in his hand also corresponds to the city name. The club singly, or with the quiver and bow, does not represent Hercules, but the name of the city. The emblems are much the same as those of the English clans or tribes that invaded Britain. (Compare names in J. P. Kemble.)

Several objects of the same name are grouped in one design. This system was found by me on other compositions besides coins, and was discovered in a gem from Cyprus, of Major di Cesnola, with the characters for Ya-pho in Cypriote and with the same in Khita. The figures represent a hunting scene with a man, lance, dog, and gazelle.*

These last three are represented by Ya-pho. On a gem found at Menidi in Attica is a lion attacking a deer, with the Cypriote Ti, which signifies Lion and Deer. animals are found on the coins of Ci-ti-um in Cyprus.

The same

The type of the animal form is the head, and this too we see in the Khita inscriptions from Hamath and Carchemish, on the boss of Tarkondemos, and in the extraordinary Moso MSS. lately brought from Western China by Captain Gill, R.E., &c.

At the hands of the Greek engravers the emblems received artistic treatment: the cart was made a biga, the horse a Pegasus, the lion or the bull was put in a particular attitude which afterwards became characteristic of the city, but which have no original authority.

In order to illustrate the manner in which cities are keyed in as it were by these emblems, those of the form B L (of my town names) are here given :

EXAMPLE OF CONNECTION OF COINS IN A GROUP OF TOWNS.

Bull, Horse. Lion. Fish. Sun. Grapes. Corn. Number.

The Bull and Horse, with the Sun and Fish, are the chief emblems, but the others (and some not above recorded) serve also to establish the identity. Lion is given to illustrate the small participation of the class in that emblem.

The properties of language connected with these words and symbols made each sculpture, gem, and coin a kind of comparative vocabulary for the early nations, and laid the foundation of those comparative vocabularies and phonetics which have been found in the Babylonian libraries.

It can scarcely be doubted that the employment of emblems for the names of kings, men, and cities greatly promoted the adoption and application of the early hieroglyphics, and prepared the way for phonetics, syllabaries, and alphabets.

The chief characters of the leading nations appear to have been like the Khita. The hieroglyphic, the cuneiform, and

the Chinese do not preserve the original forms so well as those of the Khita class. In a paper which I sent to the Biblical Archæological Society in 1880, and which has not yet been printed, I showed that these characters and their phonetics were derived from an older philological type. I showed too that the phonetics are still represented by living languages.* While, since my determination of the Khita character, myself and others have been looking out for the Khita language, into which to transliterate the Hamath, Carchemish, and Asia Minor inscriptions, it appears very doubtful whether such is the true solution. That there was an official Khita may be looked upon as certain, but these monuments must have admitted of transliteration into more languages than

one.

As just stated, the Cesnola gem reads in the Khita character the same as in Cypriote, Ya-pho, but then the Khita is accompanied by a gloss of a spear, dog, and gazelle, which read Ya-pho in several dialects.

From the coins, as from these gems, we find an established practice of putting names of persons and towns in phonetics in several languages simultaneously. The Tarkondemos inscription, however, appears to have only one reading.

It may be noted that on the coins of some of the local kings the names seem to be represented by symbols on the same principle as the names of the cities, of Tarkondemos, and as these names on gems.

Turning to coinage, the received history of the chronology of coinage is very unsatisfactory, and we have just grounds for expecting the discovery of data showing earlier examples and a much wider diffusion of the system. Coins were not necessarily developed from a monetary standard.

* The isolated observations of several scholars confirm these results. A paper of mine in the Athenæum, and one read before the British Association at York, in 1881, on the non-Semitic origin of the Hebrew alphabet, and on its Canaanitic relations, and on the Cypriote syllabary, give detailed evidence in another direction.

It must not be supposed that the name of a town really means Lion, Bull, &c., although it may have such double meaning in various languages. A town name appears to mean King's Town in some one language, and the other meanings belong to other languages.

*

When an expedition started under a leader, being composed of ships or detachments of several tribes, it is possible that the leader gave his name to the town, and his emblem became that of the town; then the other clans adapted the same name or a like sound to some animal or object in their language, and thus likewise furnished a local standard.

We find also one emblem extending over a large district, as a horse in Macedonia, or an owl in Attica, but it had a different name in each town. While such emblem may be regarded as distinctive of a confederacy, it shows the presence of populations of various language.

Although in showing the true meaning of the boss and name of Tarkondemos, it was stated by me to signify Bull and Lion, I am not sure that these were strictly totems, as then supposed by me.

In the tables which are given with this paper no philological evidence is shown, but they were originally framed on such evidence as that I have so many times indicated (Koelle, &c.), and this afforded the means for making with safety the subsequent comparisons. It is in this way alone the results could have been obtained, because the words take many forms, and the emblems determine the relations of the roots.

We find such a series as Cissa, Cos, Ceos, Cius, Chios, Phocea, Phocis, Argesa, Cyzicus, Cossa, Ausa, Assos, Issa, Ios, Iasus, Suessa, Ossanoba, Axus, Syracusa, Cassandra, Cassope, Equæsia, Osca, Naxus (2), Nicæa, Nagidus. All these are allied forms, and there are many others not illustrated by coins.

In the preparation of the present list the matter has been three times gone over and written, but much has yet to be done. In my detailed lists of town names, already referred to, it

*As is natural to such languages, King= Lion and other animal names.

C