746

CYSTIC WORMS-CZERNY.

has been found in the heart, the brain, and the eye. It sometimes causes death, and its removal is not easy, except when it is so situated that it can be reached by the knife; but it may die and be absorbed without causing any very serious consequences to persons in whom it has dwelt.

Cys'tic Worms, an order of Entozoa or Intestinal Worms, according to the system of Zeder and Rudolphi, for some time generally received by naturalists, characterized by the body ending in a transparent cyst or bladder filled with pellucid fluid, this body having sometimes only one head, as in Cysticereus, sometimes many, as in Canurus. They are now known to be the young of CESTOID WORMS, (q. v.)

Cys'tin, or Cys'tic Ox'ide, forms a rare variety of Calculus. It has a crystalline texture, a brownish-yellow color, and is semi-transparent. It is not soluble in water, alcohol, or ether, but dissolves in the strong acids.

Cy'tisus, a genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosa, sub-order Papilionacea, of which some of the species are popularly called Broom, others are called Laburnum, while others still are generally known by the name C. Cyzicus, a peninsula of Anatolia, Asia Minor, projecting into the Sea of Marmora.

pointed C. assistant to the minister of foreign affairs; and he was in official life until after the Peace of Tilsit. As Curator of the University of Wilna, to which he was nominated, 1803, by Russia, he exerted all his influence to keep alive a spirit of nationality; and when some of the students were arrested on a charge of sedition, and sent to Siberia, C. resigned his office. His successor reported to the emperor that the amalgamation of Russia and Lithuania had been delayed a c. by C.'s occupancy of the curatorship. Russian favors could not deaden C.'s patriotism. In the revolution of 1830 he was elected president of a provisional government, and in this capacity summoned a national diet, which met, and in Jan., 1831, declared the Polish throne vacant, and elected C. head of the national government. He immediately devoted half of his large estates to the public service, and adopted energetic measures to meet the power of Russia, but in vain; the Poles were crushed, and C.-specially excluded from the general amnesty, and his estates in Poland confiscated--escaped to Paris, where he afterward resided, the liberal friend of his poor expatriated countrymen. In 1848 he liberated all his serfs in Galicia, and during the Crimean War he ineffectually endeavored to induce the allies to identify the cause of Poland with that of Turkey.

Czas lau, a town of Bohemia, 45 m. E.-S.-E. of Prague. Its deanery-church, in which the celebrated blind Hussite leader, Gen. Ziska, was buried, is surmounted by the highest steeple in Bohemia. The town acquired celebrity as the scene of an important victory over the Austrians by Frederick the Great, May 17, 1742. There are copper-works, manufactures of chicory and beet-root sugar, and a distillery; pop. 6,178.

Czech, a native name of the Bohemians; the language spoken in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia, and by the Slovaks of northern Hungary. The Cs. are the most westerly branch of the great Slavic family of nations. About A.D. 451-95 the C. migrated from their lands in Carpathia, on the upper Vistula, and came into the country now known as Bohemia. According to tradition their chieftain was named C. Georgsberg, near Raudnitz, on the Elbe, is said to have been the first place chosen by the Cs. for their encampment. Other Slavic tribes migrated into Bohemia, but in the course of time the Cs. gained such ascendency that in the 9th c. the name C. was commonly applied to the whole Slavic population of BOHEMIA, (q. v.) Here, in Moravia, and in other parts of Austria, the C. now number in all above 6,000,000.

Czack'i, (TADEUSZ,) an eminent Polish author, traveler, and map-maker, b. 1765 at Poryck, in Volhynia, d. 1813. Czar, sometimes written Tzar, (Polish form of the Russian title of the Kaiser, Caesar, or Emperor; Russ. Tsare,) | title of the Emperor of Russia; a king. The word C. is derived from the old Slavonic language, and signifies much the same as Ger. Kaiser, Lat. Caesar, to which it probably owes its origin, though some etymologists identify it with the termination of the names of the old Assyrian kings, such as Phalassar, Nabonassar, and Nabopolassar. After the 12th c. the Russian annalists gave the title of C. to the Grand Duke Vladimir, Monomach, (d. 1125,) and to several of his successors. In general, however, the rulers of the various Russian provinces were called Grand Dukes till the 16th c.; e. g., the Grand Dukes of Vladimir, Kiew, Moscow, etc. The Grand Duke Vassilij Ivanovitch first assumed, 1505, the title of Samodershez, which signifies autocrat. The son of Vassilij, Ivan II., Vassiljevitch the Cruel, caused himself to be solemnly crowned C. on Jan. 16, 1547. From this time the Russian monarchs called themselves Cs. of Moscow; and after the conquest of Little Russia and Smolensk, Cs. of All the Russias. The word now became practically the equivalent of emperor; yet Peter I., 1724, thought fit to assume this latter title in addition; and as the Russian language had no term corresponding to it beside C., the Latin word Imperator was introduced, while the empress was termed Imperatriza. At first several European Powers refused to sanction the assumption of imperial dignity by the Russian C., but ultimately consented to do so. The wife of the C. was named Czensto'chau, or Czenstocho’wa, a monastery of the Czariza, (Czarina;) the sons, Czarevitch; the daughters, Czar-order of St. Paul the Hermit, in the Polish government of evna; but after the death of Alexei-Peter I.'s son-these Kalisch; the most frequented place of pilgrimage in the titles were abolished, and the imperial princes were called whole country, and celebrated throughout the Slavic nations. Grand Dukes, and the imperial princesses Grand Duchesses. It occupies a commanding position on the Warthe, not far In 1799 the Emperor Paul I. introduced the title of Cesare- from the Silesian frontier, and possesses the famous darkvitch (not Czarovitch) for his second son, the Grand Duke colored picture of the mother of Christ, which gave rise to Constantine. The heir-apparent and his wife are still called the worship of the Black Virgin by all the Polish Catholics. Cesarevitch and Cesarevna. Among the Russian people C. is noted as being the only place in Poland which offered themselves the emperor is more frequently called Gossudar resistance to the army of Charles Gustavus, King of Sweden, (Hospodar, i. e., Lord) than C. on which occasion (1655 A.D.) the inmates, comprising 70 monks and 150 soldiers, withstood a siege of 38 days carried on by a Swedish force of 10,000 men.

Czartoryski, (ADAM GEORGE,) b. in Warsaw 1770, d. 1861; the son of Prince Adam Casimir C., of an ancient Polish house, sometimes (but wrongly) said to be sprung from the JAGELLONS, (q. v.) Having completed an excellent education at Edinburgh and London, he returned to his native country, and took part against Russia in the war at the second partition of Poland. On the defeat of the Poles C. was taken to St. Petersburg as a hostage, and showed so much ability and prudence as to gain the friendship of the Grand Duke Alexander, to whom he was attached, and the confidence of the Emperor Paul, who made him embassador to Sardinia. When Alexander ascended the throne he ap

Czegled, a market-town of Hungary, 40 m. S.-E. of Pesth. It has some handsome buildings and large breweries. The inhabitants are employed principally in agricultural pursuits, the district around yielding much grain and red wine; pop. 27,549.

Czer'mak, (JOHANN N.,) a Ger. physiological writer; professor at Leipsic; b. at Prague 1828, d. 1873.

Czer'nowitz, town in Austria, the cap. of Bukowina. It has a Greek cathedral, a gymnasium, high-schools, manufactures of clocks, silver goods, hardware, and carriages. It is a seat of a Greek archbishop of metropolitan and patri. archal rank; pop. 54,171.

Czer'ny, (GEORG,) properly KARADJORDJE, i. e., “Black George," the leader of the Servians in their struggles for Independence; b. in 1770 near Belgrade, d. 1817.

ably, its original

AN Egyptian

D

Dace, Dare, or Dart, a fresh-water fish of the family Cyprinidae, and of the same genus with roach, ide, chub, bleak, minnow, etc. It chiefly inhabits the deep and clear water of streams. It is in form not unlike the roach, but rather more elongated; the mouth is rather larger, the scales smaller. The upper parts are dusky blue, becoming paler on the sides, and passing into white on the belly, the cheek and

is the fourth letter of the Phenician, the | by streams in every direction, being so low and level as to be Hebrew, the Greek, the Roman, and of generally flooded during the rainy season. It is, on this acnearly all other alphabets. In the He- count, admirably adapted to the cultivation of rice. brew it is called daleth, i. e., a door, a picture of which was, probhieroglyph. In this relation the Greek delta, A, bears a marked similitude to the door or opening of a tent, and a strong resemblance to the Phenician hieroglyph for D, as well as to that of the also. D is called a dental, because, in some of the Semitic languages, it is pronounced by placing the tongue against the teeth, thus giving it somewhat the sound of th. In English it is pronounced by bringing the tip of the tongue in contact with the upper gums only. In the corresponding words of sister languages it is at times exchanged with those of the same order; e. g., German du, English thou; German todt, English death. D appears to have been drawn into some words in whose root it is not to be found, as Latin genus, English gender. Di followed by a vowel is sometimes transformed into J, as in Janus for Dianus, Journal from diurnal. Di followed by a vowel in Latin has in Italian become z; thus, diabolus is found written Zabolus, and Amazones, Amadiones. D is the Roman numeral for 500, and is in Mus. the second note in the natural scale. It is a whole tone above C, to which it stands in mathematical proportion as 9 to 8-i. e., when C vibrates eight times, D vibrates nine times.

sandy parts of our coasts, inhabits deeper water than the flounder, and does not, like it, enter the mouths of streams. It is known on the coasts of the Firth of Forth as the Saltwater Fluke. It is preferred to the flounder for the table. It seldom exceeds 12 in. in 1. The sand-D. is Pleuronectes ferrugineus, while the mud-D. is P. Americanus; both occur on the N.-E. coast of the U. S.

Dabelow, Baron de, (CHRISTIAN,) an eminent Ger. jurisconsult, b. 1768, d. 1830.

Dabentone, (JEANNE,) a reputed prophetess, burned at Paris in the reign of Charles V., 1372.

Da boll, (NATHAN,) an Amer. author, b. in Conn. 1750; author of a famous arithmetic; d. 1818.

Da Ca'po, (Ital. " from the beginning,") a term in Mus., frequently placed at the end of a part or movement, indicating that the performer must return to the beginning of the movement, and finish where the word Fine is placed. The words are generally abbreviated thus, D. C., sometimes D. C. al fine. Dal Segno, (Ital. "from the sign,") abbreviated to D. S., is a similar reference to some part of the music other than the beginning, usually marked with the sign $..

Dac'ca, a city of Bengal Proper. It is situated on the Burha Gunga, a considerable auxiliary of the Dulasseree, which is itself at once a mingled offset of the Brahmaputra and the Ganges, and an affluent of the lower course of the former stream; pop. 82,321.

Dac'ca, the district of which the above-mentioned city is the cap. ; area 2,897 sq. m., pop. 2,116,350. It is traversed

Dace.

gill covers silvery white. The D. is gregarious, and swims in shoals. The D. is perhaps the liveliest and most active of the Cyprinide, and affords the angler fair sport both with fly and bait. Our D., more commonly called Shiner, (minnilus cornutus,) is the most abundant fish in small streams N. of the South Atlantic States and Tex.

Dace lo, a genus of Australian kingfishers, to which be longs the "Laughing Jackass;" they inhabit hollow trees, and feed upon reptiles, insects, etc.

Great Brown Kingfisher.

Da'cia, the land of the Daci or Getæ. Its geographical limits were very indefinite until its conquest by the Romans. After that period it comprised the various countries now known as eastern Hungary, Transylvania, Bukowina, Moldavia W. of the Pruth, Wallachia, and the Banat of Temesvar. The Getæ came originally from Thrace, and were divided into various tribes. Their course N. can only be imperfectly traced; but we know that, shortly before the time of Alexander the Great, they had migrated across the Danube. Curio, the first Roman general who ever penetrated as far N. as the Danube, did not venture to assail them. Julius Cæsar, however, is said to have intended their subjugation. In 101 A.D. the Emperor Trajan crossed the Theiss, and marched into Transylvania, where he fought a great battle near Thorda. The peasant calls the battle-field to the present day Prat de Trajan, (Pratum Trajani, "field of Trajan.") The Daci, who were commanded by their famous chief Decebalus, were defeated. A second expedition of the emperor's (104 A.D.) resulted in the destruction of their capital, the death of Decebalus, and the loss of their freedom. Roman colonists were sent into the country, a bridge was built over the Danube-the ruins of which are still extant-and three great roads were constructed. In 270-275 A.D. the Romans abandoned the country to the Goths, and the colonists were transferred to Moesia. After a series of vicissitudes, D. fell into the possession of the Magyars in the 9th c.

Dacier, (ANDRÉ,) a Fr. savant, was b. of Protestant parents at Castres, in Upper Languedoc, in 1651. D. became royal

librarian, member of the Academie des Inscriptions, and per- of the two divisions of the republican army, which, with a petual secretary of the "Academie." He d. 1722. His third corps under the orders of Gen. Brune, compelled the principal works are Festus, Euvres d'Horace en Latin et en Anglo-Russian forces to surrender. Circumstances induced Français, an edition of Valerius Flaccus, and numerous trans-him to leave the service in 1803, but in 1806 was reinstated lations into French of Greek authors, such as Plutarch and in his former rank by the King of Holland. He now conEpictetus. quered East Friesland, and was made Gov.-Gen. of Münster, Commander-in-Chief of the Dutch cavalry, Marshal of Holland, and Gov.-Gen. of the Dutch East Indian possessions. This last office he held from 1808 to 1811, and discharged its duties with great prudence; d. 1818.

Dacier, (ANNE LEFEVRE,) wife of the preceding, b. at Saumur 1654; acquired such a reputation by her edition of Callimachus (1674) that the Duke of Montausier commissioned her to edit several of the ancient authors for the use of the Dauphin. Similarity of tastes and employment led to a marriage between her and ANDRÉ D.; d. 1721.

Dac'ne, (Gr. dakno, "I bite, I sting,") in Entomology, a genus of coleoptera, belonging to the family Clavicornes. Dac'nis, (Gr. dakno, "I bite,") a genus of birds belonging to the family Conirosters, (q. v.) The forehead, shoulders, and wings are sky-blue, the tail black. They are natives of Mexico.

Da'coits, bands of robbers in the East, especially in Burmah, where for yrs. they were the terror of the country until the annexation of Burmah by the British in 1886.

Da Cos'ta, (JACOB M., M.D.,) was b. on the Island of St. Thomas, West Indies, 1833; Prof. of the Practice of Medicine in Jefferson Medical Coll., Philadelphia; author of Medical Diagnosis, published in 1864.

Dacryd'ium, a genus of trees of the natural order Taxaceae, having male and female flowers on separate trees. The species are lofty trees, chiefly natives of Australia and New Zealand. D. Franklinii is called HUON PINE, although rather a yew than a pine. Its timber is harder than any Baltic pine, and is excellent for spars for naval purposes. D. taxifolium, the Kakaterra Tree of New Zealand, attains a h. of 200 ft., and is also very valuable for its timber. A beverage resembling spruce-beer is made from its branches.

Dacryo'ma, (Gr. dakruo, "I weep," from dakru, "a tear,") a diseased condition of the lachrymal duct of the eye, by which the tears are prevented from passing into the nose, and consequently trickle over the cheek.

Dac'tyl, the name of a measure or "foot" in Greek and Latin versification, consisting of a long and two short syllables, as in the word omnibus. It was so called from its resemblance to the finger, which consists of three joints-one long and two short. The same name is sometimes applied to a trisyllabic measure in English verse, consisting of one accented syllable and two unaccented syllables, as in destiny. Dactylic verses consist of Ds. and equivalent feet.

Dactylol'ogy, the art of communicating thoughts by the fingers. See DEAF AND DUMB,

Da'do, in Classic Arch., the term applied to the cubic block which forms the body of a pedestal. It is also applied to the plane face and the series of moldings which, in the interiors of buildings, form, as it were, a continuous pedestal. The interior D. is formed of wood, and, running round the bottom of the walls of a room, serves to protect the plaster or paper from injury. It is generally about 3 ft. in h., and surmounted by a narrow cornice.

Dadur, town of Beloochistan, 5 m. E. of the Bolan Pass. Though it is in the 30th degree of N. lat., yet it is said to be one of the hottest places in the world. It is worthy of notice chiefly as the spot where, Nov., 1840, the British troops routed a Kelat force. The neighborhood yields grains of various kinds, pulse, cotton, sugar, madder, and fruits; pop. about 3,000.

Dæd'alus, according to the Greek myths, was sprung from the old Athenian race of kings, the Erechtheida. He was famous for his ability as an artist and mechanician. He is said to have executed the Cretan labyrinth, the Colymbethra or reservoir, near Megaris in Sicily, the temples of Apollo at Capua and Cumæ, that of Artemis Britomartis in Crete, and an altar sculptured with lions on the Libyan coast. His mechanical genius is clearly celebrated in the poetic fiction of his flying safely over the Egean by means of wings which he had himself made. D. got the credit among the Greeks of having invented carpentry and most of its tools, such as the saw, the ax, the plumb-line, the gimlet, and also glue. Dæd'alus of Sic'yon, an artist who made for the Eleans the trophy of their victory over the Lacedæmonians; a son and pupil of Patrocles, 400 B.C.

Daen'dels, (HERMAN WILLEM,) a Dutch general, b. 1762 at Hattem, in Gueldres; took part in the disturbances that broke out in Holland in 1787, and was in consequence compelled to seek refuge in France. In the campaign of 1793 he rendered important service to Dumourier, and was elevated to the rank of general of brigade; in 1799 commanded one

Daët', a town of the island of Luzon, Philippines, situated on a river of the same name; pop. 7,702.

Daffodil, the name of those species of Narcissus which have a large, bell-shaped corona. The common D. grows in woods and hedges.

Dag, a thick, clumsy pistol, the forerunner of the modern arm, used in the 15th and 16th c.

D'Agelet. See AGELET, D'.

Dagg, (JOHN L., D.D., LL.D.,) a Bap. clergyman, Pres. of Mercer University 1844-54; Prof. of Theology until 1856; wrote several theological works; b. in Middleburg, Va., 1794, d. 1884.

Dag'ger, a weapon resembling a sword, but considerably smaller, being used for stabbing at close quarters. Ds. are generally two-edged, and very sharp toward the point. Origi nally it had no guard for the hand, and was worn at the girdle in a sheath.

Dag'gett, (DAVID, LL.D.,) an Amer. legislator and jurist; U. S. senator from Mass. 1813-18; Chief-Justice of Conn. 1832; b. 1764, d. 1851.

Daggers.

Dag'gett, (NAPHTALI, D.D.,) Presb. and Cong. minister, b. 1727 at Attleborough, Mass., d. 1780; was graduated at Yale Coll. 1748; ordained pastor of the Presb. Church, Smithtown, L. I., 1751; became Prof. of Divinity in Yale Coll. 1755, and held the office till death; also served as president pro tem. of the college 1766-67. He took part in the defense of New Haven against the British, July, 1779, was captured, and forced by bayonet thrusts to act as guide for them. He published an account of the British occupation 1780.

Daghestan', a prov. of Asiatic Russia, between the Caucasus and the W. coast of the Caspian Sea; area 11,000 sq. m., pop. 661,444. The chief town is Derbend.

Da'go, an island in the Baltic Sea, forming a part of the Russian Govt. of Esthonia, situated near the entrance of the Gulf of Finland. The narrow channel called Sele sund separates it from the island of Oesel on the S.; 1. 34 m., w. 15; pop. 10,000.

Dago ba, or Dahgo'pa, are monumental structures in India and the East containing relics of Buddha. D. seems to be the common Singhalese term for such monuments; but the more general name is Stupa or Tope.

Dag'obert I., Frankish king, successor to Clothaire II., d. 638. Of his two sons, Sigebert was King of Austrasia, and Clovis II. of Neustria.

Da'gon, the national idol of the Philistines, is frequently mentioned in Scripture; in profane history, the name by which it is known is Derceto. It is always represented on ancient medals as half-fish, half-woman, but the Hebrew writer or writers speak of it as a masculine being. It is supposed that D. was a deified mortal who had come in a ship to the coast, and had taught the people agriculture and other arts.

Dagon.

Daguerre'otype Process, the name given to the original photographic process as introduced by its inventor, M. Daguerre, in 1839. Notwithstanding that it is now unpopular, on account of the very circumstance which gives such perfection to the result-viz., the polish of the plate-it is a process which yields to none in point of microscopic perfection of detail and perfect gradation of shade. The pictures it yields are positive or direct, as given in the camera, though they also appear as negative when viewed at certain angles, and are the result of the successive action of the vapors of iodine, bromine, and mercury upon a highly polished surface of chemically pure silver.

Daha beah, a boat in use on the Nile, for both freight and passenger traffic. It has usually one mast, set in a socket in the deck for lowering, on which are crossed two lateen-like

DAHL-DAIRY.

sails. In ascending the stream the D. is propelled by the strong N. wind, but in descending the mast is unshipped and

laid along the deck, the D. floating down stream with the current, or propelled by oars.

Dahl, (JOHANN CHRISTIAN CLAUSEN,) a Norwegian landscape painter, b. at Bergen 1788. His first attempts were in genre and miniature. They did not exhibit much genius; but public attention was at length excited by a work which he exhibited in Dresden in 1819, entitled Cascade among Rocks in Norway. In 1821 he was appointed Prof. of Painting at Dresden, where he subsequently resided; d. 1857.

Dah'len, a Ger. town in the Rhine Provinces, with important manufactures; pop. 6,162.

751

D., and florists have also obtained many by the artificial fecundation of one with the pollen of another. Ds. were first brought to Madrid by Spanish botanists in 1789, and were soon introduced into England, but did not become well known in English flower-gardens till about 30 yrs. after. The name was given in honor of Dahl, a Swedish botanist.

Dahl'mann, (FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH,) Prof. of History and Political Science in the University of Bonn, b. 1785 at Wismar. His earlier studies in Copenhagen and Halle were devoted to archæology and philology; but his attention was subsequently directed to the study of politics and the history of the Middle Ages. In 1842 he became Prof. of History at Bonn, and took a prominent part in the affairs of Germany after the movement in 1848, heading the constitutional liberals. At the close of the struggle he returned to his academic duties, to which he devoted himself till his death, 1860. Dahlone'ga, the cap. of Lumpkin Co., Ga., about 66 m. N.-N.-E. of Atlanta. Gold-mines have been opened in the vicinity. Here was before the war a branch mint of the U. S.; the building has been converted into the North Georgia Agricultural Coll. When gold was first discovered here the Cherokees inhabited this part of Ga. Nega was the Indian word for yellow, and they called gold dalla-nega, yellow dollar," putting the adjective after the substantive. Hence the modified name, D., a compound of English and Indian; pop. 896.

Daho'mey, a State of Guinea, West Africa, under French protection, extending from Fort Badagry on the E. to the river Volta, which separates it from Ashantee on the W.; area 14,000 sq. m., pop. 250,000. D. is for the most part a vast plain, rising with gentle ascent from the sea toward the Kong Mountains, with offsets of which it is traversed in its most northerly parts. Although it has no river of any importance save the Volta on the western boundary, it is well watered by springs and streams; and the soil, a rich, redcolored clay, almost free of stones, is fertile.

Dah'ra, a district of Algeria, once inhabited by the OuledRiahs, a Kabyle tribe. It has acquired a melancholy celebrity as the scene of a frightful massacre perpetrated by the French in the month of June, 1845. The district contains immense caverns. In these the Ouled-Riahs, hotly pursued by the French under Colonel Pelissier, took refuge. They were ordered to surrender their arms and horses, and were promised, in return, life and liberty. On their refusal, fascines were made up, kindled, and placed at the entrance of the caves. When the caverns were examined, about 600 dead bodies were found scattered here and there; but it was calculated that in all about 800 had been suffocated by smoke or gored to death by the maddened cattle whom they had brought with them into their fatal asylum.

Dahl'gren, (JOHN ADOLPH, U.S.N.,) b. 1809, d. 1870; entered the U. S. navy as midshipman 1826, was made passed midshipman 1832, commissioned lieutenant 1837, com- Daillé, (JEAN,) minister of the French Reformed Church mander 1855, captain 1862, and rear-admiral 1863; became at Charenton, 1639, and one of the most eloquent preachers commandant of the Washington navy-yard 1861; chief of of his age. His published works-expository and argumentabureau of ordnance 1862; commander-in-chief of the South tive-which were immediately translated into many languages, Atlantic blockading squadron 1863; in conjunction with Gen. and obtained a wide circulation throughout Europe, amply Gilmore took possession of Morris Island, silenced Fort Sum-justify his remarkable reputation for learning, eloquence, and ter, and occupied Charleston harbor 1863; appointed com- logical acuteness; b. 1594, d. 1670.

mander-in-chief of the South Pacific squadron 1866; chief of Daimiel', a town in Spain, in the prov. of Ciudad Real. bureau of ordnance 1868, and commandant of the Wash-Its chief buildings are the churches of San Pedro and Santa ington navy-yard 1870. Admiral D. was author of a number of text-books on ordnance and gunnery, and made valuable improvements in navy ordnance.

Maria; pop. 13,000.

Dai'mio, the title of the feudal lords of Japan, of whom there are 264.

Dair-el-Ka'mar, or Deir-el-Ka'mer, a town in Syria, and the cap. of the Druses, about 13 m. S.-S.-E. of Beyrout. On the opposite side of the glen stand the ruins of the palace Bteddin, formerly the residence of Emir Beshîr, who, for more than half a century, from 1788 to 1840, ruled over the Lebanon with a strong but impartial hand; pop. about 8,000. Dai'ry, primarily, the place or house where milk is

Dahl'gren, (ULRIC, U.S.A.,) b. 1842, was a son of RearAdmiral D. He studied civil engineering and law; placed and took charge of a naval battery on Maryland Heights after the first battle of Bull Run, by his father's order; was Gen. Sigel's chief of artillery at the second battle of Bull Run; was aide to Gens. Sigel, Burnside, Hooker, and Meade; lost a leg at Hagerstown, Md., July, 1863, and was killed in a raid of his own planning to release the Union prisoners in Rich-kept, cheese made, etc. In the U. S. the D. business is an mond, 1864. This gallant young officer's early death was recognized as a great loss to the army.

interest of rapidly increasing magnitude. It is estimated by the Department of Agriculture that there are now nearly 15,000,000 milch cows on farms. Besides these, in towns and villages from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 cows are constantly

Dahl'gren Gun, named after Admiral Dahlgren, was the result of a careful series of experiments on the construction of large ordnance. One peculiarity consisted in having rela-kept for the production of milk. At the extremely low estitively less metal in front of the trunnions, and more behind, than had hitherto been customary.

Dah'lia, a genus of large perennial herbaceous plants of the natural order Composite, sub-order Corymbiferae, natives of Mexico. All the varieties in cultivation in our flowergardens, of which not fewer than 2,000 have been carefully enumerated, are derived from two species, D. variabilis and D. coccinea, and chiefly from the former. Few plants manifest so strong an inclination to produce new varieties as the

mate of 350 gallons average annual yield per cow we have nearly 6,000,000,000 gallons of milk produced in this country every yr. Of this vast quantity a little more than one half is made into butter, more than one third is used as food, and nearly 500,000,000 gallons are converted into cheese. The annual value of the D. products of the country far exceeds that of its enormous wheat crop, and lately reached the grand total of $380,000,000. Other estimates place the number of cows as high as 21,000,000 and the annual value

can be made in midsummer of as good quality as in the most favorable season of the yr. A small building for the storage of ice should be located near the milk room. (See ICE-HOUSE.) When the milk is strained in open and shallow pans it is allowed to remain undisturbed until the cream has separated and risen to the top, the time required depending upon the temperature and being much longer in winter than in summer. When the separation is complete, or, on account of the souring of the milk, has ceased, the cream is removed with a perforated skimmer and placed in earthen jars. Improved methods are rapidly taking the place of this way of securing the cream. These methods vary in some minor par ticulars, but use either the principle of deep setting or rapid cooling of the milk, or both combined. The plan of associ the vicinity of Rome, N. Y., has revolutionized the methods of D. management in large portions of the country. The establishment of cheese-factories and creameries has given a powerful impetus to the business, effected a great saving of labor, diminished the liability of loss, and secured a greater degree of uniformity in the product than was possible under the old methods. Where cheese is made the milk is taken to the factory by the producer in large cans, once a day in winter and twice each day in summer. When butter is made the factory employs a man to collect the cream. Each patron sets the milk in the same style of cans, with gauges precisely alike. The cream gatherer calls each day, draws off the milk, marks the number of spaces or inches of cream indicated by the gauge in a book which he carries, and also on a card hung on the wall of the milk-room, and places the cream in large cans, which he delivers at the factory when his round is finished, together with the figures showing the quantity obtained from each patron. Both cheese and butter factories usually pay their patrons once a month. When the milk is sold it is put into large cans, partially cooled, and taken to the shipping station every evening.

of their products at nearly $500,000,000. Certain regions are much more favorable to dairying than others, but with skillful management and the use of improved methods the business can be successfully conducted in nearly all parts of the country. The section which, on account of its peculiar natural advantages, has been called the "Dairy Belt" of the U. S. lies between the 40th and 45th parallels of latitude, extending from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, and possibly as far W. as the Pacific. Of this immense tract about one third is specially adapted to D. purposes. Among the requirements of a fine D. region are a rich soil with good drainage, sweet and nutritious grass, and pure water in abundance. But land not specially adapted to the purpose can often be improved, fine varieties of grass can be introduced, and by skillful treatment many natural defects can be remedied.ated dairying devised in 1850 by Jesse Williams, who lived in Improved methods of keeping milk and securing cream have greatly reduced the risks of the business, enlarged the area in which dairying can readily be made successful, and by causing improvement in the quality of the products has largely increased the profits. Winter dairying can be very easily and profitably carried on with general farming, as a large proportion of the work required in the D. can be done when little else can be done on the farm. The breeds of cows especially valuable for D. purposes are the HolsteinFriesian, Ayrshire, Jersey, and Guernsey. But there are others, as the Dutch Belted cows, the Devon, Alderney, Swiss, and some families of Shorthorns, which have many admirers and by some are considered superior to those generally regarded as the pure D. breeds. Among the so-called "natives," descended from an excellent class of cows imported from Europe early in the history of this country, there are large numbers of cows which are profitable to keep. Success in the D. business largely depends upon the selection of the cows. Even with the most perfect appliances and the best possible management a D. in which a large proportion of the cows are poor milkers cannot be made a financial success. The cost of maintaining a cow which yields only 3,000 lbs. of milk annually is nearly and in some cases quite equal to that for a cow giving from 5,000 to 6,000 lbs., and the labor of caring for the animals is the same. Yet in the older sections of the country, where the D. business has reached its highest development, it is estimated by careful observers that at least one third of the cows do no more than pay the actual expense of keeping them. In less favorable locations the proportion of unprofitable cows is considerably larger. To the low productive capacity of a large part of the stock of D. farmers may be attributed a large share of the losses of which many of them complain. The remedy lies in increasing the average yield of their cows. While an immediate change in the character of their stock cannot be made without great expense, a gradual but rapid improvement may easily be effected. The weeding out of the poorer cows, whether thorough-breds, grades, or natives, and the rearing of the most promising calves from the best milking stock, together with higher feeding and better care of the animals which are retained, will speedily and largely increase the yield and greatly improve the quality of the milk. Cows require protection from severe heat in summer and from excessive cold in winter. Shady pastures should be furnished during the former season, and warm but well ventilated barns in the cold weather. The stables should be kept clean and be made as comfortable as possible. Milking should be done twice daily, by the same persons, and as nearly as possible at the same hours. A change of milkers or irregularity in the time of milking will diminish the yield. A large number of milking machines have been devised, but none of them have proved successful, while some have seriously injured the cows upon which they have been used. In cases of severe soreness of the teats the use of silver tubes until the sores are healed is beneficial, but their regular use is not to be commended. The milk should be drawn by hand, gently, but as rapidly as possible, and the milker should not stop until the udder has been entirely emptied. The greatest care as to cleanliness should be observed in drawing the milk. As it quickly absorbs bad odors it should be at once removed from the stable and carefully passed through a wire strainer and at least two thicknesses of D. cloth. If the milk is to be set in open pans a cool and convenient milkroom should be provided. An abundance of pure water and conveniences for regulating the temperature are indispensable. Another requisite when the milk is not at once removed from the farm is the use of ice in summer. By this means a larger quantity of cream can be obtained, and butter

Da'is. This term was used with considerable latitude by mediæval writers. Its most usual significations are: (1) A canopy over an altar, shrine, font, stall, chair, statue, or the like. The term was applied to the canopy without regard to the materials of which it was composed, which might be cloth, wood, stone, metal, or other substance. (2) The chief seat at the high table in a hall, with the canopy which cov ered it, from which the word in all its significations was introduced, its French meaning being a canopy. (3) The high table itself. (4) The raised portion of the floor, or estrade, on which the high table stood, and by which the upper was divided from the lower portion of the hall. (5) A cloth of state for covering a throne or table.

Dai'sy, a genus of plants of the natural order Composite, sub-order Corymbiferæ. The common D. flowers almost all the yr. in pastures, meadows. and grassy places. What are called double varieties, with flowers of various and often brilliant colors, are commonly cultivated in gardens, the flowers consisting entirely of florets of the ray. A variety called the Hen-and-Chickens D. has the flower surrounded English Daisy, (Bellis perennis.) by smaller ones, the short stems of which grow from the summit of the scape or leafless stem. The D. has long been a favorite with poets and lovers of nature, characteristic as it is of many of the fairest summer scenes, its flowers gemming the pastures, and recommended also by its frequent appearance during the severer seasons of the yr. Its flowers close at night.

Dakota. See NORTH DAKOTA and SOUTH DAKOTA. Dako'ta or James Riv'er, a water-course of S. Dak., emptying into the Missouri below Yankton, after a course of about 600 m.

Dal'amow, a city of Oude, on the left bank of the Ganges, 68 m. above Allahabad; lat. 26° 4' N., long. 81° 7′ E. D. has long been regarded as a holy place in connection with its sacred river, having two antique temples of Siva on the margin of the stream, and an ancient ghat or stair for aiding the ritual ablutions of the pilgrims; pop. about 6,000, of which only 250 are said to be Mohammedans.

Dalara'dia, the ancient name of a territory in Ireland which comprehended what is now the southern half of County Antrim and the greater part of County Down.

Dalber'gia, a genus of trees and climbing shrubs of the