the Episcopalians, 5 ministers; the Cumberland Presbyterians are also numer. ous in Kentucky.

History.

The first permanent settlement of this state was begun on Kentucky river, in 1775, by the famous Daniel Boone, a native of Maryland. It formed a part of Virginia till 1790; and in 1792, it was erected into an independent state.

Constitution

On the separation of Kentucky from Virginia, in 1790, a constituand govern- tion was adopted which continued in force till 1799, when a new one ment. was formed instead of it; and this is now in force. The legislative power is vested in a senate and house of representatives, which together are styled The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The representatives are elected annually, and are apportioned, every four years, among the different counties according to the number of electors. Their present number is 100, which is the highest number that the constitution authorizes; 58 being the lowest. The senators are elected for four years, one quarter of them being chosen annually. Their present number is 38; and they cannot exceed this number, nor fall short of 24. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected for four years, and is ineligible for the succeeding seven years after the expiration of his term of office. At the election of governor, a lieutenant-governor is also chosen, who is speaker of the senate, and on whom the duties of the governor devolve, in case of his absence or removal. The representatives and one quarter of the members of the senate are elected annually by the people, on the first Monday in August; the governor is elected by the people, every fourth year, at the same time; and he commences the execution of his office on the fourth Tuesday succeeding the day of the commencement of the election at which he is chosen. The polls are kept open three days; and the votes are given openly, or vivâ voce, and not by ballot. The general assembly meets (at Frankfort) annually on the first Monday in November. The constitution grants the right of suffrage to every free male citizen (people of color excepted), who has attained the age of 21 years, and has resided in the state two years, or in the county where he offers his vote, one year, next preceding the election. The judiciary power is vested in a supreme court, styled the court of appeals, and in such inferior courts as the general assembly may, from time to time, erect and establish. The judges of the different courts, and justices of the peace, hold their offices during good behavior.

The salary of the governor is 2,000 dollars.
This state sends 13 representatives to congress.

OHIO.

LENGTH 210 miles; mean breadth, 200 miles: containing 40,000 square miles, and 25,000,000 acres. Between 38° 30′ and 41° 19' N. latitude; and between 3° 31' and 7° 41' W. from Washington. Bounded on the N. by the territory of Michigan, and Lake Erie; E. by Pennsylvania; S. E. by Virginia, from which it is separated by the Ohio; S. by the Ohio, which separates it from Virginia and Kentucky; and W. by Indiana.

The rivers which flow into Lake Erie on the north, are Maumee, Sandusky, Huron, Vermilion, Black, Cuyahoga, Grand, and Ashtabula ; those in the south flowing into the Ohio, are the Muskingum, Hockhocking, Little and Great Miami. The Au-Glaize and St. Mary's in the western part of the state, are branches of the Maumee.

The interior and northern parts of the country, bordering on Lake Erie, are generally level, and in some places marshy. Nearly one-third of the eastern and south-eastern part is very hilly and broken. The hills are exceedingly numerous, but they seldom rise into considerable mountains. Immediately upon the banks of the Ohio, and several of its tributaries, are numerous tracts of interval or meadow land, of great fertility. In the interior, on both sides of the Scioto, and on the Great and Little Miami, are perhaps the most extensive bodies of level and rich land in the state. In many parts there are large prairies, particularly on the head waters of the Muskingum and Scioto, and between the Scioto and the two Miamis. Some of these prairies are low and marshy, producing large quantities of coarse grass, from 2 to 5 feet high; some of which is of a tolerably good quality: other prairies are elevated, and are frequently called barrens; not always on account of their sterility, for they are often fertile. The most elevated tracts of country between the rivers, are the wettest and most marshy in the state; and the driest land is that which borders on the various streams of water. Among the forest trees, are oak of various species, maple, hickory, beach, birch, poplar, sycamore, ash, pawpaw, buck-eye cherry, &c.

Wheat is the staple of the state. Other sorts of grain, various kinds of fruit, grass, hemp, and flax, are extensively cultivated. From 70 to 100 bushels of Indian corn, it is said, have, in many instances, been produced in a year from one acre.

Coal is found in great quantities in the eastern parts. Iron ore has been discovered and wrought pretty extensively in several places, particularly on the south of Licking river, 4 miles west of Zanesville, on Brush creek, and in some other places. Salt springs are found on some of the eastern waters of Muskingum, and on Sait creek, 28 miles south-east of Chillicothe, where there are considerable salt works.

The summers are warm and pretty regular, though somewhat subject to tornadoes. Spring and autumn are very pleasant; and the winters generally mild. In some parts near the marshes and stagnant waters, the inhabitants are subject to the fever and ague; but the climate, generally, is accounted remarkably healthy.

Ohio takes the lead among the western states with regard to manufactures. Some of the most important manufacturing towns are Cincinnati, Zanesville, Steubenville, and Chillicothe.

The building of ships has been commenced in this state. for the purpose of carrying its produce to market. These are laden at spring-flood, and descend the rivers in perfect safety to the Atlantic, whence they proceed to the West Indies, or other parts, where they are disposed of, both vessel and cargo. The first ships built here were in 1802, at Marietta. Their frames were almost wholly of black walnut, which is said to be as durable as the live-oak. All the materials for ship-building abound in this country. The exports from this state consist of flour, corn, hemp, flax, beef, pork, smoked hams of venison, whisky, peach-brandy, and lumber. More than half of the exports go to New Orleans; but much is sent to New York and other Atlantic cities. The Ohio Canal forms a communication between the river Ohio, at Portsmouth, and lake Erie, at Cleaveland, 320 miles in length.

The Miami Canal, which is completed from Cincinnati to Dayton, 65 miles, has 22 locks, and cost $746,000, about $11,000 a mile. It extends through the richest portion of the state, and is the channel of an extensive trade.

The principal banks are, the Commercial and Frank, lin Banks, Cincinnati; the Clinton Bank, Columbus, being public deposite banks; the banks of Chillicothe, Marietta, St. Clairsville, Steubenville, Mount Pleasant, and Canton; Franklin Bank of Columbus, at Columbus; Lancaster Ohio Bank, at Lancaster; Urbana Banking Company, at Urbana; Bank of Scioto, at Portsmouth; and Western Reserve Bank, at Warren. The principal literary seminaries in this state are the University of Ohio, at Athens; Miami University, at Oxford; Western Reserve Col

S

Education.

Cuyahoga R.

Bethlehem

Gnadenhutton

Deep Cut

lege, at Hudson; Kenyon College, at Gambier; the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati, and Cincinnati College, at Cincinnati.

A system of common schools has been lately introduced by law into this state. "An act to provide for the support and better regulation of common schools" was passed by the legislature in March, 1831, "to take effect and be in force from and after the first day of May" following. This act declares, "that a fund shall be raised in the several counties in the state for the use of common schools, for the instruction of the white youth of every class and grade, without distinction, in reading, writing, and arithmetic, and other necessary branches of education;-that for this purpose there shall be annually levied and assessed upon the ad valorem amount of the general list of taxable property in each county of the state, the property of blacks and mulattoes excepted, three-fourths of a mill on the dollar; that the trustees of each incorporated township in this state, where the same has not been already done, shall lay off their township into school districts in a manner most convenient for the population." Further provisions are made for carrying the system into effect. In 1840, 200,800 scholars attended.

tions.

Religious The Presbyterians in this state have 400 churches, 250 ministers, denomina 11 licentiates, and 22,150 communicants; the Baptists, 14 associa tions, 300 churches, 200 ministers, and 9,801 communicants; the Methodists, 100 preachers, and 40,061 members; the Lutherans, 37 ministers, and 8,706 communicants; the Associate Presbyterians, 65 congregations, 20 ministers, and 4,225 communicants; the German Reformed, 82 congregations, and 3,750 communicants; the Episcopalians, 25 ministers; the New Jerusa lem Church, 4 societies; there are also a considerable number of Friends and Roman Catholies, some Universalists, Unitarians, and Shakers.

The number of periodical papers, in 1841, was estimated at 175.

The first permanent settlement of Ohio was commenced at MaHistory. rietta, in 1788; in 1789, the country was put under a territorial government, and called the Western Territory, which name was afterwards altered to the Territory North-west of the Ohio; and in 1802, it was erected into an independent state.

Constitu.

tion and go.

The constitution of this state was formed at Chillicothe, in 1802. The Legislative power is vested in a Senate and House of Repre vernment. sentatives, which together are styled The General Assembly of the State of Ohio.

The representatives are elected annually on the second Tuesday in October; and they are apportioned among the counties according to the number of white male inhabitants above 21 years of age. Their number cannot be less than 36, nor more than 72. The senators are chosen biennially, and are appor tioned according to the number of white male inhabitants of 21 years of age. Their number cannot be less than one third, nor more than one half of the number of representatives.

The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected by the people for two years, on the second Tuesday in October; and his term of service commences on the first Monday in December.

The general assembly meets annually (at Columbus), on the first Monday in December.

The right of suffrage is granted to all white male inhabitants, above the age of 21 years, who have resided in the state one year next preceding the elec tion, and who have paid, or are charged with, a state or county tax.

The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, in courts of common pleas for each county, and such other courts as the legislature may, from time to time, establish. The judges are elected by a joint ballot of both houses of the general assembly for the term of 7 years.

This state sends 19 representatives to congress. Governor's salary, $1,200