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physiology and hygiene, and good behavior. In each of the subjects of physiology and hygiene, special instruction as to the effects of alcoholic drinks and of stimulants and narcotics on the human system, and as to tuberculosis and its preventions, shall be taught as a regular branch of study to all pupils in all schools which are supported wholly or partly by public money, except schools which are maintained solely for instruction in particular branches. Bookkeeping, algebra, geometry, one or more foreign languages, the elements of the natural sciences, kindergarten training, manual training, agriculture, sewing, cooking, vocal music, physical training, civil government, ethics, thrift, and such other subjects as the school committee consider expedient may be taught in the public schools.

Chapter 247, Acts of 1911, provides as follows:

Instruction may be given in the public schools in the application of surgical remedies in cases of emergency and the principles of first aid for the injured; and school committees may expend for this purpose such sums from the appropriation for the salaries of teachers as they may deem necessary.

SECTION 9. Every city and town containing twenty thousand inhabitants or more shall maintain the teaching of manual training as part of both its elementary and its high school system.

SECTION 11. Any town may, and every city or town of ten thousand or more inhabitants shall, maintain annually evening schools for the instruction of persons over fourteen years of age in orthography, reading, writing, the English language and grammar, geography, arithmetic, industrial drawing, both free hand and mechanical, the history of the United States, physiology and hygiene, and good behavior. Such other subjects may be taught in such schools as the school committee consider expedient.

SECTION 12. Every city of fifty thousand or more inhabitants shall maintain annually an evening high school, in which shall be taught such subjects as the school committee thereof consider expedient, if fifty or more residents, fourteen years of age or over, who are competent in the opinion of the school committee to pursue high school studies shall petition in writing for an evening high school and certify that they desire to attend such school.

SECTION 13. The school committee shall, two weeks next before the opening of each term of the evening schools, post in three or more public places of their city or town notice of the location of said schools, the date of the beginning of the term, the evenings of the week on which they shall be kept, such regulations as to attendance as they deem proper, and the provisions of section thirty-five of chapter one hundred and six.

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Chapter 309, Acts of 1911, provides as follows:

School committees in cities and towns in which evening schools are maintained may require from each student not bound by law. to attend, an advance payment not exceeding one dollar, which sum may, at the discretion of the committee, be turned into the city or town treasury to be credited to the school appropriation of such city or town, or it may be returned in part or in whole to the student at such time and under such conditions as the committee may determine.

SECTION 14. The school committee may employ competent persons to deliver lectures on the natural sciences, history and kindred subjects, and may provide cards or pamphlets giving the titles and authors of books of reference on the subject-matter of said lectures which are contained in the local public libraries.

SECTION 15. The school committee of a city or town may establish and maintain schools to be kept open during the whole or any part of the summer vacation; but attendance thereon shall not be compulsory or be considered as a part of the school attendance required by law.

SECTION 18. The president, professors and tutors of the university at Cambridge and of the several colleges, all preceptors and teachers of academies and all other instructors of youth shall exert their best endeavors to impress on the minds of children and youth committed to their care and instruction the principles of piety and justice and a sacred regard for truth, love for their country, humanity and universal benevolence, sobriety, industry and frugality, chastity, moderation and temperance, and those other virtues which are the ornament of human society and the basis upon which a republican constitution is founded; and they shall endeavor to lead their pupils, as their ages and capacities will admit, into a clear understanding of the tendency of the above-mentioned virtues to preserve and perfect a republican constitution and secure the blessings of liberty as well as to promote their future happiness, and also to point out to them the evil tendency of the opposite vices. SECTION 19. A portion of the Bible shall be read daily in the public schools, without written note or oral comment; but a pupil whose parent or guardian informs the teacher in writing that he has conscientious scruples against it, shall not be required to read from any particular version, or to take any personal part in the reading. The school committee shall not purchase or use school books in the public schools calculated to favor the tenets of any particular religious sect.

SECTION 20. In all the public schools the last regular session, or a portion thereof, prior to the thirtieth day of May, known as Memorial Day, shall be devoted to patriotic exercises.

III. ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS

[From Regulations of State Board of Education of Virginia, 1910, p. 162. Adopted pursuant to the provisions of Section 132 of the Virginia Constitution.]

80. Classification of Schools. The public free school system of Virginia under the control of the State Board of Education shall consist of common schools and high schools.

81. Common School Branches. In all the common schools, including primary and grammar grades, the following subjects shall be taught: orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, history of the United States, history of Virginia, physiology and hygiene, drawing, and civil government; and local school boards may provide for the introduction of music, nature study, manual training, and elementary agriculture into the schools. In each school division a graded course of study, as uniform as practicable, and embracing all the required common school branches, should be adopted for all the schools in that division.

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84. Text-books, etc. The text-books used in the public schools of Virginia, and all maps, charts, and other appliances used in teaching the subjects named in regulations eighty and eighty-one shall be selected from the list prescribed by the State Board of Education, in accordance with the regulations devised by said board.

85. Pupils to be Supplied with Proper Books. - School officers and teachers shall require all children who apply for admission into the public free schools to be provided with such books as have been prescribed and duly selected under the regulations of the State Board of Education, and no child shall be allowed to remain in school unless he is provided with such books.

86. Text-book List. There shall be kept in every school-room a copy of the list of text-books prescribed for use in that division, with a copy of the regulations of the State Board of Education concerning the same, that the pupils may be informed of the prices of such books fixed by the said board. Division superintendents shall see to it that a list of said books is furnished to each teacher before the schools are opened.

87. School Months. The school month shall consist of four weeks of five school days each, and deduction shall be made from the pay of teachers for every day they lose except such days as shall have been declared holidays by district school boards.

88. Legal Average Attendance. An enrollment of at least twenty pupils, with reasonable assurance of an average daily attendance of that number, is required to constitute a public free school; and no public school shall be established or continued until this condition is complied with: but boards of trustees, when satisfied that there is not a sufficient number of children in any school neighborhood to entitle them to a school under this section, and that the geography of the district is such that no judicious rearrangement of the several schools can be so made as to furnish the minorities proper school facilities, may certify a statement of the case, with a diagram of the section to be accommodated, to the division superintendent, who shall forthwith visit the section in question, and if he finds that the statements made are correct, and that the neighboring schools are judiciously located and cannot be so arranged as to furnish the minorities fair school facilities, he may authorize the board of trustees to reduce the average attendance of such school to fifteen. In cases where the average attendance is reduced by reason of a factious spirit on the part of one or a few people, or in consequence of the proper or necessary exercise of discipline, prevalence of contagious diseases, or lack of proper supply of text-books, the district board may continue such schools, if they deem it advisable to do so: provided, that all such cases shall be reported to the division superintendent and approved in writing by him.

But in special cases the Superintendent of Public Instruction, in his discretion, may, on the recommendation of the division superintendent and examiner, order such a school opened where an average of ten can be maintained.

IV. STANDARDIZATION OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS BY STATE MINNESOTA

SUBSIDY

[From Rules of State High-School Board Relating to High and Graded Schools. Bulletin No. 45, 1913.]

Graded Schools

1. Application for State Aid.

a. Application for state aid shall be made on the official blank not later than October 1st of the first year for which aid is asked. b. Application will be considered by the state high school board at its annual meeting, when the inspector will report on schools whose applications have been received.

2. Removal from List.

Schools failing to comply with the requirements or neglecting to maintain a satisfactory standard of efficiency may be dropped from the list. The inspector shall advise the clerk or other officer of the school board of such possible action.

3. Buildings.

a. Suitable grade rooms for not less than four departments must be provided.

b. The system of ventilation shall conform to the rules and regulations issued by the Superintendent of Education.

c. New and remodeled school buildings of eight rooms or more must be equipped with a fan system of ventilation, sanitary drinking fountains, and flush toilets. Plans for new buildings or for reconstruction of old buildings must be submitted to the superintendent of education for approval before contract is let or work begun, according to provision in Sec. 6, Chapter 550, Laws of 1913. 4. Conduct of School.

a. The school shall be in session nine months each year.

b. Regular and orderly courses of study for eight grades, embracing all such branches as may be prescribed by the high school board, shall be maintained.

c. The principal shall exercise general supervision over the school, direct the work of teachers, determine the grading, prescribe and give examinations, and perform such other duties as the school board may require.

d. Permanent records must be kept showing age, attendance, scholarship, and promotion of pupils. Special and annual reports are to be made by the principal and the clerk to the state inspector and the county superintendent of schools.

e. The seating capacity of each school room shall be determined by allowing not less than eighteen square feet of floor space per pupil.

f. The qualifications of teachers shall be those prescribed under "Requirements in regard to Certificates of Teachers in High and Graded Schools."

g. The salary of a principal of a graded school shall be at least $700 a year.

h. The salary of a grade teacher shall be at least $450 a year. NOTE.The salary limit stated above becomes effective September, 1914.

i. Before entering into contracts or paying salaries, school boards shall require the principal and teachers to present their certificates to the clerk for inspection and record. He shall place such record on file, after having satisfied himself that the principal

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