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distribution, containing in addition to the ordinary proceedings, the names of the successful applicants and the certificates granted. [L. O. L. § 3959.]

The next selection illustrates the type of state board composed in large part ex officio of school officials.

2. The Indiana State Board of Education

[As reconstructed by Act approved March 4, 1899. From Indiana Revised Statutes of 1908.]

1. State board of education. The governor of the state, the state superintendent of public instruction, the president of the state university, the president of Purdue university, the president of the state normal school, the superintendent of common schools of the three largest cities in the state, and three citizens of prominence actively engaged in educational work in the state, appointed by the governor, at least one of whom shall be a county superintendent, none of whom shall be appointed from any county in which any other member of the state board of education resides, or from which any other member was appointed, shall constitute a board to be denominated the Indiana state board of education. The three members to be appointed by the governor shall be appointed immediately upon the taking effect of this act. One of such members shall be appointed for one year, one for two years and one for three years from the date of his appointment, and each of said appointees shall serve until his successor shall have been appointed and qualified; and after the first appointment the governor shall annually appoint one such member to serve for the term of three years, to take the place of the member whose term shall have then expired; and the governor shall further have power to fill all vacancies that may occur in the office of any such member who holds his office by appointment from the governor. The size of the cities shall, for this purpose, be determined by the enumeration of children for school purposes annually reported by school examiners to the superintendent of public instruction. The superintendent of public instruction shall, ex officio, be president of the board, and in his absence the members present shall elect a president pro tempore. The board shall elect one of its members secretary and treasurer, who shall have the custody of its records, papers and effects, and shall keep minutes of its proceedings: Provided, That such records, papers, effects and minutes shall be kept at the office of the superintendent, and shall be open for his

inspection. The said board shall meet upon the call of the president, or a majority of its members, at such place in the state as may be designated in the call, and shall devise, adopt and procure a seal, on the face of which shall be the words "Indiana State Board of Education," and such other device or motto as the board may direct, an impression and written description of which shall be recorded on the minutes of the board and filed in the office of the secretary of state, which seal shall be used for the authentication of the acts of the board and the important acts of the superintendent of public instruction. (R. S. 1908, § 6309.)

2. Duties and powers. Said board, at its meetings, shall perform such duties as are prescribed by law, and may make and adopt such rules, by-laws and regulations as may be necessary for its own government, and for the complete carrying into effect the provisions of the next section of this act, and not in conflict with the laws of the state, and shall take cognizance of such questions as may arise in the practical administration of the school system not otherwise provided for, and duly consider, discuss, and determine the same. (R. S. 1908, § 6310.)

[The board acts as a text-book commission for the state. Previous to 1913 it also acted as a board for the inspection of high schools.]

3. State certificates. Said board may grant state certificates of qualification to such teachers as may, upon a thorough and critical examination, be found to possess eminent scholarship and professional ability, and shall furnish satisfactory evidence of good moral character. They shall hold stated meetings, at which they shall examine all applicants, and those found to possess the qualifications herein above named shall receive such certificate, signed by the president of the board, and impressed with the seal thereof; and the said certificate shall entitle the holder to teach in any of the schools of the state without further examination, and shall also be valid during the lifetime of said holder, unless revoked by said board. Each applicant for examination shall, on making application, pay to the treasurer of the board five dollars as a fee. (R. S. 1908, § 6311.)

4. Pay and mileage of board. The members of said board, other than the governor and state superintendent of public instruction, shall be entitled to receive for their services, while actually engaged in the duties of their office, five dollars per day and five cents per mile necessarily traveled while so engaged; which amount shall be certified by the board to the auditor of the state, who shall draw his warrant therefor, payable out of the general fund, which sum shall be reimbursed to the general fund by

the treasurer of the board paying into it that amount out of the money received by him as fees for certificates; and if there be any residue of money received as such fees, it shall be expended by the superintendent of public instruction in the purchase of suitable books for an office library. Said board shall be allowed the necessary expenses incurred in the discharge of the duties required of the same, for clerk hire, postage, etc.; which expenses shall be paid as the expenses of the members of the board are paid. (R. S. 1908, § 6319.)

The next selection illustrates a recent educational reorganization, and the creation of a state board of very large powers.

3. The Oklahoma State Board of Education

[Chapter 47, Session Laws, 1910-1911]

1. State Board of Education Created: The state board of education shall consist of seven members including the state superintendent of public instruction, who shall be the president, and six members appointed by the governor by and with the advice and consent of the senate, for a period of six years, except as hereinafter provided. The appointive members shall possess the same qualifications and be subject to the same restrictions and limitations as are now required of the text-book commission, and at least two of them shall be practical school men who shall have had at least four years experience in actual school work, two years of which shall have been in the state of Oklahoma. Upon the passage and approval of this act two members shall be appointed for a term ending June 30, 1913, two members for a term ending June 30, 1915, and two members for a term ending June 30, 1917, subsequent appointments, except to fill vacancies, shall be for the full term of six years. The appointive members of said board shall receive as compensation for their services the sum of six dollars ($6.00) per day, their necessary traveling expenses, and actual hotel expenses not to exceed three dollars ($3.00) per day, while in the performance of their duties, and they shall not be removed during their term of office except for cause. There shall be appointed by the president to be approved by said board a secretary, who shall receive a salary of two thousand dollars per annum, and a stenographer who shall receive a salary of twelve hundred dollars per annum, payable monthly, and said positions are hereby created.

2. Powers and Duties: The state board of education, organized in pursuance of this act, shall be the legal successor of the state

board of education as it now exists, the state text-book commission, the board of regents of the State University, the board of regents of the university preparatory schools at Tonkawa and Claremore, the board of education now in control of the state normal schools, the board of regents of the Oklahoma Industrial Institute and College for Girls at Chickasha, the board of regents of the School of Mines and Metallurgy at Wilburton, the board of control of the School for the Deaf at Sulphur, the board of control for the School for the Blind, the board of control of the Boys' Training School at Pauls Valley, the board of control of the Orphans' Home at Pryor Creek, the board of control of the Institution for the Feeble-minded at Enid, the board of regents of the Colored Agricultural and Normal University at Langston, the board of regents of the Institute for the Deaf, Blind and Orphans' Home for the colored at Taft; and shall have all the powers, rights and privileges heretofore legally exercised by said boards: Provided, nothing in this act shall invalidate any contracts entered into by the text-book commission. Said board shall have the following additional powers and duties:

a. The general supervision of the public schools of the state. b. To formulate and adopt courses of study for the common schools and county normal institutes; and arrange courses of study, and adopt textbooks for use in the higher educational institutions of the state.

c. To formulate rules and regulations governing the issuance of all certificates to teach in the public schools of this state.

d. To prepare questions for the examination of applicants for county and city certificates to teach in the public schools of the

state.

e. To examine applicants for state certificates, to teach in the public schools of the state, and for conductors' and instructors' certificates to teach in the county normal institutes.

f. To prepare examination questions for graduates from the eighth grade of the public schools.

g. To classify the public high schools of the state and properly accredit them to the various higher educational institutions of the

state.

h. To formulate and adopt courses of study for state pupils' reading circles and for state teachers' reading circles; and to select books to be used in said reading circles, and to prepare questions for the issuance of reading circle certificates.

i. The state board of education shall make a biennial report to the governor and legislature, setting forth the work of the board and the conditions of the schools of the state. The board

shall also prepare and submit to the governor thirty days before the convening of each regular session of the legislature a budget estimating the necessary appropriations for each of the institutions under their management and control.

j. Upon application having been made in writing by the organization representing the commercial and business colleges and institutions in the state, it shall be the duty of said board to formulate rules and regulations which shall govern the organization, operation, management and control of said commercial and business colleges; the authority herein granted, is in addition to that above stated to extend to the formulation and adoption of courses of studies, the length of time necessary to complete the same, and rules and regulations governing the issuance of diplomas by said commercial colleges.

V. STATE EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION

The following comments and extracts from important recent documents lay down fundamental principles relating to state educational organization.

1. The State Board of Education

[Extract from an article on "A Constitutional State Board of Education," by Reed, Thomas H., in Sierra Educational News, January, 1913, pp. 21-24.]

(A continuation of the article on pp. 291-292)

This naturally leads us to a consideration of the State Board of Education. We are at present treated to the unusual spectacle, in absolute defiance of the normal arrangement of such institutions, of an elected, political superintendent and an ex-officio, expert board. They have no necessary relation to one another except that the superintendent is a member of the board. As to the board itself there is nothing to be said against the honesty or competency of its individual members. They hold positions which guarantee their qualifications. It has done some things well, notably the raising of the standard for admission to the teaching profession. It has done some things not so well, especially its principal duty of selecting textbooks. As compared with the ex-officio boards of education in other states, it is, of course, composed too exclusively of persons engaged in normal school work to the neglect of primary and secondary education. The chief difficulty with the

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