derstanding between himself and his parliament, he would doubtless have continued him permanently in the office. He was set aside, however, by the appointment of Sir William Berkeley; a gentleman, who was every way calculated to please the colonists; and who could not have pleased them more than by showing, as he very soon did, that he was empowered to revive their general assembly.

The administration of Sir William made the Virginians incorrigibly loyal; and, accordingly, in October, 1650, when Cromwell had got the upper hand in England, they were chastised with an ordinance, which dissolved their government; deposed their governor; and interdicted all intercourse with foreign nations. In 1651, Sir George Ayscue arrived in the Chesapeake, to carry this measure into execution. Berkeley made a gallant resistance; and, though, at last, overpowered by numbers, he did not yield without stipulating for the indemnity of the colonists. As there was not, however, a market in England for all their produce, the interdiction of foreign commerce became so intolerably oppressive, that, on the sudden death of Governor Mathews, the settlers threw off their allegiance to the Commonwealth, and put the government again into the hands of Sir William Berkeley. Fortunately, the intelligence did not reach England till after the death of Cromwell: when

Charles II. was restored, it was, of course, a very meritorious act; and the Virginians long continued to boast of the fidelity, with which they had adhered to the royal cause. They were greatly stirred up and assisted, all this time, by the emigrant cavaliers; who, in consequence of the persecution, which they experienced at home, and of the facility, with which the dissolution of the old government enabled them to purchase land in the colony, came over to America in such numbers, that, between the commencement and termination of the civil war, the population of Virginia had increased, chiefly by them alone, from about twenty to about thirty thousand souls.

One of the most obnoxious occurrences, which took place, during Harvey's administration, was Charles the First's grant to Lord Baltimore, dated June, 1632, of 'that region bounded by a line drawn from Wat'kin's Point, on Chesapeake Bay, to the ocean, on the 'east; thence, to that part of the estuary of Delaware ' on the north, which lieth under the fortieth degree, 'where New England is terminated; thence'-in a word, Maryland. In November, of the same year, Calvert, the brother of Lord Baltimore, made a settlement, at St. Mary's, with about two hundred gentlemen, consisting chiefly of Roman Catholics. The Virginians petitioned against the proprietor's grant, in July, 1633: the privy council turned both parties

over to the law; and the subject was never prosecuted any further. In February, 1634-5, the first Maryland assembly was convened. Their acts most probably displeased Lord Baltimore; who transmitted them, in turn, a code of laws, which were prepared by himself; and which were rejected by them, as soon as the assembly met, in January, 1637-8. During the same session, an act of attainder was passed against William Clayborne; who, in 1631, had obtained a grant from Charles, to traffic in those parts of America, for 'which there was already no patent granted for sole 'trade;' and who, as he had taken possession of Kent Island, near Annapolis, was determined to resist, in every way, the authority of the new comers. He was convicted of murder, piracy, and sedition; escaped justice by flight; petitioned the sovereign to interfere in his behalf; and, in 1639, had the mortification to hear the lords commissioners decide, that the lands in question were absolutely and solely the property of Lord Baltimore.

Maryland became the asylum of the Roman Catholics from Old England,-of those, whom puritanism drove out of New England, and of the Puritans, who, in retaliation, had been proscribed by the Virginians. The increase of population, from these and other sources, soon made it inconvenient for all the freemen to attend the legislature; and, in 1639, it was resolved,

that, for the future, there should be a council summoned, by special writ, and a house of burgesses, by general writ. The colony flourished; and there was the most perfect harmony between the proprietor and the people. But, as the government was attached to the royalists, Clayborne, who was of the republican side, found means, in the beginning of 1641, to excite an insurrection among the settlers. Calvert, their governor, was driven to Virginia; nor was it till August, 1642, that the revolt was suppressed, and the old government reinstated. The settlement began to prosper again; when, in September, 1651, commissioners were appointed by parliament, for 'reducing ' and governing the colonies within the Bay of Chesa'peake.' The proprietor had submitted to the authority of parliament: the factions of the mother country extended their influence to the colonies: a civil war broke out; and Clayborne had his revenge, in the defeat of the governor and the Roman Catholics. The victorious party would tolerate no popery, or prelacy, or quakerism: peace was out of the question; and it was not until the English restoration, when Lord Baltimore appointed Philip Calvert governor, that any thing like order was re-established. The population of the colony was then computed at twelve thousand

persons.

CHAPTER II.

First Efforts of the Plymouth Company-New England settled by the Puritans-New Patent granted to the Plymouth Company-Endicot's Expedition-Charter of the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay-Great Influx of Emigrants-Religious Intolerance of the Colonists-Ineffectual Efforts to stop it-Disputes with the French ColoniesMassachusetts divided into Two Religious Parties-A Quo Warranto issued against its Charter-Settlement of Rhode Island-And of Connecticut-Wars with the Piquods-Settlement of Maine-And of New Hampshire-Unwarrantable Claims of Massachusetts-Union of the New England Colonies against the Dutch and Indians-Dissensions in Massachusetts-Peace with the French Colonies-Effects of Religious Intolerance-Disputes between Massachusetts and Connecticut-Conspiracy of the Dutch and Indians-Foundation of Cambridge College-Rise of the Quakers.

THE first ship fitted out by the Plymouth Company, in 1606, was captured by the Spaniards. In the following year, however, Raleigh Gilbert set sail, with two other ships, and about one hundred persons; landed safely in America; and proceeded to build fort St. George, near the Sagahadoc. The severity of the winter carried off many of their numbers,-among the rest, Gilbert, their admiral, and George Popham, their president; and, in the spring, when they learned, by a vessel, which brought them supplies, that their patron.