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work, probably to fill up some vacancy in the rock; the walls of this passage are in several parts covered with incrustations of salts. "On entering the great chamber, I found it to be 46 feet 3 inches long, 16 feet 3 inches wide, and 23 feet 6 inches high; for the most part cut out of the rock, except that part of the roof towards the western end. In the midst we observed a sarcophagus of granite, partly buried in the ground to the level of the floor, 8 feet long, 3 feet 6 inches wide, and 2 feet 3 inches deep inside, surrounded by large blocks of granite, being placed apparently to guard it from being taken away, which could not be effected without great labour; the lid of it had been opened; I found in it only a few bones of a human skeleton, which merit preservation as curious relics, they being, in all probability, those of Cephrenes, the reported builder of this pyramid. On the wall of the western side of the chamber is an Arabic inscription, a translation of which has been sent to the British Museum.* It testifies that "this pyramid was opened by the Masters Mahomet El Aghar and Otman, and that it was inspected in presence of the Sultan Ali Mahomet the first, Ugloch." There are also several other inscriptions on the walls supposed to be Coptic. Part of the Part of the floor of this chamber had been removed in different places, evidently in search of treasure, by some of those who had found

We cannot find that this inscription has yet reached its destination.-Quarterly Review.

&c.

A Tartaric title, as Uleg Bey,

their way into it. Under one of the stones I found a piece of metal something like the thick part of an axe, but it is so rusty and decayed that it is almost impossible to form a just idea of its form. High up and near the centre there are two small square holes, one on the north and the other on the south, each one foot square; they enter into the wall like those in the great chamber of the first pyramid. I returned to the before-mentioned perpendicular, and found a passage to the north in the same inclination of 26 deg. as that above: this descends 48 feet 6 inches, where the horizontal passage commences, which keeps the same direction north 55 feet, and half-way along it there is on the east a recess of 11 feet deep. On the west side there is a passage 20 feet long, which descends into a chamber 32 feet long and 9 feet 9 inches wide, 8 and 6 feet high: this chamber contains a quantity of small square blocks of stone, and some unknown inscriptions written on the walls. Returning to the original passage, and advancing north, near the end of it is a niche to receive a portcullis like that above. Fragments of granite, of which it was made, are lying near the spot. Advancing still to the north I entered a passage which runs in the same inclination as that before mentioned, and at 47 feet six inches from the niche it is filled up with some large blocks of stone put there to close the entrance which issues out precisely at the base of the pyramid. According to the measurements, it is to be observed that all the works below the base are cut into the living rock, as

well

well as part of the passages and chambers before mentioned. Before I conclude, I have to mention that I caused a range of steps to be built, from the upper part of the perpendicular to the passage below, for the accommodation of visitors.

"It may be mentioned, that at the time I excavated on the north side of the pyramid, I caused the ground to be removed to the eastward, between the pyramid and the remaining portico which lies nearly on a line with the pyramid and the sphinx. I opened the ground in several places, and, in particular, at the base of the pyramid; and in a few days I came to the foundation and walls of an extensive temple, which stood before the pyramid at the distance of only 40 feet. The whole of this space is covered with a fine platform, which no doubt runs all round the pyramid. The pavement of this temple, where I uncovered it, consists of fine blocks of calcareous stone, some of which are beautifully cut and in fine preservation. The blocks of stone that form the foundation are of an immense size. I measured one of 21 feet long, 10 feet high, and eight in breadth) 120 tons weight each); there are some others above ground in the porticoes, which measured 24 feet in length, but not so broad nor so thick."

Rules of Safety from Contagion,
and Regulations to Exterminate
Contagious Fevers. By JOHN
HAYGARTH, M. D. F. R. S. and
F.R.S.E.

to what kind and degree of danger other parts of the British dominions are exposed from the Typhous Fever which has spread so fatally in Ireland, and in some towns of England and Scotland.

The typhous contagion remains in the body in a latent state from about the 10th to the 72nd day, reckoning between the time of exposure to the poison and the commencement of the fever. This law of nature I discovered in 1781, from observations on 72 cases. was fully confirmed by Dr. Bancroft in 1809, from observations on 99 cases.

It

He observed that the latent period of Typhus varied from the 13th to the 68th day. Hence it is manifest that an infected person may travel in perfect health, from and to the remotest part of Ireland and Britain. The increase of fever in Liverpool, Glasgow, London, &c. is thus clearly explained.

At this time of alarm and serious danger, I desire the favour of you, Mr. Editor, to republish, the following Rules of safety for visitors of infectious families, and Regulations to exterminate the typhous fever.

"At the request of Sir Thomas Bernard the Society for Bettering the Condition of the Poor, gratuitously circulated the following Rules and Regulations to prevent Infectious Fevers, extracted from a manuscript of Dr. Haygarth's with his permission, which is since published in a letter addressed to Dr. Thomas Percival on the prevention of infectious Fevers.

"RULES of SAFETY from CONTAGION for VISITORS,

It is not generally understood Which would enable all, even

medical

medical and clerical visitors of the sick to perform their important duties with safety to themselves, are printed by the Society with a view to their being distributed, so that a copy may be put up in every house where there is an infectious fever."

"It may be proper previously to observe that an infectious fever, in a small, close, and dirty room, is caught by a very great proportion of mankind; not less than 22 out of 23, or a still higher proportion; but in a large, airy, clean apartment, even putrid fevers are seldom

or

never infectious. When this poisonous vapour is much diluted with fresh air, it is not noxious. From a large collection, and an attentive consideration, of facts relative to this distemper, have been formed the following Rules.

"1. As safety from danger entirely depends on cleanliness and fresh air, the room-door of a patient ill of an infectious fever, especially in the habitations of the poor, should never be shut; a window in it during the day ought to be frequently opened. In bad cases, a current of air, between a window and door both wide open, may be proper: if the air be very cold or damp, the curtains of the patient's bed may be drawn close during this ventilation, should peculiar circumstances require such caution. These regulations would be highly useful, both to the patient and nurses; but are particularly important, previous to the arrival of any visitor.*

Might not a leaden casement or other cheap contrivance be fixed in

*

"2. The bed-curtains should never be close drawn round the patient; but only on the side next the light, so as to shade the face: except while there is a current of air between a window and door.

"3. Dirty clothes, utensils, &c. should be frequently changed, immediately immersed in cold water, and washed clean.

"4. All discharges from the patient should be instantly removed. The floor near the patient's bed should be rubbed clean every day with a wet mop, or cloth.

5. The air in a sick room has, at the same time, a more infectious quality in some parts than in others. Visitors and attendants should avoid the current of the patients breath,-the air which ascends from his body, especially if the bed curtains be closed, and the vapour arising from all evacuations. When medical or other duties require a visitor to be placed in these situa

a window of each room, at the expense of the landlord, or society, to supply fresh air, which is most essential for the prevention of infection? or, might not visitors, and in some mild cases, the inmates of the poorest cottage, be preserved from glass from the top of a window, and contagion, by taking out a pane of replacing it after all danger of fever had ceased? A paper attached by a wafer at the four corners, might cover as much of this opening as the coldness of the season may require, and occasionally during the night, the whole opening; an attentive and intelligent Inspector, by such dilution of typhous miasms with fresh air would render them innoxious, if strict Rules of cleanliness in the infectious house be executed.

tions

tions of danger, infection may be frequently prevented by a temporary suspension of respiration.

6. Visitors should not go into an infectious chamber with an empty stomach; and, in doubt ful circumstances, on coming out, they should blow from the nose, and spit from the mouth, any infectious poison, which may have been drawn in by the breath, and may adhere to those passages. Jan. 23rd. 1804."

Heads of a Plan for the Extermi

nation of Infectious Fevers. Infectious fevers occasion much misery and mortality among mankind: they produce the greatest wretchedness in poor families; but persons in all ranks of life are in some degree exposed to the danger. This fatal pestilence is most destructive in large towns, but it often spreads in country villages for months and even years together. The intelligent and benevolent inhabitants of any place may, however, with ease and certainty, preserve their poor neighbours and themselves from neighbours and themselves from infectious fevers and all their calamitous consequences, by forming themselves into a Society, and by providing a commodious house, or wards for the reception of such patients, and by carrying into effect the following

REGULATIONS:

"I. Let a reward of one shilling be given to the person who brings the first information to the society, that an infectious fever has attacked any family: let this reward be increased to two shillings, if the intelligence be given within three days after the fever first began in the family.

"II. Let the patient, who is ill of the fever, be removed to the hospital on the day when such information is given. He must be carried in a sedan chair of a peculiar colour, to be employed solely for this purpose, with a moveable linen lining, which is always to be taken out and shaken in the fresh air after it has been used, and to be frequently washed: let the sedan be constructed in such a manner, as to lean backward in various degrees, so that the patients may lie in a recumbent, or half recum

bent posture, as may best suit their strength. A main purpose of the society will be to remove from the infectious house the first patient who is attacked; and as soon as possible.

"III. The house, whence the

patient is removed to the fever

ward,

cleansed; and all the dirty clothes, must be immediately water. When the clothes are utensils, &c. be immersed in cold changed for a time with clean wrung out of it, they must be exsecond-hand clothes, as a shirt for a shirt, a sheet for a sheet, &c. to be supplied by the charit&c. in the infectious house must able society. Every box, drawer, be emptied and cleansed :—the floor must be swept clean, and then rubbed with a wet cloth or mop; fresh air must be admitted so as to pass through the chamber between a door and a window, the walls must be washed clean where bedaubed with contagious dirt.

"IV. The clothes received from these poor people, wrung out of the cold water, must be again washed in cold water;

that,

that, when patched and cleaned, they may be again employed.

V. A medical inspector should be appointed to see these regulations executed, at a competent salary; together with certain rewards according to the success of his measures: he should be entitled to a reward of for each family, which has been preserved from infection by his attention, when one in it had been attacked by the fever.

"VI. Each poor family, whose house has been cleansed by themselves as here directed (according to a certificate from the inspector which is to specify every circumstance above-mentioned in the 3rd regulation) shall be entitled to a reward of : and, if the remainder of the family continue uninfected for six weeks after the first fever-patient has been removed to the hospital, the said family must be entitled to a farther reward of The inspector shall give the family a promissory note, or a certificate, for this

purpose.

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«VII. The inspector must keep a register of infectious fevers, upon the same plan as was executed with success, for six years, by the inspector of the Small Pox Society at Chester; in which is entered, in separate ⚫ columns of a table, 1st, the patient's name; 2d, street; 3rd, occupation; 4th, when the fever began; 5th, number ill of fever in each family; 6th, date of information; 7th, date of removal; 8th, whence infected; 9th, when washed and aired; 10th, family infected, or preserved; 11th, regulations observed or transgressed.

VOL. LX.

"VIII. Let a copy of these regulations be printed upon one page, and be placed in every house infected by a fever, and in every house in the neighbourhood, which is in danger of receiving the infection. By such instructions, poor people will be enabled to give timely notice to the society so as to avert the dreadful calamities which they would otherwise suffer.

"The benefit of these regulations to preserve poor families from all the variety of wretchedness occasioned by infectious fevers, will be exactly in proportion to the spirit and punctuality with which they are executed.

"The zealous, judicious, and successful exertions of the Board of Health at Manchester, in 1796, afforded the fullest confirmation of the principles and the practical conclusions, which Dr. Haygarth has detailed in his letter, lately published and addressed to Dr. Perceval, on the prevention of infectious fevers, p. 108, 109, 110. The facts there stated prove, beyond all controversy, that the regulations above recommended if faithfully executed, will suppress infectious fevers in a most wonderful manner. But it is manifest that fever-wards, for the reception of poor people, unaided by measures to purify their habitations, will answer this purpose in a very imperfect 7th May, 1802"

manner.

In, Chester, as in most large towns, the typhus fever had long prevailed, but was generally confined to the dwellings of the poor. In 1783, it was communicated, and was fatal to some persons of 2 R

higher

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