CONTENTS

I

THE BASIS OF THE STATE

The Necessity of Studying the Subject Matter of the Lectures.
-The Influence of Prejudice.-Hobbes.-Rousseau.—
Mulford. The Theory of Hobbes.-The Theory of Rous-
seau. The Theory of Mulford.-The Basis of the State.-
The Prize Essay of George H. Smith.-The Importance
of the Family.-The Individual.-Aristotle's Principle.—
The Causal Origin of the State.-The Declaration of
Burke.—The Historical Origin.—Sir Henry Maine.—
Ancient Law.-The State a Natural Phenomenon.-The
Social State the Natural State.-The State of Nature.-
The Form of Government.-Elements in the Family and
State.-Drummond.—Motherhood and Fatherhood.—The
Human Family.-Giddings.—Marriage an Universal Insti-
tution.-Westermarck.-The Family of Ancient and of
Modern Times.-The Family as an Institution.-Maurice
on "Social Morality."-The Distinction between Author-
ity and Dominion.-A Man's Right to Govern His
Family.-Hobbes' Assertion.-Authority and Obedience.
-The Province of the Mother.-The Family and the
State. The Preservation of the Family.--The Importance
of Monogynous Marriage.-Contrast between the Earlier
and Later Roman Law.-Seneca, Tertullian, on the Mor-
als of their Times.-Divorces in the Later Jewish Com-
monwealth.—Josephus.—The Pronouncements of Christ.
-The Idea of Marriage Before and After Christ's Advent.
-Marriage in India.-Christian Marriage.-The Staty

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of the Woman.-The Status of the Man.-Divorce Laws

of European States.-Divorce Procedure.-Individual-

ism.-Distinction between Communistic and Particularis-

tic Societies.-Demolins.-Particularistic Societies of the

Anglo-Saxon Peoples.-The Family of the Anglo-Amer-

ican.-Westermarck on the Durability of Marriage.-

Marriage a Divine Order.-Marriage the Touchstone of

Civilization.—Development of Society.—Woman Suffrage.

-The Christian Church and Marriage.-The Roman

Catholic and the Protestant Episcopal Churches.—The

Responsibility for Loose Views.-The Necessity of Laws

to Regulate Marriage.-Must be Viewed as Sacramental

in Character.-Individualism in Marriage Impossible.—

The Multiplication of Divorces a Symptom of Decay.-

The Protection of the Family.-The Task of Religion

and Education . .

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II

THE ANCIENT STATE

The Sources of Development of the Modern State.-The Sig-
nificance of the Civil History of the Hebrews.-The
Stories of Abraham and Job.-The Rise of the State of
Israel. The Patriarchal Family.-The Powers of Gov-
ernment. The Distinction between the Hebrew Patri-
archs and Other Chieftains.-Jehovah of the Hebrews.-
The Gods of the Gentiles.—St. Paul's Speech on Mars'
Hill.-Settlement of the Israelites in Canaan.—The Gen-
esis of the City-States of the Greeks and Romans.—
Fowler. Fustel de Coulanges.-The Characteristics of
Village Communities. — Kinship. — Leadership. — The
City-State of Athens.-Thucydides.-The City-State of
Rome. The Family of the Aryans.-The Power of Re-
ligion. The Roman Gentes.-The Kings as Judges.-
Grote. The Village Communities of the Latin People.

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-Ancient Rome.-The Origin of Jerusalem.-The Book

of Judges.-The Differences between the Early History

of Israel and of Other Nations.-Church and State in

Jewish History.-The City of David.-The Family Idea

among the Hebrews.-Among the Greeks and Romans.

-Israel a Community.-The Cities of the Greeks and

Romans, Federations.-The Social Order in Israel.-The

Aim of Moses.-The Meaning of Socialism.-Its General

Aim. Graham.-The Failure of Socialism in Israel.-

The Development of Individualism.-The Prophets.-

The Jewish Commonwealth at the Time of Christ.—The

Reason for its Decadence.-The Decline of the Grecian

Cities. The Civic Life of Greece in Athens.-Inelasticity

of Citizenship.-The War of the People against the Eu-

patrids.-Democracies and Oligarchies.-Factions and

Seditions. Peloponnesian War. - Thucydides. - The

Lack of Unity.-Caste and Caste Distinction.-The Lack

of Benevolence.-The Cause of the Decline of the City-

State of Rome.-Contrast between the Privileged and

the Unprivileged.—Elasticity of Roman Citizenship.—

Its Final Extension.-The Weight of Rome.-The Im-

possibility of Further Transformation.-The Loss of the

Family Idea. The Lack of a Feeling of Brotherhood.—

Christianity too Late to Effect a Change in the State... 61

III

-

THE MODERN STATE

Many Contrasts between the Modern and the Ancient State.-
The Separation between Civic and Ecclesiastical Powers.
-The Secular State.-The Place of Religion.-Sover-
eignty.-George H. Smith.-Limited and Unlimited Sov-
ereignty. The Will of the State.-Aristotle.-The Abso-
lute Power of the City-States.-Constitutional Law.-
Public and Private Law.-The Points of Departure of
Ancient and of Modern Law.-Impossibility of a State-

less Condition.-Man, not the State, now Supreme.-The
Consequence of this Change in Principle.-The Popular
Assemblies of Ancient Times.The Representative As-
semblies of Modern. The Rise of Representative Gov-
ernment. The Modern Return to Direct Participation
by the People.-The Source of the English Parliament.
-Adams.--Representative Monarchy of England. Rep-
resentative Democracy of the United States.—Interna-
tional Law.-Roman Dominion and the Right of Con-
quest.-The Origin of International Law.-The Increas-
ing Internationality of Interests.-The Peace Conference
at the Hague.-The One Thing Common in Ancient and
in Modern States.-The Origins of the Ancient States
Obscure. Not so of the Modern.-The Philosophy of
the Common Will.-Willoughby.-The Social Instinct.—
Bluntschli.-The Meaning of Nationality.-Brotherhood.
-The Relation of the State to the Soil.-The Political
Side of the Family Life.-The Meaning of Politics.-
Political and Social Science.-The Difference between
a New State and a New Government.-Historical Ex-
amples.-The State of Watauga.-Roosevelt.-The

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Rise of the States of our Western Civilization.-The
Roman Empire.-More Reasons for the Decline of that
Empire. The Inroad of the Germans.-The Beginnings
of the Modern States of the West.-The Elemental Forces
Which Have Produced Them.-The Roman Law and
System of Government.-The Corpus Juris Civilis.—
Clovis. Charlemagne.-The Culture of Greece.-Grecian
Philosophy, Poetry and Art.-Mahaffy.-Their Indirect
Influence.-Civilization and the Modern State.-The
Teutonic Peoples.-The Transformation of the Idea of
the Relation of Man and the State.-The Working of Chris-
tianity and Germanic Thought.-Forms Through Which
the Modern States Have Developed.-The Motive Power.
-The Greatest Contribution of the Germans.

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IV

THE STATE AND THE CHURCH

The State and the Church in the Ancient World.-The House
and the Hearth.-Agamemnon.-Romulus.--The Kingly
and Priestly Offices.-The Pontifex Maximus.-The
Priests and the Kings in Israel.-The Religious Life of
the Jews.-Church and State in Israel and in England.—
Marcus Varro.-Theology of the Classical Peoples.-St.
Augustine. Status of Religions at Rome at the Founding
of the Church.-Jesus Christ and His Teaching.—The
Ancient Religions and the Pagan Philosophers.-The
Attitude of Christ toward the Polity of Israel.—The
Kingdom of God.-The Attitude of Christ toward the
Civil Authority.-The Attitude of the Church toward the
State. The Antagonism between the Church and Clas-
sical Civilization.-The Reasons for the Persecution of
Christians. The Growth of the Church.-The Visible
and the Invisible Church.-The Christian Ministry.-
The Catholic Church.-Constantine and the Church.-
The City of the World and the City of God.-The Supe-
riority of the Heavenly City.-Constantine's Conversion.
-Robertson. — Gibbon. The Labarum. Eusebius.-
The Dualism between Church and State.-Bluntschli.—
Constantine to Charlemagne.-The Establishment of the
Papacy. The Lombard Conquest and the Bishop of
Rome.-Gregory the Great.-Roman Society and the
Sack of Rome.-The Council of Sardica and the Roman
See. The Dominion of the Franks and the Advancement
of the Papacy.-The Coronation of Charles the Great.—
Feudalism.-The Alliance between the Franks and the
Church. The Dangers Thereof.-The Effort of the State
to Absorb the Church.-The Capitularies of Charles the
Great. The Effort of the Church to Absorb the State.-
The Unity of the Empire and the Unity of the Church.
-The Power of Ideas in the Middle Ages.-The Holy