a carcely appreciable, of cream of tartar, and a very acid combination, formed of a large quantity of tartarous acid, alum, and animal matter. These experiments remove ail uncertainty concerning many practical facts, which at present are only noticed by the dyer in a vague way, and point out to him the precise method of applying the mordants according to the nature of the colour he wishes to obtain. Indeed, since by making use of alum and tartar, the wool is impregnated with alum and a large quantity of tartarous acid, these two salts should never be employed together, except when the colour is susceptible of being heightened and rendered brighter by acids, as is the case with cochineal, madder, and kermes. On the contrary, alum should never be employed for wools intended to be dyed with woad or Brasil wood, the colour of which is easily altered or destroyed by acids. Among all the vegetable and animal substances, we have made choice of wool only for trial with alum and alum and tartar, because it is only with this substance these mordants are made use of in dyeing.

5. On the action of acids, and of some salts employed as mordants upon wool.-Although all researches kitherto made have been ineffectual to find a substitute for alum, we have, nevertheless, made trial of a great number of substances with wool, less, however, for the purpose of discovering the best mordants, than for determining the action of several substances, very soluble, and at the same time endowed with great powers. We boiled wool for two hours in water, in which were put small quantities of sulphuric, nitric, muriatic, and tartaric acids. In each instance, the wool, especially when combined with sulphuric acid, struck with cochineal and madder deeper colours than when impregnated with alum and tartar. No doubt, therefore, can be entertained of their superiority in similar cases; but of all the mordants we tried, there is not one which gives such bright colours as what are obtained by means of the acid tartrit of alumina (notwithstanding the opinion of M. Hausmann to the contrary). This salt would, in a great number of cases, be preferable to tartar and alum, if its price was not so much higher than theirs. Whilst we were occupied in enquiring with the greatest care into every thing relative to the nature and mode of combination of mordants with various stuffs, we did not forget to examine the several methods which have been adopted in all the workshops for a long time past, in order to ascertain if the proportions of alum and tartar, the most generally employed, were those the most suitable for the purpose, if the time employed for the alum bath was sufficient to impregnate the wool sufficiently, and if the expoSure to the cool air afterwards, for several days, which is so generally thought necessary, is attended with the expected advantages.

Equal parts of the mordants, that is, half the weight of the stuff, produced no better effect than one-fourth; but between this quantity and onetwentieth part, the colours of cochineal, kermes, and madder, were weaker in proportion to the diminution of the quantity of the salts; whilst, on the contrary, the effects were reversed with woad and Brasil wood, so that in these last substances, the colour was deeper the more the salts were diminished. No difference could be observed in the colour whether the wools had been in the alum bath for two, four, or six hours; it

is, therefore, useless to continue stuffs in the hath longer than two hours. Our experiments did not discover that there was any difference in the colour, whether the dyeing took place imme diately after the aluming, or was protracted for some time, except only that wool impregnated with alum alone produced a deeper colour with woad, after having been exposed some time to a cool air, which we attributed to the separation of the acidulated sulphat of potass, this being car ried off with the uncombined mordant in drying. 6. Of the scarlet colour.-Scarlet is that bright and shining colour which is produced in wool by treating it with tartar, cochineal, and a highly oxydized solution of tin. Before the dis covery of this method, for which we are entirely indebted to Drebbel, those colours were called scarlet which are produced in woollen stuffs by kermes or cochineal, when alum and tartar are employed as mordants. These processes for obtaining this colour have long been known in the dyeing houses, yet no theoretic investigations have been made into the phænomena which take place when a solution of tią is used with cream of tartar and cochineal. Dr. Bancroft attempted to explain what passes in the formation of this colour; but as his opinion does not appear to be founded on any experiments, we considered the question as not at all determined by his la bours. We have yet, therefore, to determine the chemical nature of the combination formed upon wool by cochineal, tartar, and a solution of tin, and to make known the result of our inquirin upon the colour of scarlet.

7. Examination of the precipitate formed by the m lution of tin, and the acidulated tartrit of potass—All the substances employed by us in our experi ments were perfectly pure, and we constantly made use of glass vessels and distilled water. Eighty grammes of acidulated tartrit of potass dissolved in three kilogrammes, and five hectogrammes of distilled water, were macerated for two hours, at 100 degrees (212 F.) of heat, with one hundred and twenty-five grains of a solution of tin. The precipitate which we obtained was washed several times, and distilled in a small curved retort, the beak of which being plunged into lime water, there was disengaged a sensible quantity of carbonic acid. Proper re-agents indicated in other portions of it the presence of a great deal of tin and muriatic acid. Thus thu cream of tartar and solution of tin are decom posed, and produce a precipitate, consisting of tartarous acid, and a great quantity of muriatic acid and tin. The mother-water contains tartrit of potass, acidulated tartrit, very acid muriat of tin, and a considerable portion of precipitats, held in solution by excess of muriatic acid.

Very pure white wool, treated with the ordinary proportions of solution of tin and cream of tartar employed in dyeing scarlet, was washed i great number of times in boiling water, which carried off all the substances combined with t These washings, collected and evaporatesi, afforded us the same principles we had before abtained from the precipitate formed by the soldtion of tin and cream of tartar; we also examined, in the same way, the action of cochineal, and found no difference in the results. From these facts we are to a certainty convinced, that he fine scarlet colour is produced by the wool being combined with colouring matter, tartarous d muriatic acid, and peroxyd of tin. But we are mistaken, if we think the bath has no jafurar

on the colour; for wool combined with the mordants we shall presently mention, and dyed with cochineal, never take the scarlet hue unless some acid be added, which causes the colour to pass from yellowish to red, and at length to a bright colour. This last experiment, in connexion with various others, proved to us that the wool is not coloured yellow by the combination it forms with the nitric acid in excess in the solution of tin, for this wool comes out perfectly white from all the boilings it undergoes with the tin, when no colouring matter is employed.

8. Of tartrils of tin, and some other metallic solutions. The proofs we have already given of the formation of scarlet appear to us so decisive, that we should not have thought of increasing the number, had not the importance of the question induced us to extend further our labours on this subject.

We tried upon wool, in the usual proportions for dyeing scarlet, all the sulphats and muriats of antimony, bismuth, zinc, and arsenic. Some of these solutions afforded very agreeable colours, but very different from that we were seeking to obtain. We were more fortunate in our attempts with the tartrit of tin obtained from tartrit of potass and soda, and a highly oxydized muriat of tin. This salt dissolved in muriatic acid, and used in the operation of dyeing, afforded us a scarlet colour as beautiful and bright as those obtained by cream of tartar and a solution of tin. The tartrit of tin, also, dissolved in an excess of its own acid, produced very good effects; how ever, as this method would be more costly than the ordinary processes, it is best to employ the solution of this salt in muriatic acid. But before recommending this mordant to be used in the dye-houses, we intend to make trial of it in the large way, so as to determine precisely the expense of it, and what advantages will be obtained by its employment.

9. Experiments upon the colour of scarlet and oxyds of tin.-Scarlet, as we have already seen, is obtained by treating wool with determined proportions of cochineal, acidulated tartrit of potass, and a highly oxydized solution of tin. The ope ration of dyeing is divided into two parts: the first taking up an hour and a half, the latter half an hour; this division is necessary to produce a good colour, which would be weaker and more yellow if all the substances were mixed in the first operation, and applied to the wool for two hours. This circumstance is owing to the very acid state of the bath, which holds in solution a great part of the mordant, and of the colouring matter. We obtain the contrary effect when the mordants only are employed in the first operation, and the cochineal reserved for

the second.

Pieces of very beautiful scarlet cloth, macerated in distilled water, at a boiling heat, gave out to the water a portion of their colour, and when the operation was finished, appeared only of a light flesh colour. The washings collected and evaporated were very acid, and contained, besides the colouring substance and animal matter, lartarous acid, muriatic acid, and oxyd of tin. Scarlet, therefore, as we have already shown, is a combination in some measure solubie, which in parting with a small quantity of acid chang s its shade, and may, by repeated washings at elevated temperatures, and with a large bulk of fluid, be rendered completely colourless.

It results from the experiments related in this article:

1st. That in aluming all vegetable and animal substances, it is not the alumina which combines with them, but the entire alum; and that when these matters are not purified, the lime which they contain occasions a decomposition of part of this mordant.

2. That all the alkaline and earthy bases, mixed with a solution of alum, decompose it, and convert it into acid sulphat of potass, and into an insoluble salt, less acid than alum, which may, by repeated washings, be converted into pure alumina, sulphat of potass, and alum.

3. That the acetat of alumina combines also in its entire state with silk, wool, cotton, and thread; that this compound retains its acid but feebly, and loses a portion of it by simple exposure to the air; and that it is then changed into acid acetat of alumina, which is carried off by water, and into alumina which remains upon the stuffs.

4. That alum and tartar are not decomposed, but that the solubility of the latter is increased by the mixture; and that in impregnating wools either with tartar, or alum and tartar, the tartar alone is decomposed, that the tartarous acid and alum combine with the stuff, and tartrit of potass remains in the bath.

5. That the most powerful acids have the property, when combined with wool, of fixing the colouring matters, a property possessed in a high degree by the acid tartrit of alumina.

6. That alum and tartar cannot be employed indifferently for all colours, and that their proportions must depend upon the nature of the colouring matter; that the time of aluming should not be more than two hours, and that the exposure of the stuffs in a moist place, after the mordants are applied, is of no utility in augmenting the intensity of their colour.

7. That highly oxydized tartrit of tin, dissolved in muriatic acid, may supply the place of cream of tartar and the solution of tin in dyeing scarlet.

8. Lastly, that these experiments furnish some useful hints for combining mordants with the stuffs to be dyed, and for improving several of the processes of dyeing.

WOOLER, a town in Northumberland, with a market on Thursday. In a plain near this town the Scots, under the command of earl Douglas, were defeated by lord Percy and earl March, on Holyrood day, 1402. The battle was so bloody, that it gave the name of Redriggs to the place where it was fought, Wooler is seated on the Till, near the Cheviot hills, 14 miles south of Berwick, and 318 N. by W. of London. Lon. 1. 46 W. Lat. 55. 34 N.

WOO'LFEL. s. (wool and fel.) stripped of the wool (Davies).

Skin not

WOOLLEN. a. (from wool.) Made of wool not finely dressed, and thence used likewise for any thing coarse (Shakspeare. Bacon). Woo'LLEN. S. Cloth made of wool (Hudi

bras).

WOO'LLY. a. (from wool.) 1. Clothed with wool (Shakspeare). 2. Consisting of wool(Dryden). 3. Resembling wool (Philips).

WOOLPACK. Woo'LSACK. s. (wool, pack, and sack.) 1. A bag of wool; a bundle

of wool.

2. The seat of the judges in the house of lords (Dryden). 3. Any thing bulky without weight (Cleaveland).

WOOLSTON (Thomas), a famous deist, was born at Northampton in 1669; and educated at Sidney college, Cambridge. His first appearance as an author was in 1705, in a work, entitled the Old Apology for the Truth of the Christian Religion against the Jews and Gentiles revived. His Six Discourses on the Miracles of Christ occasioned a great number of books and pamphlets upon the subject, and raised a prosecution against him. At his trial in Guildhall, before the lord chief justice Raymond, he spoke several times himself, and urged that he thought it very hard that he should be tried by a set of men, who, though otherwise very learned and worthy persons, were no more judges of the subjects on which he wrote, than he himself was a judge of the most intricate points of the law." He was, however, sentenced to suffer a year's imprisonment, and to pay a fine of 1001. Being unable to pay the fine, and to find securities for his future conduct, he obtained the liberty of the rules of the king's bench. He died in 1733.

WOOLWICH, a town in Kent, with a market on Friday. It is of great note for being the most ancient military and naval arsenal in England, and for its royal dock-yard, where men of war have been built as early as the reign of Henry VIII. At the eastern part of the town is the royal arsenal, in which are vast magazines of great guns, mortars, bombs, balls, powder, and other warlike stores; a foundery, with three furnaces, for casting ordnance; and a laboratory, where fireworks and cartridges are made, and bombs, carcases, grenados, &c. charged for the public service. A little to the south of the arsenal are extensive artillery barracks, for the accommodation of the officers and privates: and a little further is a royal military academy, where the mathematics are taught and cadets instructed in the military art. Woolwich is seated on the Thames, which is here so deep that large ships may at all times ride with safety. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 9826, and since that time they have more than doubled. Woolwich is eight miles east of London.

WORCESTER, a town of Massachusets, capital of Worcester county, and the largest inland town in New England. It has manufactures of pot and pearl-ash, cotton and linen goods, and some other articles. It is situate in a healthy vale, 45 miles W. by S. of Boston. Lon. 71. 55 W. Lat. 42. 20 N.

WORCESTER, a city and the capital of Worcestershire, and a bishop's see, with a market on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. It contains nine churches, beside the cathedral, and two more without the walls of the city; also meeting-houses for various sectaries as well as Roman catholics. Edgar's Tower, a strong portal, is part of its ancient castle; here are also three grammar-schools, seven hospitals, a public infirmary, and a well contrived quay. It is

governed by a mayor, carries on a considerable trade in carpets and gloves, and has a large manufacture of elegant china-ware. In 1801 the nunrber of inhabitant was 13,671. Here Cromwell, in 1651, obtained a victory over the Scotch army, which had marched into England to reinstate Charles II. who, after this defeat, escaped with great difficulty into France. Worcester is seated on the Severn, 36 miles N.N.E. of Bristol, and 111 W.N.W. of Loa don. Lon. 2. 0 W. Lat. 52. 9 N.

WORCESTERSHIRE, a county of Eng land, 30 miles long and 20 broad; bounded on the north by Shropshire and Staffordshire, east by Warwickshire, S.E. and south by Glouces tershire, and west by Herefordshire. It contains 431,360 acres: is divided into five hundreds, and 152 parishes; has one city and 11 market-towns; and sends nine members to parliament. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 139,333, and in 1811 was 161,001. The soil in the vales and meadows is very rich, par ticularly the vale of Evesham, which is styled the granary of these parts. The bills have generally an easy ascent, except the Malvern hills in the S.W. part of the county, and feed large flocks of sheep. Licky, near Bromsgrove, toward the north; and the Bredon hills, toward the S.E. This county had formerly two large forests, but the iron and salt-works have in a manner destroyed them. Here is plenty of fruits of most sorts, especially pears, which are in many places found growing in the hedges. The chief commodities are coal, corn, hops, cloth, cheese, cider, perry, and salt. The principal rivers are the Severn, Temme or Tend, and Avon.

The other hills are the

WORD. s. (pord, Saxon; woord, Dutch.) 1. A single part of speech (Pope). 2. A short discourse (Tillotson). 3. Talk; discourse (Denham). 4. Dispute; verbal contention (Shakspeare). 5. Language; oral expression (Boyle). 6. Promise (Dryden). 7. Signal; token; order (Shakspeare). 8. Account; tidings; message (Prior). 9. Declaration; purpose expressed (Dryden). 10. Affirmation (Decay of Piety). 11. Scripture; word of God (Whitgift). 12. The second person of the ever adorable Trinity. A scripture term (Milton).

WORD, OF WATCH-WORD, in military affairs, is some peculiar word or sentence, by which the soldiers know and distinguish one another in the night, &c. and by which spies and designing persons are discovered. It used also to prevent surprises. The word is given out in an army every night to the lieute nant, or major-general of the day, who gives it to the majors of the brigades, and they to the adjutants; who give it first to the field-officers, and afterwards to a serjeant of each company, who carry it to the subalterns. In garrisons it is given after the gate is shut to the townmajor, who gives it to the adjutants, and they to the serjeants.

To WORD. v.n. (from the noun.) To dis pute (L'Estrange.)

now only used in the phrase World without end. 17. In the WORLD. In possibility (Addison). 18. For all the WORLD. Exactly (Sidney),

WO'RLDLINESS, s. (from worldly.) Covetousness; addictedness to gain, WORLDLING. s. (from world.) Amortal set upon profit (Hooker).

WORLDLY. a. (from world.) 1. Secular; relating to this life, in contradistinction to the life to come (Atterbury). 9. Bent upon this world; not attentive to a future state (Milton). 3. Human; common; belonging to the world (Raleigh).

WORLDLY. ad. (from world.) With relation to the present life (South),

WORM, in gunnery, a screw of iron, to be fixed on the end of a rammer, to pull out the wad of a firelock, carabine, or pistol, being the same with the wad-hook, only the one is more proper for small arms, and the other for

cannon.

WORM, in chemistry, is a long winding pipe, placed in a tub of water, to cool and condense the vapours in the distillation of spirits..

WORM (Blind or Slow). See ANGUIS,
WORM (Earth). See LUMBRICUS.
WORM (Glow). See LAMPYRIS.
WORM (Silk). See SILK,

Το

To WORM. v. n. (from the noun,) work slowly, secretly, and gradually (Herbert).

To WORM. v. a. 1. To drive by slow and secret means, perhaps as by a screw (Swift). 2. To deprive a dog of something under his tongue, which is said to prevent him from running mad. See WORMING.

WORM BARK. See GEOFFRÆA.

WORM GRASS (Perennial). See SPIGELIA. WORM GUINEA. Dracunculus. A singular worm which insinuates itself under the skin, and creeps along the cellular membrane. It is peculiar to Africa and warm climates. See FILARIA.

See

WORM RING. A species of herpes. HERPES. See SANTONICUM and

WORM SEED. CHENOPODIUM. WORMEATEN. a. (worm and eaten.) 1. Gnawed by worms (Shakspeare). 2. Old; worthless (Donne).

WORMING, an operation performed on puppies, under an ignorant supposition that it prevents their going mad; but in reality to cure them, as it generally does, of the disposition to gnaw every thing in their way. It consists in the removal of a small worm-like ligament, situated beneath the tongue; and the part being afterwards sore for some days, the animal is thus weaned of his mischievous habits.

WORMS, as a distinct class in zoology, See VERMES, HELMINTHOLOGY, and Zoo

.LOGY.

WORMS FOR ANGLING. See ANGLING. WORMS (Intestinal). See INVERMINATION.

WORMS (Petrified). These are one of the most common fossils that occur in marble and other rocks. In this form they are denominated Helmintholithites; and we have given various specimens of them in Nat. Hist. Pl. LXXX. LXXXIV. CLIV. CLXXV. CLXXX. CLXXXVIII.

WORMS, an imperial city of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, with an episcopal see, whose bishop is a prince of the empire, It is famous for a diet held in 1521, at which Luther assisted in person. The protestants have a church here, where Luther is represented as appearing at the diet. Worms is noted for an excellent wine, called our Lady's Milk. In the war of 1689, it was taken by the French, who almost reduced it to ashes; and it was again taken by them in 1794. It is seated on the west bank of the Rhine, 20 miles S.E. of Mentz, and 32 S.W. of Franc fort. Lon, 8. 29 E. Lat. 49. 32 N.

WORMWOOD. See ABSINTHIUM VUL GARE and ARTEMISIA.

WORMY. a. (from worm.) Full of worms (Milton).

WORN. The part, passive of wear. Wea out, is quite consumed (Dryden),

WORNIL. s. In the backs of cows in the summer are maggots generated, which in Essex they call wornils (Derham).

To WORRY. v. a. (ponizen, Saxon.) I To tear, or mangle, as a beast tears its prey (King Charles). 2. To harass or persecule brutally (Swift).

WORSE. a. The comparative of bad, (ppr, Saxon.) More bad; more ill (Locke).

WORSE. ad. In a manner more bad (S.).

The WORSE. s. (from the adjective.) 1. The loss; not the advantage; not the better (2 Kings). 2. Something less good (Clarissa).

To WORSE. v. a. (from the adjective.) To put to disadvantage: not used (Milton).

WORSER. a. A barbarous word, formed by corrupting worse with the usual compara tive terminat n (Dryden).

WORSHIP. (peonorcype. Saxon.) 1. Dignity; eminence; excellence (Psalms). 2. A character of honour (Shakspeare). 3. A title of honour (Dryden). 4. A term of ironical respect (Pope). 5. Adoration; religi ous act of reverence (Milton). 6. Honour; respect; civil deference (Luke). 7. Idolatry of lovers; submissive respect (Shakspeare),

To WO'RSHIP. v. a. (from the noun.) To adore; to honour or venerate with religi ous rites (Milton). 2. To respect; to honour, to treat with civil reverence (Shakspeare). 3, To honour with amorous respect (Carew).

To WO'RSHIP. v, n. To perform acts of adoration (1 Kings).

WORSHIPFUL. a. (worship and full.) 1. Claiming respect by any character or diguity (South). 2. A term of ironical respect,

WORSHIPFULLY. ad. Respectfully, WORSHIPPER, s.(from worship-) Adoret; one who worships (Addison).

WORST. (the superlative of bad, formed, from worse.) Most bad; most ill (Locke).