includes Danish Lapland. It stands on a small island of the same name, near the continent, and has an old fort, where the governor resides. It is 120 miles E.S.E. of the North Cape. Lon. 31. 7 E. Lat. 70. 23 N. WA'RDMOTE. s. (peard and mote, or zemoz, Saxon.) A meeting; a court held in each ward or district in London, for the direction of their affairs. WA'RDROBE. s. (garderobe, French.) A room where clothes are kept (Addison). WARDSHIP. s. (from ward.) 1. Guardi anship (Bacon). 2. Pupilage; state of being under ward (King Charles). WARDSHIP. In our ancient customs, when the tenant died, and his heir was under the age of twenty-one being a male, or fourteen being a female, the lord was entitled to the wardship of the heir, and was called the guard. ian in chivalry. This wardship consisted in having the custody of the body and lands of such heir, without any account of the profits, till the age of twenty-one in males, and four teen (which was afterwards advanced to sixteen) in females. For the law supposed the heir inale unable to perform knight's service tili twenty-one; but as for the female, she was supposed capable at fourteen to marry, and then her husband might perform the office. 2 Black. 67. This privilege of the lord's was abolished under the commonwealth, and the abolition confirmed by stat. 12. C. II. c. 24. WARE. The preterit of wear, more frequently wore (Luke). WARE. a. (we commonly say aware). 1. Being in expectation of; being provided against (Mat.). 2. Cautious; wary (Spenser). To WARE. v. n. To take heed of; to beware (Dryden). WARE. s. (pann, Saxon; waere, Dutch; teara, Swedish.) Commonly something to be sold (Ben Jonson). WARE, a town in Hertfordshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on the river Lea, by which large quantities of malt and corn are sent to London, and the barges return with coal. It is two miles E. by N. of Hertford, and 21 N. by E. of London. At the distance of about a mile from this town is the origin of the New River, which conducts water to a reservoir at Islington, partly for the supply of London. WAREE, a town of Guinea, capital of a country of its name, in the kingdom of Benin. It is 70 miles S.S.W. of Benin. Lon. 6. 0 E. Lat. 5. 38 N. WA'REFUL. a. (ware and full.) Cautions; timorously prudent. WA'REFULNESS. s. (from wareful.) Cautiousness: obsolete (Sidney). WAREHAM, a borough in Dorsetshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It is seated between the Frome and Piddle, at their entrance into Lochford lake, the west part of Poole harbour. It had eight churches, now reduced to three; also a wall of earth, and a castle; but has suffered much by the various turns of fortune, and the har bour is almost choked up. In 1762, twothirds of the town was destroyed by fire, but has been rebuilt. Above the bridge, over the Frome, is a good salmon fishery and in the neighbourhood fine tobacco-pipe clay is dag, of which nearly 10,000 tons are annually sent coastwise: Wareham is the birth-place of the celebrated Horace Walpole. It is twenty miles E. of Dorchester, and 112 W. by S. of London." WAREHOUSE. s. (ware and house.) A storehouse of merchandise (Addison). WA'RELESS. a. (from ware.) Uncautious; unwary (Spenser). Warily; WA'RELY. ad. (from ware.) cautiously; timorously (Spenser). WARFARE. s. (war and fare.) Military service; military life; state of contest and solicitude (Rogers). To WARFARE. v. n. (from the noun.) To lead a military life (Camden). WARGENTIN (Peter), a Swedish mas thematician, was born in 1717. In this country he is best known from his tables for computing the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites. He died at the Observatory at Stockholm in 1783. WARHABLE. a. (war, and habile, Lat.) Military; fit for war (Spenser). WA'RILY. ad. (from wary.) Cautiously; with timorous prudence; with wise forethought (Hooker). WA'RINESS. s. (from wary.) Caution; prudent forethought; timorous scrupulousness (Sprat). WARING (Edward, M.D.), Lucasian professor of mathematics in the university of Cambridge, was the son of a wealthy farmer, of the Old Heath, near Shrewsbury. The early part of his education he received at the free-school in Shrewsbury; whence he removed to Cambridge, aud was admitted on the 24th of March, 1753, a member of Magdalen college. Here his talents for abstruse calculation soon developed themselves, and, at the time of taking his degree, he was considered as a prodigy in those sciences which make the subject of the bachelor's examination. The name of Senior Wrangler, or the first of the year, was thought scarcely a sufficient honour to distinguish one who so far outshone his contemporaries; and the merits of John Jebb were sufficiently acknowledged, by being the second in the list. Waring took his first, or bachelor's degree, in 1757, and the Lucasian professorship became vacant before he was of sufficient standing for the next, or master's degree, which is a necessary qualification for that office. This defect was supplied by a royal mandate, through which he became master of arts in 1760; and shortly after his admission to this degree, the Lucasian professor. In 1762, he published his Miscellanea Analytica; one of the most abstruse books written on the abstrusest parts of algebra. This work extended his fame over all Europe. He was elected, without solicitation on his part, member of the societies of Bononia and Gottingen; and received flattering marks of esteem from the most eminent mathematicians at home and abroad. The difficulty of this work may be presumed from the writer's own words, "I cannot say that I know any one who thought it worth while to read through the whole, and perhaps not the half of it." literated from the memory of those who passed through his fiery ordeal. Wishing to do ample justice to the talents and virtue of the professor, we feel ourselves somewhat at a loss in speaking of the writings by which alone he will be known to posterity. He is the discoverer, according to his own account, of nearly 400 propositions in the analy tics. This may appear a vain-glorious boast, especially as the greater part of those discoveries are likely to sink into oblivion; but he was, in a manner, compelled to make it by the insolence of Lalande, who, in his life of Condorcet, asserts that, in 1764, there was no first-rate analyst in England. In reply to this assertion, the professor, in a letter to Dr. Mas kelyne, first mentions, with proper respect, the inventions and writings of Harriot, Briggs, Napier, Wallis, Halley, Bruncker, Wren, Pell, Barrow, Mercator, Newton, De Moivre, Maclaurin, Cotes, Stirling, Taylor, Simpson, Emerson, Landen, and others; of whom Emerson and Landen were living in 1764. He then gives a fair and full detail of his own inventions, of which many were published anterior to 1764; and concludes his letter in these words. "I know that Mr. Lalande is a first-rate astronomer, and writer of astronomy; but I never heard that he was much conversant in the deeper parts of mathematics; for which reason I take the liberty to ask him the following questions: Mathematics did not, however, engross the whole of his attention. He could dedicate some time to the study of his future profession; and in 1767, he was admitted to the degree of doctor of physic; but, whether from the incapacity of uniting together the employments of active life with abstruse speculation, or from the natural diffidence of his temper, for which he was most peculiarly remarkable, the degree which gave him the right of exercising his talents in medicine was to him merely a barren ⚫title. Indeed he was so embarrassed in his mauners before strangers, that he could not have made his way in a profession in which so much is done by address; and it was fortunate that the case of his circumstances permitted him to devote the whole of his time to his favourite pursuit. His life passed on, marked out by discoveries, chiefly in abstract science; and by the publication of them in the Philo sophical Transactions, or in separate volumes, under his own inspection. He lived some years after taking his doctor's degree, at St. Ives, in Huntingdonshire. While at Cambridge he married-quitted Cambridge with a view of living at Shrewsbury; but the air or smoke of the town being injurious to Mrs. Waring's health, he removed to his own estate at Plaisley, Has he ever read or understood the writ about eight miles from Shrewsbury, where he ings of the English mathematicians: and, as died in 1797, universally esteemed for inflexi- the question comes from me, I subjoin, parti. ble integrity, modesty, plainness, and simpli- cularly of mine? If the answer be in the ne city of manners. They who knew the great-gative, as it is my opinion, if his answer be the ness of his mind from his writings looked up to him with reverence everywhere; but he enjoyed himself in domestic circles with those chiefly among whom his pursuits could not be the object either of admiration or envy. The outward pomp which is atlected frequently in the higher departments in academic life was no gratification to one whose habits were of a very opposite nature; and he was too much occupied in science to attend to the intrigues of the university. There, in all questions of science, his word was the law; and at the annual examination of the candidates for the prize instituted by Dr. Smith, he appeared to the greatest advantage. The candidates were generally three or four of the best proficients In the mathematics at the previous annual examination for the bachelor's degree, who were employed from nine o'clock in the morning to ten at night, with the exception of two hours for dinner, and twenty minutes for tea, in answering, viva voce, or writing down answers to the professor's questions, from the first rudiments of philosophy to the deepest parts of his own and sir Isaac Newton's works. Perhaps no part of Europe affords an instance of so severe a process; and there was never any ground for suspecting the professor of partiaty. The zeal and judgment with which he performed this part of his office cannot be ob truth, that it will, then there is an end of all further controversy;-but if he asserts that he has, which is more than Condorcet did by his own acknowledgment, then he may know, from the enumeration of inventions made in the prefaces, with some subsequent ones added, that they are said to amount to more than 400 of one kind or other. Let him try to reduce those to as low a number as he can, with the least appearance of candour and truth; and then let him compare the number with the number of inventions of any French mathe matician or mathematicians, either in the present or past times, and there will result a com parison (if I mistake not) not much to his liking; and, further, let him compare some of the first inventions of the French mathe maticians with some of the first contained in my works, both as to utility, generality, novelty, difficulty, and elegance, but wisely as to utility, there is little contained in the deep parts of any science; he will find their diff culty and novelty from his difficulty of understanding them, and his never having read any similar before; their generality, by the application of them; principles of elegance will differ in different persons.-I must say, that he will probably not find the difference expected. After or before this inquiry is institutes for mine, let him perform the same for the ther English mathematicians; and when he has completed such inquiries, and not before, he will become a judge of the justice of his assertion; but I am afraid that he is not a sufficient adept in these studies to institute such inquiries; and if he was, such inquiries are invidious, troublesome, and of small uti lity." By mathematical readers this account, which was not published by the professor himself, is allowed to be very little, if at all, exaggerated. Yet if, according to his own confession, "few thought it worth their while to read even half of his works," there must be soine grounds for this neglect, either from the difficulty of the subject, the unimportance of the discoveries, or a defect in the communication of them to the public. The subjects are certainly of a difficult nature, the calculations are abstruse; yet Europe contained many persons not to be deterred by the most intricate theorems. Shall we say then, that the discoveries were unimportant? If this were really the case, the want of utility would be a very small disparagement among those who cultivate science with a view chiefly to entertainment and the exercise of their rational powers. We are compelled, then, to attribute much of this neglect to a perplexity in style, manner, and language; the reader is stopped at every instant, first to make out the writer's meaning, then to fill up the chasm in the demonstration. He must invent anew every invention; for, after the enunciation of the theorem or problem, and the mention of a few steps, little assistance is derived from the professor's powers of explana tion. The Proprietates Algebraicarum Curvarum, published in 1772; the Meditationes Algebraicæ, published in 1770; and the Meditationes Analyticæ, which were in the press during the years 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, were the chief and the most laborious works edited by the professor; and in the Philosophical Transactions is to be found a variety of papers, which alone would be sufficient to place him in the first rank in the mathematical world. The nature of them may be seen from the following catalogue. Vol. liii. p. 294, Mathematical Problems; liv. 193, New Properties in Conics; lv. 143, Two Theorems in Mathematics; lxix. Problems concerning Interpolations; 86, a General Resolution of Algebraical Equations; lxxvi. 80, on Infinite Series; Ixxvii. 71, on Finding the Values of Algebraical Quantities by Converging Serieses, and Demonstrating and Extending Propositions given by Pappus and others; lxxviii. 67, on Centripetal Forces; ib. 588, on some Properties of the Sum of the Division of Numbers; lxxix. 166, on the Method of Correspondent Values, &c.; it. 185, on the Resolution of Attractive Powers; lxxxi. 146, on Infinite Serieses; lxxxiv. 385-415, on the Summation of those Serieses whose general term is a determinate function of, the distance of the term of the Series. For these papers, the professor was, in 1784, deservedly honoured by the Royal Society with sir Godfrey Copley's medal; and most of them afford very strong proofs of the powers of his mind, both in abstract science, and the application of it to philosophy; though they labour, in common with his other works, under the disadvantage of being clothed in a very unattractive form. The mathematician, who has resolution to go through them, will not only add much to his own knowledge, but be usefully employed in dilating on those articles for the benefit of the more general reader. We might add in this place, a work written on morals and metaphysics in the English language; but as a few copies only were presented to his friends, and it was the professor's wish that they should not have a more extensive circulation, we shall not here enlarge upon its contents. In the mathematical world, the life of Waring may be considered as a distinguished era. The strictness of demonstration required by the ancients had gradually fallen into disuse, and a more commodious, though almost mechanical mode by algebra and fluxions took its place, and was carried to the utmost limit by the professor. Hence many new demonstrations may be attributed to him, but 400 discoveries can scarcely fall to the lot of a human being. If we examine thoroughly those which our professor would distinguish by such names, we shall find many to be mere deductions, others, as in the solution of biquadratics, anticipated by former writers. But if we cannot allow to him the merit of so inventive a genius, we must applaud his assiduity; and, distinguished as he was in the scientific world, the purity of his life, the simplicity of his manners, and the zeal which he always manifested for the truths of the gospel, will intitle him to the respect of all who do not esteem the good qualities of the heart inferior to those of the head. WARKWORTH, a village in Northumberland, at the mouth of the Coquet, five miles S.E. of Alnwick. It has a castle, the seat of the duke of Northumberland; and near it, on the bank of the river, is a hermitage divided into three apartments, cut out of a rock. WAʼRLİKE. a. (war and like.) 1. Fit for war; disposed to war (Philips). 2. Military ; relating to war (Milton). WARLING. s. (from war.) One often quarrelled with (Camden). WA'RLOCK. WARLUCK. s. (vardlookr, Islandic, a charm; peɲlog, Saxon, an evil spirit.) A male witch; a wizzard (Dryden). WARM. a. (warm, Gothic; peaɲm, Saxon; warm, Dutch.) 1. Not cold, though not hot; heated to a small degree (Milton). 2. Zealous; ardent (Pope). 3. Habitually passionate; ardent; keen. 4. Violent; furious; vehement (Dryden). 5. Busy in action; heated with action (Dryden). 6. Fanciful; enthusiastic (Locke). 7. Vigorous; sprightly. To WARM. v. a. (from the adjective.) 1. To free from cold; to heat in a gentle degree (Isaiah). 2. To heat mentally; to make vehement (Dryden). To WARM, v. n. To grow less cold (Isaiah). WARMINGPAN. s. (warm and pan.) A covered brass pan for warming a bed by means of hot coals. WARMINSTER, a town in Wiltshire, with a market on Saturday, a woollen manufacture, and a great trade in malt. It has two churches, and is seated at the source of the Willy, 22 miles N.W, of Salisbury, and 96 W. by S. of London. WARMLY. ad. (from warm), 1. With gentle heat (Milton). 2. Eagerly; ardently. WARMNESS, WARMTH. s. (from warm,) 1. Gentle heat (Addison). 2. Zeal; passion; fervour of mind (Sprat). 3. Fancifulness; enthusiasm (Temple). ToWARN.v.a. (pæɲnian, Saxon; waernen, Dutch; warna, Swedish.) 1. To caution against any fault or danger; to give previous notice of ill (South). 2. To admonish of any duty to be performed, or practice or place to be avoided or forsaken (Acts). 3. To inform previously of good or bad (Dryden). WARNING. s. (from warn.) 1, Caution against faults or dangers; previous notice of ill (Wake). 2. Previous notice: in a sense indifferent (Duty of Man). WARP, in the manufactures, a name for the threads, whether of silk, wool, linen, hemp, &c. that are extended lengthwise on the weaver's loom; and across which the workman, by means of his shuttle, passes the threads of the woof, to form a cloth, riband, fustian, or the like, WARP, a small rope employed occasionally to remove a ship from one place to another, in a port, road, or river. And hence, To WARP, is to change the situation of a ship, by pulling her from one part of a harbour, &c. to some other, by means of warps, which are attached to buoys; to anchors sunk in the bottom; or to certain stations upon the shore, as posts, rings, trees, &c. The ship is accordingly drawn forwards to those stations, either by pulling on the warps by hand, or by the application of some purchase, as a tackle, windlass, or capstern, upon her deck. When this operation is performed by the ship's lesser anchors, these machines, together with their warps, are carried out in the boats alternately towards the place where the ship is endeavouring to arrive: so that when she is drawn up close to one anchor, the other is carried out to a competent distance before her, and being sunk, serves to fix the other warp, by which she is farther advanced. To WARP. v. n. (peanpan, Saxon; werpen, Dutch, to throw; whence we sometimes say the work casts.) 1. To change from the true situation of intestine motion; to change the position from one part to another (Moxon). 2. To lose its proper course of direction (Shakspeare). 3. To turn (Milton). To WARP. v. a. 1. To contract; to shrivel. 3. To turn aside from the true direction (Watts). 3. It is used by Shakspeare to ex press the effect of frost. To WA'RRANT. v. n. (garantir, French.) 1. To support or maintain; to attest (Locke), 2. To give authority (Shakspeare). 3. To justify (South). 4. To exempt; to privilege; to secure (Sidney). 5. To declare upon surety (L'Estrange). WA'RRANT. S. (from the verb.) 1. A writ conferring some right or authority (Clarendon), 2. A wr giving the officer of justice the power of caption (Dryden). 3. A secure inviolable grant (Hooker). 4. A justificatory commission (Kettle.). 5. Attestation (South), 6. Right; regality: obsolete (Shakspeare). WARRANT, a præcipe under hand and seal to some officer, to bring any offender before the person granting it; and warrants of commitment are issued by the privy council, a secretary of state, or justice of the peace, &c. where there has been a private information, or a witness had deposed against an offender, Wood's Inst. 614. Any one under the degree of nobility may be arrested for a misdemeanor, or any thing done against the peace of the kingdom, by warrant from a justice of the peace; but if the person is a peer of the realm, he must be apprehended for a breach of the peace by warrant out of B. R. Dalt. Just. 263. A constable ought not to execute a justice's warrant, where the warrant is unlawful, or the justice has no jurisdiction; if he does, he may be punished. Plowd. 394. But if any person abuses it, by throwing it in the dirt, &c. or refuses to execute a lawful warrant, it is a contempt of the king's process, for which the offender may be indicted and fined. Crompt. 149, A general warrant to apprehend all persons suspected, without naming or particularly de scribing any person in special, is illegal and void for its uncertainty; for it is the duty of the magistrate, and ought not to be left to the officer, to judge of the ground of the suspicion. Also a warrant to apprehend all persons guilty of such a crime, is no legal warrant; for the point upon which its authority rests, is a fact to be decided on a subsequent trial; namely, whether the person apprehended thereupon is guilty or not guilty. 4 Black. 291. A warrant may be lawfully granted by any justice for treason, felony, or præmunire, of any other offence against the peace; and it seems clear, that where a statute gives any one justice a jurisdiction over any offence, or a power to require any person to do a certain thing ordained by such a statute, it impliedly gives a power to every such justice to make out a warrant to bring before him any one accused of such offence, or compelled to do any thing ordained by such statute: for it cannot but be intended, that a statute which gives a person jurisdiction over an offence, means also to give him the power incident to all courts, of compelling the party to come before him. 2 Haw. 84. But in cases where the king is not a party, or where no corporal punishment is appointed, as in cases for servants' wages and the like, it seems that a summons is the more proper process; and for default of appearance, the justice may proceed; and so indeed it is often directed by special statutes. A warrant from any of the justices of the court of King's Bench extends over all the kingdom, and is tested or dated England; but a warrant of a justice of peace in one county, must be backed, that is, signed, by a justice of another county, before it can be executed there. And a warrant for apprehending an English or a Scotch offender may be indorsed in the opposite kingdom, and the offender carried back to that part of the united kingdom in which the offence was committed. 4 Black. 291. WARRANT OF ATTORNEY, is an authority and power given by a client to his attorney, to appear and plead for him; or to suffer judg ment to pass against him by confessing the action, by nil dicit, non sum informatus, &c. WA'RRANTABLE. a. (from warrant.) Justifiable; defensible (South). WA'RRANTABLENESS. s. (from warrantable.) Justifiableness (Sidney). WA'RRANTABLY. ad. (from warrantable.) Justifiably (Wake). WARRANTER. s. (from warrant.) 1. One who gives authority. 2. One who gives security. WARRANTISE. s. (warrantiso, law La. tin.) Authority; security (Shakspeare). WA'RRANTY. s. (warrantia, law Latin; garantie, garant, French.) 1. (In the common law.) A promise made in a deed by one man unto another, for himself and his heirs, to secure him and his heirs against all men, for the enjoying of any thing agreed of between them (Cowell). 2. Authority; justificatory mandate (Taylor). 3. Security (Locke). To WARRAY. v. a. (from war.) To make war upon (Fairfax). WARRE. a. (pœnɲ, Saxon.) Worse: obsolete (Spenser). WARREN, a name applied to a privileged place, by prescription or grant from the king, in which to keep beasts or fowls of warren. These in ancient records were said to be the hare, the coney, the pheasant, and the partridge; but the word now applies to any particular district, or tract of land, appropriated to the breeding and preservation of rabbits as private property. These become a most valuable and profitable stock; paying a much greater annual rent than can be expected from a light and sandy soil, under any other mode of cultivation. There is a distinction between a warren and free warren. The franchise next in degree to a park, is a free warren, and appertains chiefly to the privilege of killing game within its boundaries. A warren, in its general signification, implies nothing farther than a peculiar spot for the numerous produc tion of conies, with which the neighbouring inhabitants and the markets of the metropolis are supplied; and these invariably pass under the denomination of rabbit warrens. WARREN, a town of Rhode Island, in Bristol county, which has a good trade, particularly in ship-building. It stands on Warren river and the N.E. part of Narraganset bay, ten miles S.S.E. of Providence. WARRENER. s. (from warren.) The keeper of a warren. WARRINGTON, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Wednesday, manufactures of canvas, cottons, checks, hardware, pins, and glass, and a considerable traffic in malt. Here are two churches, an excellent freeschool, and a large academy for the education of youth. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 10,567. It is seated on the Mersey, over which is a bridge, 16 miles E. of Liverpool, and 182 N.N.W. of London. WARRIOUR. s. (from war.) A soldier; a military man. WARSAW, a city of Poland, lately the metropolis of that country, and in the palatinate of Masovia. It is built partly in a plain, and partly on a gentle rise from the Vistula; extending, with the suburbs of Kraka and Praga, over a vast extent of ground, and containing above 66,000 inhabitants. The streets are spacious, but ill paved; the churches and public buildings large and magnificent; the palaces of the nobility numerous and splendid; but the greatest part of the houses, particularly in the suburbs, are mean and ill-constructed wooden hovels. In the beginning of 1794, the empress of Russia put a garrison into this city, in order to compel the Poles to acquiesce in the usurpations she had in view; but this garrison was soon expelled by the citizens. The king of Prussia besieged Warsaw in July, but was compelled to raise the siege in Sep tember. It was undertaken by the Russians, who, in November, took by storm the suburb of Praga, massacred the inhabitants, and nearly reduced it to ashes. The immediate conse quence was the surrender of the city to the Russians, who, in 1796, delivered it up to the king of Prussia. Toward the end of 1806 the French occupied this place; and by the treaty of Tilsit, the city, and this part of Poland, was given to Saxony, to be held under the title of the duchy of Warsaw. It is 170 miles S. of Konigsberg, and 180 E.N.E. of Breslau. Lon. 21.0 E. Lat. 52. 14. N. WART, a small knotty kind of tumor which most frequently rises on the skin of the hands. Many ridiculous cures have been suggested for them by old women, and these have been kept in countenance by the spontaneous disappearance of warts, which frequently happens. When a remedy is thought necessary, touching them once a day with tincture of muriated iron is a very good one. WARTED SNAKE, in amphibiology. See ACROCORDUS. WARTED PLANT. See VERUCOSE. WARTENBERG, a town of Silesia, capital of a lordship of the same name, with a castle. In 1742 it was entirely reduced to ashes, ex |