fever, although it suffers some slight remission on the coming out of the eruption, does not go off as in the distinct kind; on the contrary, it becomes increased after the fifth or sixth day, and continues considerable throughout the remainder of the disease.

As the eruption advances, the face being thickly beset with pustules, becomes very much swelled, the eyelids are closed up, so as to deprive the patient of sight, and a gentle salivation ensues, which towards the eleventh day is so viscid as to be spit up with great difficulty. In children, a diarrhoea usually attends this stage of the disease instead of a salivation, which is to be met with only in adults. The vesicles on the top of the pimples are to be perceived sooner in the confluent small-pox than in the distinct; but they never rise to an eminence, being usually flatted in; neither do they arrive to proper suppuration, as the finid contained in them, instead of becoming yellow, turns to a brown colour.

About the tenth or eleventh day, the swelling of the face usually subsides, and then the hands and feet begin to puff up and swell, and about the same time the vesicles break, and pour out a liquor that forms into brown or black crusts, which, upon falling off, leave deep pits behind them that continue for life, and where the pustules have run much into each other, they then disfigure and scar the face very considerably.

Sometimes it happens that a putrescency of the fluids takes place at an early period of the disease, and shews itself in livid spots interspersed amongst the pustules, and by a discharge of blood by urine, stool, and from various parts of the body.

In the confluent small-pox, the fever, which, perhaps, had suffered some slight remission from the time the eruption made its appearance to that of maturation, is often renewed with considerable violence at this last mentioned period, which is what is called the secondary fever, and this is the most dangerous stage of the disease. It has been observed, even amongst the vulgar, that the small-pox is apt to appear immediately before or after the prevalence of the measles. Another curious observation has been made relating to the symptoms of these complaints, namely, that if, while a patient labours under the small-pox, he is seized with the measles, the course of the former is retarded till the eruption of the measles is finished, The measles appear, for instance, on the second day of the eruption of small-pox, the progress of this ceases till the measles terminate by desquamation, and then it goes on in the usual way. Several cases are however recorded in the Medical and Physical Journal, as likewise in the third volume of the Medical Commentaries, in which a concur rence of the small-pox and measles took place without the progress of the former being retarded. The distinct small-pox is not attended with danger, except when it attacks pregnant women, or approaches nearly in its nature to that of the confluent; but this last is always

accompanied with considerable risk, the de gree of which is ever in proportion to the violence and pernianence of the fever, the number of pustules on the face, and the disposition to putrescency which prevails.

When there is a great tendency this way, the disease usually proves fatal between the eighth and eleventh day, but in some cases, death is protracted till the fourteenth or sixteenth. The confluent small-pox, although it may not prove immediately mortal, is very apt to induce various morbid affections.

Both kinds of small-pox leave behind them a predisposition to inflammatory complaints, particularly to ophthalmia and visceral inflam mations, but more especially of the thorax; and they not unfrequently excite scrophula into action which might otherwise have laid dormant in the system.

The regular swelling of the hands and feet upon that of the face subsiding, and its conti nuance for the due time, may be regarded in a favourable light.

The dissections which have been made of confluent small-pox have never discovered any pustules internally on the viscera. From them it also appears that variolous pustules never at tack the cavities of the body, except those to which the air has free access, as the nose, mouth, trachea, the larger branches of the bronchiæ, and the outermost part of the meatus anditorius. In cases of prolapsus ani, they likewise frequently attack that part of the gut which is exposed to the air. They have usually shewn the same morbid appearances inwardly, as are met with in putrid fever, where the disease has been of the malignant kind. Where the febrile symptoms have run high, and the head has been much affected with coma or delirium, the vessels of the brain appear, on removing the cranium and dura mater, more turgid, and filled with a darker coloured blood than usual, and a greater quantity of serious fluid is found, particularly to wards the base of the brain. Under similar circumstances, the lungs have often a darker appearance, and their moisture is more copi ous than usual. When no inflammatory affection has supervened, they are most usually found.

VARIOLARIA, in botany, a tribe of the cryptogamous genus LEPRARIA, which see. VARIOUS. a. (varius, Latin.) 1. Dif ferent; several; manifold (Milt.), 2. Changeable; uncertain; unfixed; unlike self Locke). 3. Unlike each other (Dryden). 4. Variegated; diversified (Milton).

VARIOUSLY. ad. (from various.) In a various manner (Bacon).

A

VARIX. (from varus, i. e. oltorius). dilatation of a vein. A genus of disease in the class locales and order tumores of Cullen; known by a soft tumour on a vein which does not pulsate. Varicose veins mostly become serpentine, and often form a plexus of knots, especially in the groins and scrotum.

VA'RLET. 5. (varlet, old French, now valet.) 1. Anciently a servant or footman

(Spenser). 2. A scoundrel; a rascal (Dryden).

VARLETRY. s. (from varlet.) Rabble; crowd; populace (Shakspeare).

VARNISH. s. (vernis, French; vernix, Latin.) 1. A matter laid upon wood, metal, or other bodies, to make them shine (Bacon). 2. Cover; palliation.

To VARNISH. v. a. (vernisser, French.) 1. To cover with something-shining (Shakspeare). 2. To cover; to conceal or decorate with something ornamental (Dryden). 3. To palliate; to hide with colour of rhetoric (Denham). VARNISH, in the arts, a compound fluid, obtained in various ways, and which when spread over a solid substance adheres to it, and being dry, forms upon its surface a shining and transparent coat, impervious to air and

moisture.

The best, perhaps the only substances that are capable of producing these effects, are resins; and as of these lac has been more generally employed, either alone or in conjunction with other materials, than the rest: many of the most valuable and important varnishes are denominated lacquers, and the mode of using them lacquering; those especially which are applied to the surface of metals, to heighten their colour as well as to afford them protection from the action of air and moisture.

The resins, or resinous substances that are chiefly made use of for the purpose of varnish. ing are the following; lac, benzoin, mastich, anime, elemi, sandarach, turpentine, gamboge, dragon's blood, copal, amber, asphalt, caoutchouc.

These substances are capable of solution in the one or the other, and some of them in all the three following menstrua; alkohol, or spirits of wine, volatile or essential oils, and fat or fixed oils.

Before a resin is dissolved in a fixed oil it is necessary to render the oil drying. For this purpose the oil must be boiled with metallic oxyds, in which process its mucilage combines with the metal, while the oil itself unites with the oxygen of the oxyd. To accelerate the drying of this varnish, it is necessary to add oil of turpentine.

The essential varnishes consist of a solution of some of the above resins in oil of turpentine. The varnish being applied, the essential oil flies off. This is chiefly used for paintings.

When resins are dissolved in alkohol the varnish dries very speedily, and is subject to erack, but this fault is corrected by adding a small quantity of turpentine to the mixture, which renders it brighter and less brittle when dry.

The coloured resins, or resinous gums, as gamboge, and dragon's blood, are used to give a Lincture to the varnish.

We have already observed, that when fixed oils are used they must be previously rendered drying: and we may take an example of varnishes thus prepared from common amber varnish. To make this, half a pound of amber is kept over a gentle fire in a covered iron pot,

in the lid of which there is a small hole, till it is observed to become soft, and to be inelted together into one mass. As soon as this is perceived, the vessel is taken from off the fire, and suffered to cool a little; when a pound of good painter's varnish is added to it, and the whole suffered to boil up again over the fire, keeping it continually surring. After this, it is again removed from the fire; and when it is become somewhat cool, a pound of oil of turpentine is to be gradually mixed with it. Should the varnish, when it is cool, happen to be yet too thick, it may be attenuated with more oil of turpentine. This varnish has always a dark-brown colour, because the amber is previously half-burned in this operation; but if it be required of a bright colour, amberpowder must be dissolved in transparent painter's varnish, in Papin's machine, by a gentle fire.

As an instance of the sort of varnishes with ethereal oils, may be adduced the varnish made with oil of turpentine. For making this, mastich alone is dissolved in oil of turpentine by a very gentle digesting heat, in close glass vessels. This is the varnish used for the modern transparencies employed as window-blinds, fire-screens, and for other purposes. These are commonly prints, coloured on both sides, and afterward coated with this varnish on those parts that are intended to be transparent. Sometimes fine thin calico, or Irish linen, is used for this purpose; but it requires to be primed with a solution of isinglass, before the colour is laid on.

Copal may be dissolved in genuine Chio turpentine, according to Mr. Sheldrake, by adding it in powder to the turpentine previously melted, and stirring till the whole is fused. Oil of turpentine may then be added, to dilute it sufficiently. Or the copal in powder may be put into a long-necked matrass with twelve parts of oil of turpentine, and digested several days on a sand-heat, frequently shaking it. This may be diluted with one-fourth or onefifth of alcohol. Metallic vessels, or instruments, covered with two or three coats of this, and dried in an oven each time, may be washed with boiling water, or even exposed to a still greater heat, without injury to the varnish.

A varnish of the consistence of thin tur pentine is obtained for aërostatic machines, by the digestion of one part of elastic gun, or choutchouc, cut into small pieces, in thirty-two parts of rectified oil of turpentine. Previously to its being used, however, it must be passed through a linen cloth, in order that the undissolved parts may be left behind.

In spirit.varnish, it should be observed, that the most solid resins yield the most durable var nishes; but a varnish must never be expected to be harder than the resin naturally is of which it is made. Hence it is absurd to suppose that there are any incombustible varnishes, since there is no such thing as an incombus tible resin. But the most solid resins by themselves produce brittle varnishes: therefore some

thing of a softer substance must always be mixed with them, whereby this brittleness is diminished. For this purpose gum elemi, turpeutine, or balsam of copaiva are employed in proper proportions. For the solution of these bodies the strongest alcohol ought to be used, which may very properly indeed be distilled over alkali, but must not have stood upon alkali. The utmost simplicity in composition with respect to the number of the ingredients in a formula is the result of the greatest skill in the art; hence it is no wonder that the greatest part of the formulas and recipes that we meet with are composed without any principle at all.

In conformity to these rules, a fine colourless varnish may be obtained, by dissolving eight ounces of gum sandarach and two ounces of Venice turpentine in thirty-two ounces of alcohol by a gentle heat. Five ounces of shelllac and one of turpentine, dissolved in thirtytwo ounces of alcohol by a very gentle heat, give a harder varnish, but of a reddish cast. To these the solution of copal is undoubtedly preferable in many respects. This is effected by triturating an ounce of powder of gum copal, which has been well dried by a gentle heat, with a drachm of camphor, and, while these are mixing together, adding by degrees four ounces of the strongest alcohol, without any digestion.

Between this and the gold varnish there is only this difference, that some substances that communicate a yellow tinge are to be added to the latter. The most ancient description of two sorts of it, one of which was prepared with oil, and the other with alcohol, is to be found in Alexius Pedemontanus Dei Secreti, Lucca, of which the first edition was publish ed in the year 1557. But it is better prepared, and more durable, when made after the following prescription: take two ounces of shell-lac, of arnatto and turmeric each one ounce, and thirty grains of fine dragon's blood, and make an extract with twenty ounces of alcohol in a gentle heat.

Oil varnishes are commonly mixed immediately with the colours, but lac or lacquer varnishes are laid on by themselves upon a burnished coloured ground: when they are intended to be laid upon naked wood, a ground should be first given them of strong size, either alone or with some earthy colour, mixed up with it by levigation. The gold lacquer is simply rubbed over brass, tin, or silver, to give them a gold colour.

Pere d'Incarville has informed us, that the tree which affords the varnish of China is called tsi-chou by the Chinese. This tree is propagated by offsets. When the cultivator is desirous of planting it, he takes a branch, which he wraps up in a mass of earth, by means of flax. Care is taken to moisten this earth; the branch pushes out roots, and is then pruned and transplanted. This tree grows to the size of a man's leg.

The varnish is drawn in spring. If it be a cultivated tree, it affords three gatherings. It

is extracted by incisions made in the spring; and when the varnish, which is received in shells, does not flow, several hog's bristles, moistened with water or saliva, are introduced into the wound, and cause it to run. When the tree is exhausted, the upper part of it is wrapped in straw, which is set on fire, and causes the varnish to precipitate to the bottom of the tree, where it flows out of pertorations made for that purpose.

Those who collect the varnish set out before day-break, and place their shells beneath the apertures. The shells are not left longer than three hours in their place, because the heat of the sun would evaporate the varnish.

The varnish emits a smell, which the workmen are very careful to avoid respiring. It produces an effect which they call the bud of the varnish.

When the varnish issues from the tree it resembles pitch. By exposure to the air, it gradually becomes coloured, and is, at last, of a beautiful black.

The juice which flows from incisions made in the trunk and branches of the rhus toxico dendron possesses the same properties. It is a white milky fluid, which becomes black and thick by the contact of the air.

To make the varnish bright, it is evaporated by the sun; and a body is given to it with hog's gall and sulphat of iron.

The Chinese use the oil of tea, which they render drier by boiling it with orpiment, realgar, and arsenic.

To give lustre to a varnish after its application, it is rubbed with pounded pumice-stone and water; this is dried up with a cloth, and the work then rubbed with an oiled rag and tripoli. The surface is last of all cleaned with soft linen cloths, cleared of all greasiness with powder of starch, and rubbed bright with the palm of the hand.

We have said that lacquers or lacquer varnishes consist chiefly of those that are ap plied to metals to heighten their colour and bring it nearer to that of gold, as well as for protection. The metals commonly lacquered are brass and tin. The following is one of the best varnishes for this purpose,

Take of turmeric pulverised one ounce, and of saffron and arnatto each two drachms; infuse them at a moderate temperature for a week or more in a pint of rectified alkohol; separate the yellow tincture thus obtained by straining through a piece of clean linen, and add to the clean liquor three ounces of good seed lac: let the materials digest together for some days in a bottle, with frequent shaking, and then strain off the clear part, which is the lacquer. If the piece of brass to which it is to be applied is large, as a lock for example, it is to be warmed, and the lacquer, made also warm, is to be spread on with a brush: if the articles be small, they are to be made up into packets, then warmed, and afterwards dipped into the varnish.

VARNISH TREE. See RHUS.

VAʼRNISHER. s. (from varnish.) 1. One

whose trade is to varnish (Boyle). 2. A disguiser; an adorner (Pope).

VARRO (M. Tereutius), a Roman consul, defeated at Cannæ; by Annibal. (See TERENTIUS.)—2. A Latin writer, celebrated for his great learning. He wrote no less than 500 different volumes, all now lost, except a treatise De re Rustica, and another, De lingua Latina, dedicated to Cicero. He was Pompey's lieutenant in his piratical wars, and obtained a naval crown. In the cival wars he was taken by Cæsar, and proscribed, but he escaped. He has been greatly commended by Cicero for his erudition. He died B. C. 28, in the 88th year of his age.—3. A native of Gaul, in the age of J. Cæsar. He translated into Latin verse the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius, with great correctness and elegance. He failed in his attempt to write satire. (Horat.)

VARRONIA, in botany, a genus of the class pentandria, order monogynia. Corol fiveclett; drupe with a four-celled nut. Nine species; shrubs of the West Indies or America. VARVELS. s. (varvelles, Fr.) Silver rings about the legs of a hawk, on which the owner's name is engraved.

To VARY. v. a. (varior, Latin.) 1. To change; to make unlike itself (Milton). 2. To change to something else (Waller). 3. To make of different kinds (Brown). 4. To diversify; to variegate (Milton).

TO VARY. v. n. 1. To be changeable; to appear in different forms (Milton). 2. To be unlike each other (Collier). 3. To alter; to become unlike itself (Pope). 4. To deviate; to depart (Locke). 5. To succeed each other (Addison). 6. To disagree; to be at variance (Davies). 7. To shift colours (Pope). VARY. S. (from the verb.) Change; alteration not in use (Shakspeare).

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VAS DEFERENS. (from defero, to convey.) A duct which arises from the epididymis, and passes through the inguinal ring in the spermatic cord into the cavity of the pelvis, and terminates in the vesicula seminales. Its use is to convey the semen, or at least a seminal fluid secreted in the testicle, and brought to it by the epididymis into the vesiculæ seminales.

VASA. Vessels. In anatomy and botany. Constant vegetabilia triplicibus vasis. 1. Suc cosa liquorem vehunt: carrying the juices. 2. Utriculi alveolis succum conservant: secreting or receiving them. 3. Trachea aërem attrahunt: air-vessels. Philos. Bot. See ANATOMY, BOTANY, and PHYSIOLOGY.

VASA BREVIA. The arteries which come from the spleen, and run along the large arch of the stomach to the diaphragm.

VASA DEFERENTIA. See VAS DEFERENS. VASA VORTICOSA. The contorted vessels of the choroid membrane.

VASCULAR. a. (from vasculum, Latin) Consisting of vessels; full of vessels (Arbuth.). VASCULI'FEROUS. 4. (vasculum and fero, Latin.) Such plants as have, beside the common calyx, a peculiar vessel to contain the sced, sometimes divided into cells (Quincy),

VASE, a term frequently used for ancient vessels dug from under ground, or otherwise found, and preserved in the cabinets of the curious. In architecture, the appellation vase is also given to those ornaments placed on corniches, sochles, or pedestals, representing the vessels of the ancients, particularly those used in sacrifice; as incense-pots, flower-pots, &c. They serve to crown or finish façades, or fron tispieces; and hence called acroteria. The term vase, however, is more particularly used in architecture to signify the body of the Corinthian and Composite capital; otherwise called the tambour or drum, and sometimes the campana or bell.

VASSAL. s. (vassal, Fr. vassallo, Ital.) 1. One who holds by the will of a superiour lord (Addison). 2. A subject; a dependant (Raleigh). 3. A servant; one who acts by the will of another (Shakspeare). 4. A slave; a low wretch (Shakspeare).

VA'SSALLAGE. s. (vasselage, Fr.) The state of a vassal; tenure at will; servitude; slavery; dependance (Dryden).

VAST. a. (vaste, Fr. vastus, Lat.) 1. Large; great (Clarendon). 2. Vitiously great; enor mously extensive or capacious (Milton).

VAST. S. (vastum, Lat.) An empty waste. VASTATION. s. (vastatio, Lat.) Waste; depopulation (Decay of Piety).

VASTIDITY. s. (vastilas, Lat.) Wideness; immensity. A barbarous word (Shakspeare).

VA'STLY. ad. (from vast.) Greatly; to a great degree (South).

VASTNESS. s. (from vast.) Immensity; enormous greatness (Bentley).

VASTUS EXTERNUS, in anatomy. (vastus, so called from its size.) This large, thick, and fleshy muscle is situated on the outer side of the thigh; it arises, by a broad thick tendon, from the lower and anterior part of the great trochanter, and upper part of the linea asperia; it likewise adheres by fleshy fibres to the whole outer edge of that rough line. Its fibres descend obliquely forwards, and after it has run four or five inches downwards, we find it adhering to the anterior surface and outer side of the cruræus, with which it continues to be connected to the lower part of the thigh, where we see it terminating in a broad tendon, which is inserted into the upper part of the patella laterally, and sends off an aponeurosis that adheres to the head of the tibia, and is continued down the leg.

VASTUS INTERNUS. This muscle, which is less considerable than the vastus externus, is situated at the inner side of the thigh, being separated from the last described muscle by the

rectus.

It arises tendinous and fleshy from between the fore-part of the os femoris, and the root of the lesser trochanter, below the insertion of the psoas magnus, and the iliacus internus; and from all the inner side of the linea aspera. Like the vastus externus it is connected with the cruræus, but it continues longer fleshy than that muscle. A little above the knee we see

its outer edge uniting with the inner edge of the rectus, after which it is inserted tendinous into the upper part and inner side of the patella, sending off an aponeurosis which adheres to the upper part of the tibia.

VASTY. a. (from vast.) Large; enor mously great (Shakspeare).

This seems to be the proper lac-insect tree, concerning which naturalists have so long differed in opinion. The reader will find a particular account of it, as well as of the manner of collecting this valuable secretion, in Buchanan's Journey, vol. i. pp. 170 and 343. See also the article LAC, in the present work. VATICAN, a hill at Rome, near the Tiber and the Janiculum, lately admired for ancient monuments and pillars, and for the palace of the pope, which is said to consist of several thousand rooms the parts of it most admired are the grand staircase, the pope's apartment, and especially the library, which is one of the richest in the world, both in printed books and manuscripts.

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VATICAN MANUSCRIPT is one of the most celebrated manuscripts of the Greek version of the Bible now extant in the world. It was published at Rome by cardinal Carafa, at the command of Sixtus Quintus, in 1587; and in the preface, it is said to have been written ante millesimum ducentesimum annum, i. e. before 387; but Blanchini supposes it a few years later. A Latin edition from this manuscript, with notes, was printed at Rome in 1588, by Flam. Nobilius; and an edition, with the Greek and Latin, with the division of the verses, according to the Vulgate, and Nobilius's Latin notes, and the Greek scholia of Carafa, by J. Morinus, at Paris, in 1628. This manuscript is written in large or text letters, and has no distinguishing chapters, verses, words, nor any morks of accents. It is mutilated both at the beginning and end; and wants the first forty-six chapters of Genesis, thir ytwo Psalms, viz. from the 105th to the 137th, and the latter part of the Epistle to the Hebrews, from chap. ix. ver. 14. with the other Epistles of Paul to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, and the whole book of Revelation. It appears also, that the whole manuscript has been repaired, with fresh ink laid over the let ters, which were disappearing through age. In the edition of Carafa the mutilated passages have been supplied from other copies.

It has been asserted, by two eye-witnesses, that this manuscript has undergone some alterations by a later hand. See Le Long's Biblioth. Sacra, cap. 3. sect. 4; and Wetstein's Prolegomena, Nov. Test. p. 24.

It is difficult to estimate the comparative

merit seems to belong to the Vatican. For farther particulars, see the Prolegomena of Walton, Grabe, Wetstein, Mills, and Le Long, ubi supra.

VA'TICIDE. s. (vates and cado, Lat.) A murderer of prophets.

To VATICINATE. n. n. (vaticinor, Lat.) To prophesy; to practise prediction (Howel). VA'VASOUR. s. (vavasseur, Fr.) One who himself holding of a superiour lord, has others holding under him (Camden).

VAUBAN (Sebastian le Prestre, seigneur de), marshal of France, and the greatest engineer that country ever produced, was born in 1633. He displayed great abilities and skill in many sieges, and his services were rewarded with the first military honours. He was made governor of Lisle, commissary-general of the fortifications of France, and afterwards governor of the maritime parts of Flanders, and a marshal of France. He died in 1707, having brought fortification to a degree of perfection unknown before. His writings on these sub. jects are in the highest esteem."

VAUD (Pays de), a country of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern. It extends along the lake of Geneva, rising gradually from the edge of that lake, and is richly laid out in vineyards, corn-fieids, and meadows, and chequered with continued villages and towns. It was wrested from the duke of Savoy, by the canton of Bern, in 1536. Lausanne is the capital.

VAUDABLES, a town of France, in the department of Puy de Donne, five miles from Issoire, and 240 S. by E. of Paris.

VAUDEMONT, a town of France, in the department of Meurthe, with a castle. It is seated in the most fertile country for corn in all Lorrain, 15 miles S.E. of Toul, and 18 S.W, of Nanci. Lon. 5. 57 E. Lat 48. 26 N.

VAUDEVIL. s. (vaudeville, Fr.) A song common among the vulgar; a bal ad; a trivial strain.

VAUDOIS (Valleys of), in Piedmont. They lie N. of the marquisate of Saluzzo, and the chief town is Lucerna.

VAUDOIS, VALDENSES, OF WALDENSES, in ecclesiastical history, a name given to a sect of reformers, who made their first appearance about the year 1160.

Of all the sects that arose in this century, none was more distinguished by the reputation it acquired, by the multitude of its votaries, and the testimony which its bitterest enemies bore to the probity and innocence of its mem