line mass is dissolved in a suffelent quantity of hot water, and allowed to crystallize spontaneously in a close vessel, two sets of crystals are gradually deposited. The lowermost set has the figure of flat rhomboidal prisms; the uppermost, on the contrary, has the form of rectangular tables. These two may be easily separated by exposing them for some time to a dry atmosphere. The rectangular tables effloresce and fall to powder, but the rhomboidal prisms remain unaltered. When these salts are examined, they are found to have the properties of phosphats. The rhom boidal prisms consist of phosphat of ammonia united to a little phosphat of soda; the rectangular tables, on the contrary, are phosphat of soda united to a small quantity of phosphat of ammoria. Urine, then, contains phosphat of soda and phosphat of ammonia. When urine is cautiously evaporated, a few eubic crystals are often deposited among the other salts; these crystals have the properties of muriat of ammonia. Now the usual form of the crystals of muriat of ammonia is the octahedron. The change of its form in urine is produced also by urea. This salt is obtained in greater abund ance when the crystals of urea obtained from the alcohol solution are distilled. When urine is boiled in a silver bason it blackens the bason; and if the quantity of urine is large, small crusts of sulphuret of silver may be detached. Hence we see that urine contains sulphur. This sulphur exhales along with the carbonic acid when the urine putrefies; for the fumes which separate from urine in that state blacken paper stained with acetat of lead. Urine, then, contains the following substances: 1. Water, 2. Phosphoric acid, 3. Phosphat of lime, 4. Phosphat of magnesia, 5. Carbonic acid, 6. Carbonat of lime, 7. Uric acid, 8. Rosacic salt, 9. Benzoic acid, 10. Gelatin and albumen, 11. Urea, 12. Resin, 13. Muriat of soda, 14. Phosphat of soda, These are the only substances which are constantly found in healthy urine; but it contains also occasionally other substances. Very often muriat of potash may be distinguished among the crystals which form during its evaporation. The presence of this salt may always be detected by dropping cautiously some tartaric acid into urine. If it contains muriat of potash, there will precipitate a little tartar, which may easily be recognized by its properties. Urine sometimes also contains sulphat of soda, and even sulphat of lime. The presence of these salts may be ascertained by pouring into urine a solution of muriat of barytes; a copious white precipitate appears, consisting of the barytes combined with phosphoric acid, and with sulphuric acid if any is present. This precipitate must be treated with a sufficient quantity of mu riatic acid. The phosphat of barytes is dissolved, but the sulphat of barytes remains unaltered. Such are the properties of human urine in a state of health: but this excretion is singularly modified by disease; and the changes to which it is liable have attracted the attention of phy sicians in all ages, because they serve in some measure to indicate the state of the patient and the progress of the disease under which he labours. The following are the most remarkable of these changes that have been observed: 1. In inflammatory diseases the urine is of a red colour, and peculiarly acrid; it deposits ns sediment on standing, but with oxymuriat of mercury it yields a copious precipitate. 2. During jaundice the urine has an orangeyellow colour, and comntunicates the same tint to linen. Muriatic acid renders this urine green, and thus detects the presence of a little bile. 3 About the end of inflammatory diseases the urine becomes abundant, and deposits a copious pink-coloured sediment, composed of rosacic acid, a little phosphat of lime, and uric acid. 4. During hysterical paroxysms, the urine usually flows abundantly. It is limpid and colourless, containing much salt, but scarcely any urea or gelatin. 5. Mr. Berthollet observed that the urine of gouty persons contains usually much less photphoric acid than healthy urine. But during a gouty paroxysm it contains much more phosphoric acid than usual; though not more than con stantly exists in healthy urine. 6. In general dropsy, the urine is loaded with albumen, and becomes milky, or even coagulates, when heated, or at least when acids are mixed with it. In dropsy from diseased liver, no al bumen is present, the urine is scenty, highcoloured, and deposits the pink-coloured sediment 7. In dyspepsia, the urine always yields a copious precipitate with tan, and putrefies ra pidly. 8. The urine of rickety patients is said to be "loaded with phosphat of lime, or, according to others, with oxalat of lime. 9. In diabetes, the urine is sweet-tasted and often loaded with saccharine matter. In one case, the urine emitted daily by a diabetic patient, according to the experiments of Cruikshank, contained 29 ounces of sugar. The urine of other animals differs consider. ably from that of man. For the analysis of the urine of quadrupeds hitherto made, we are chiefly indebted to Rouelle junior. The following facts have been ascertained by that chemist, and by the late experiments of Foureroy and Vauquelin: I. The urine of the horse has a peculiar odour: after exercise it is emitted thick and milky; at other times it is transparent, but becomes muddy soon after its emission. When exposed to the air, its surface becomes covered with a crust of car bonat of lime. It gives a green colour to syrup of violets, and has the consistence of mucilage. The following are its constituents as estimated by Fourcroy and Vauquelin from their expe specimens he found it in abundance, and easily precipitated by muriatic acid. In others there was little or none. He could detect no benzoic acid in the food of horses. Hence he considers it as formed within the animal, and he thinks that it appears only in cases of disease. II. The urine of the cow has a strong resemblance to that of the horse; it has nearly the same odour, and the same mucilaginous consistence. It tinges syrup of violets green, and deposits a gelatinous matter. On standing, small crystals are formed on its surface. It contains, according to Rouelle, 1. Carbonat of potash, IV. The urine of the rabbit has been lately analysed by Vauquelin. When exposed to the air, it becomes milky, and deposits carbonat of lime. It gives a green colour to syrup of violets, and effervesces with acids. That chemist detected in it the following substances; 1. Carbonat of lime, 3. Carbonat of potash, 4. Sulphat of potash, 6. Muriat of potash, 8. Gelatin, 9. Sulphur. V. Vauquelin has also made some experiments on the urine of the guinea-pig, from which it appears that it resembles the urine of the other quadrupeds. It deposits carbonat of lime, gives a green colour to syrup of violets, and contains carbonat and muriat of potash, but no phosphat nor uric acid. Thus it appears that the urine of the graminivorous quadrupeds agrees with the human in containing urea, but differs from it materially in being destitute of phosphoric acid, phosphats, and uric acid. Vauquelin has also examined the urine of various other animals, and the results we shall give in his own words: "The urines of the lion and tiger are perfectly similar: they have also some resemblance to that of man, but they differ in some essential points. "First difference: they are alkaline, even at the instant of being voided; the urine of a man in health is, on the contrary, always acid. "It is to the presence of the ammonia developed in these urines that we ought to ascribe the strong and disagreeable smell which they diffuse, even when in the act of issuing from the bladder of this class of animals. "Second difference: they do not contain any uric acid, nor any combination of this acid with the alkalies. At least, there was no sensible trace when the experiment was four times repeated. "The defect of uric acid in these urines was the more remarkable, as I used to ascribe its forma tion to animal food. "The third difference exhibited by the urine of the lion and the royal tiger from that of man was the almost total absence of phosphat of lime. "This is what might be naturally expected, since this salt cannot be dissolved in water except by means of a superabundance of acid, and the urine in question is on the contrary alkaline. "It would nevertheless seem that the kidneys of these animals separate a certain quantity of this salt from the blood; for I found slight traces of it in these urines; and ammonia is formed in the bladder only, where probably it precipitates phosphat of lime: and this is without doubt the reason that the urine of these animals issues from the bladder almost always in a turbid state. "If, according to this, we ever find calculi in the bladders of these animals, they can be formed of phosphat of lime only, since this is the only insoluble substance they contain. "Fourth difference: the urines of the lion and the tiger contain but an infinitely small quantity of muriat of soda; whereas that of men genérally exhibits a great deal. "We find in these urines a great quantity of urea very much disposed to crystallization, and in general a little coloured; phosphats of soda and ammonia, sulphat of potash, a mucous matter, and a trace of iron. "The above are the points in which the urines of the lion and royal tiger resemble that of man; but they differ, as has been shown, in a sufficient number of points to warrant us in forming a particular species. It is composed as follows: 1. Urea, 2. Animal mucus, 3. Phosphat of soda, 4. Phosphat of ammonia, 5. Muriat of ammonia, 6. A trace of phosphat of lime, 7. Sulphat of potash in a large quantity, 8. An atom of muriat of soda. "A careful analysis several times repeated of the urine of the beaver, proved that it has a great resemblance to the urine of the common herbivorous animals. "In fact, we there find carbonat of lime kept in solution by a superabundance of carbonic acid: benzoic and acetic acids, urea, muriat of soda, and sulphat of potash; and we meet with no uric acid in it, or phosphoric salts. "Nevertheless it differs in so far as it contains no muriat of ammonia, and as possessing a considerable quantity of carbonat and acetat of magnesia, which is not found, at least in a great quantity, in the urine of herbivorous animals. "I discovered the carbonat of magnesia in the following manner: "After having concentrated by a gentle heat a certain quantity of this urine, I decanted the liquor, and washed with distilled water the vessel to the sides of which the carbonat of lime adhered. I afterwards passed sulphuric acid into it diluted with water, which produced a frothy effervescence on account of a mucous matter which carries off with it the carbonat of lime. "Perceiving that the sulphuric acid had acquired a bitter taste from this combination, I dried and calcined the mixture, then I washed it with a little water, and I obtained by the evaporation of the latter a salt which had all the properties of sulphat of magnesia. "Wishing to ascertain by another experiment, if there was muriat of ammonia in the urine of URSA, in astronomy, the Bear, a name common to two constellations of the northern hemisphere, near the pole, distinguished by Major and Minor. URSA MAJOR, or the Great Bear, one of the 48 old constellations, and perhaps more ancient than many of the others; being fami liarly known and alluded to by the oldest writers, and is mentioned by Homer as observed by navigators. It is supposed that this constellation is that mentioned in the book of Job, under the name of Chesil, which our transla tion has rendered Orion, where it is said, the beaver, as well as in that of other herbivorous animals, I put into a portion of this thickened liquor a piece of caustic potash; and as the odour of the ammonia was not perceived even with the aid of heat, I concluded that it did not contain any muriat of ammonia: but a phenomenon was exhibited which astonished me, and which excited a desire to examine the cause of it. The liquor went into a gelatinous-like mass: sug pecting that this effect was produced by the precipitation of some earthy substance, I treated the whole of the thickened urine which I possessed with caustic potash; I filtered the liquor, in order to obtain the matter in question; and after having washed and calcined it, I combined it with sulphu-"Canst thou loose the bands of Chesil (Ori ric acid diluted with water, and obtained sulphat of magnesia mixed with a little sulphat of lime. "Although I have announced that the urine of "the beaver contains acetat of magnesia, yet I am not perfectly certain of it: in fact, it may be possible that during the evaporation, although effected with a gentle heat, a certain quantity of acetic acid may be formed, and the latter may have acted on the carbonat of magnesia left in the liquor, on account of its solubility being 'greater than that of the carbonat of lime. "We generally ascertain by the colour, smell, and taste, and above all by the property which the urine of the beaver possesses of staining alumed cloths, the kind of vegetables on which the animal feeds. "In the urine of the animal which I made the subject of my experiment, I distinguished evident marks of the colouring matter of willow bark, and its keeper confirmed the observation. "There seem to be cases, therefore, in which certain vegetable substances may pass through the digestive organs, and the circulation, with out entirely losing the properties which distinguish them in their natural state. "I also found in the urine of the beaver a quantity of iron, which at first astonished me; but having reflected that it had been collected in a tinned iron vessel, and that it contained carbonic acid, I thought that the greater quantity of this metal proceeded from the vessel. "The urine of the beaver is therefore composed of, i. Urea, 2. Animal mucus, 3. Benzoat of potash, 4. Carbonat of lime and magnesia, 5. Acetat of magnesia (doubtful), 6. Sulphat of potash, 7. Muriat of potash or of soda, URINE (Retention of). A want of the ordinary secretion of urine. In retention of urine there is none secreted: in a suppression, the urine is secreted but cannot be voided. URINE (Suppression of). See ISCHURIA. To URINE, v. n. (uriner, French.) To make water. URINOUS. a. (from urine.) Partaking of urine (Arbuthnot). URN. s. (urne, French; urna, Latin.) 1. Any vessel, of which the mouth is narrower than the body (Dryden). 2. A water-pot (Creech). 3. The vessel in which the remains of burnt bodies were put (Wilkins). on)?" It is farther said that the ancients represented each of these two constellations under the form of a waggon drawn by a team of horses, and the Greeks originally called them waggons and two bears; they are to this day popularly called the wains, or waggons, and the greater of them Charles's Wain. Hence is remarked the propriety of the expression, "loose the bands," &c. the binding and loos ing being terms very applicable to a harness, &c. Perhaps the Egyptians, or whoever else were the people that invented the constellations, placed those stars, which are near the pole, in ing towards the north pole, and making neither the figure of a bear, as being an animal inhabislong journeys, nor swift motions. But the Greeks, in their usual way, have adapted some of their fables to it, They say this bear was Callisto, daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia that being debauched by Jupiter, he afterwards placed her in the heavens, as well as her son Arcturus. The Greeks called this constellation Arctos and Helice, from its turning round the pole. The Latins from the name of the nymph, as variously written, Callisto, Megisto, and Fle misto, and from the Arabians, sometimes Feretrum Majus, the Great Bier, And the Ursa Minor they called Feretrum Minus, the Little Bier. The Italians have followed the same custom, and call them Cataletto. They spoke also of the Phenicians being guided by the Lesser Bear, but the Greeks by the Greater, There are two remarkable stars in this constellation, viz. those in the middle of his body, considered as the two hindermost of the wain, and called the pointers, because they always point nearly in a direction towards the north pole star, and so are useful in finding that star, The stars in Ursa Major are, according to Ptolomy's catalogue, 35; in Tycho's 56; in Hevelius's 73; but in the Britannic catalogue 87. URSA MINOR, the Little Bear, called also Arctos Minor, Phoenice, and Cynosura, one of the 48 old constellations, and near the north pole, the large star in the tip of its tail being very near to it, and thence called the pole star. The Phenicians guided their navigations by UROGALLUS, in ornithology. See Te-this constellation, for which reason it was called Phenice, or the Phenician constellation, TRAQ. URS It was also called Cynosura by the Greeks, Ptolomy places in this constellation 8 stars, URSINA RADIX. The root of the plant called bold-money. See MEUM ATHAMANTI CUM. URSUS. Bear. Badger. Racoon, &c. In zoology, a genus of the class mammalia, order feræ. Fore-teeth, upper six, hollowed within, alternate; lower six, lateral two longer, lobed; secondary at the base interior; tusks solitary; grinders from five to six, the first approaching the tusks; tongue smooth; eyes with a nectitant membrane; snout prominent; penis with a curved bone. These have five toes on each foot, all contiguous; sole of the foot long, resting on the heel: they climb; and some use the fore-feet like hands. Ten species, as follow. 1. U. arctos. Black bear. Five varieties. a. Quite black, and smaller than the rest. 6. Brown, or ferruginous. . Black, mixed with white hairs. J. Variegated. 11. White. -This species has a long head, small eyes, and short ears, rounded at the top; limbs strong, thick, and clumsy; feet large; tail very short; its body covered with very long shaggy hair. The largest bears of this species are the rusty brown, 6; the smallest, the deep black, a. Those on the confines of Russia black, mixed with white hairs, 7, are called by the Germans silver bears. It is Tartary that yields the pure white,, but these are very rare. They inhabit the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and Arabia, the Alps of Switzerland and Dauphiné; Japán and Ceylon, North America and Peru. Thus they appear to be confined to no one climate; but to bear with almost any, except the burning sands of Africa. The brown bears are sometimes carnivorous, and will destroy cattle, and eat carrion; but their general food is roots, fruits, and vegetables: they will rob the fields of peas; and when they are ripe, pluck up great quantities of them, beat Some out the pulse, and carry away the straw. of them feed also on insects and honey, The carnivorous kinds inflate the carcases of their prey, and buy what is left. They wash their feet and lick their paws when in the den: gravid a hundred and twelve days, and bring forth one: they become torpid from the middle of November till the frost breaks; walk slowly, unless irritated, and then very quickly; fight with the fore feet, standing erect upon the hind; never attack man unless provoked; before battle always make the young get into trees: descend trees tail foremost, of which they are careful; are not lousy; fly at music; stand easily on the bind-feet; swim; the Bectita nt membrane renders the aspect horrid. The thumb is narrower than the other toes; teats four; head less than that of the lion, brain larger; the te ndons are made use of as thread by the Laplanders. The flesh is eatable; the gall very bitter, and used in epilepsies; the fat employed 2. U. Americanus. American bear. Black; : The same variety is also found in Kamschatka": they are very cowardly, and will not attack mankind unless provoked, or in defence of their young. Those of Kamschatka will bite the na tives when they find them asleep, but will not deselves entirely to vegetables, and are remarkably Your them. In both countries they confine themfond of maize and potatoes: they reject all ani mal food but fish, even when pressed by hunger. The females, after conception, retire into the most secret places; lest, when they bring forth, the males should devour the young. So impenetrable is their retreat during pregnancy, that out of five hundred, killed in one winter in two coun ties of Virginia, only two females were found, and those not pregnant. Winter is their breeding season; they bring two, rarely three, young at a time: the cubs are deformed, but not a shapeless mass, to be licked into shape, as the ancients pretended. The cubs, even of the brown bear, are of a jetty blackness, and often have round their necks a circle of white. The flesh of a bear in autumn, when they are most excessively fat, by feeding on acorns and other mast, is delicate food, and that of, the cubs still finer; but the paws of the old bears are reckoned the most delicate morsel: their fat is very white and sweet. In the latter end of autumn, after they have fattened themselves to the greatest degree, they withdraw to their dens, where they continue for a great number of days in total inactivity and abstinence from food; having no other nourishment than what they get by sucking their feet, where the fat lodges in great abundance. In Lapland, they pass the long night in dens lined warmly with a vast bed of moss, in which they roll themselves, secure from the cold of that severe season. Their retreats are either in clefts of rocks; in the deepest recesses of the thickest woods, or in the hollows of ancient trees, which they ascend and descend with surprising agility. As they lay in no winter provisions, they are in a certain space of time forced from their retreats by the urgent calls of hunger, and come out extremely lean. Multitudes of them are killed annually in America for the sake of their flesh or skins; which last make a considerable article of commerce. There are no bears in Britain or in France, except, perhaps, a few in the most unfrequented mountains of the latter. They are solitary animals; but the young follow their mother so long as they need her assistance: they are said to live twenty or twenty-five years: the male and female live not together, but have each a separate place of retreat: their amazing fatness makes them light for swimming; and accordingly they traverse with ease rivers and lakes. Upon their sides and thighs their fat is sometimes ten inches thick. The soles of their feet appear to be composed of small glands: when wounded, there issues out a white milky juice: it is this perhaps that they suck from their paws. Buffon mentions two domestic bears, that in 1772 were at Berne, and had been brought from Savoy thirty years before that period. These began to generate at the age of five: after which period the female was in season every year in the month of June, and brought forth in January: she produced the first time one cub only, and after wards sometimes one, sometimes two; but never more than three: she was exceeding fond of them: their eyes were shut during four weeks. At first they did not exceed eight inches in length: at the end of three months they measured only fifteen. After the death of the male, which happened in consequence of a fall from a high tree, the female appeared to be much afflicted; and refused every kind of nourishment for several days; but unless these animals be brought up together from their earliest youth, they cannot endure one another; and after being accustomed to this kind of society, the survivor will not admit another mate. They are said to have weak eyes, but acute senses of hearing, touching, and smelling. When the bear is hunted, and finds himself overpowered, he leans his back against a rock or a tree, collects turf and stones, which he throws at his enemies; and it is generally in this situation that he receives the finishing blow. 3. U. maritimus. White or Polar bear. White; tail short; head and neck lengthened; end of the nose black; teeth very large; hair long, soft, and white, tinged in some parts with yellow; limbs of great size and strength. This species grows to a vast bulk: the skins of sorae are thirteen feet long. They are confined to the coldest part of the globe, and have been found as far as navigators have penetrated northward, above the parallel of eighty degrees. The frigid climates alone seem adapted to their nature; even the north of Norway, and the country of Mesen, in the north of Russia, are destitute of them; they are found chiefly on the shores of Hudson's bay, Greenland, and Spitzbergen: they are also met with in great abundance in Nova Zembla, and from the river Oby along the coast of Siberia to the mouths of the Jenesei and Lena; but never seen far inland, unless they lose their way in mists. None are found in Kamschatka or its islands. They have been found as far south as Newfound land; but they are not natives of that country, being only brought there accidentally on islands of ice that float along the northern seas, from the polar regions southward. During summer, the white bear is either resident on some island of ice, or passes from one to another. They swim admirably, and can continue that exercise six or seven leagues: they dive with great agility. They bring two young at a time; and so strong is the affection between the parents and the offspring, that they die rather than desert one another. Their winter retreats are under the snow, in which they form deep dens, supported by frozen pillars of the same, or else under some great eminence, beneath the fixed ice of the frozen ocean. They feed on fishes, seals, and the carcasses of whales, and on human bodies, which they will greedily disinter: they seem to be very fond of human blood; and are so fearless as to attack companies of armed men, and even to board small vessels. When on land, they live on birds and their eggs. Allured by the scent of the seals flesh, they often break into the houses of the Greenlanders. Their greatest enemy of the brute creation is the morse, with which they have terrible conflicts, but are generally worsted; the vast teeth of the former giving it a decided superiority. Their flesh is white, and said to taste like mut, tou; but their liver is very unwholesome: their fat is melted for train oil. One of this species was brought over to England a few years ago, and exhibited in many places. It was very furious; almost always in motion; roared loud; and seemed very uneasy, except when cooled, by baving pail-fulls of water poured upon it. Land bears, sometimes spotted with white, at other times wholly white, are sometimes seen in the parts of Russia bordering on Siberia, in a wandering state, and are supposed to have strayed out of the lofty snowy mountains which divide the two countries. They are said to dread the whale, who scents and pursues them, from a natural antipathy; because they eat her young. 4. U. luscus. Wolverene, or wolverene bear. Tail long; body rusty-brown; snout blackish; forehead and sides yellowish-brown. This species of the bear has a black, sharp-pointed visage, and short, round ears, almost hid in the hair. The hair on its head, back, and belly,is reddish, tipt with black; so that, at first sight, those parts appear quite black; its sides are of a yellowish brown, This colour passes, in form of a band, quite over the hind part of the back above the tail; it has a white spot on its throat, and on its breast another white mark, in form of a crescent: its legs are very thick and short, of a deep black: it has five toes on each foot; but they are not deeply di vided. Like the brown and the black bear, it rests on its foot as far as the first joint of the leg, and walks with its back greatly arched: claws strong and sharp, white at their ends; tail clothed with long coarse hairs; those at the base reddish, at the end black. Some of the hairs are six inches long. The length of the animal itself is about twenty-eight inches: the trunk of the tail measures seven inches, and the hair six more, Its whole body is covered with very long and thick hair, which varies in colour according to the season. It inhabits Hudson's Bay and Canada, as far as the straits of Michilimackinac. It is a voracious animal, but slow of foot; it is consequently obliged to take its prey by surprise, In America it is called the beaver eater; for it watches those animals as they come out of their houses, and sometimes also breaks into their habitations and devours them. Fastens also on deer as they pass by. Head like a glutton's; general size that of the wolf. In a wild state it is extremely fierce, and is a terror to both the wolf and the bear. They will not prey on it when they find it dead, perhaps on account of its being so very fetid, since it smells like a pole-cat. It makes a strong resistance when attacked. If it can lay hold on it, it will tear the stock from a gun, and pull the traps it is caught in to pieces. It burrows, and has its den under ground, 5. U. gulo. Glutton. Tail the colour of the body, tawny-brown; middle of the back black; head round, a thick blunt nose, and shoot ears, rounded except at the tip: limbs large, and back straight, marked along its whole length with a tawny line: tail short, and very full of hair; hair in all other parts finely damasked, or watered like a silk, and very glossy; but it sometimes varies to a brown colour. One brought from Si beria, and kept alive at Dresden, measured forty. four inches, and nineteen in height. It inhabits the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America. Those of Kamschatka differ and |