Sources of International LawMartinus Nijhoff Publishers, 21.05.1997 - 564 Seiten Many different, and even opposite, meanings are ascribed to the term 'sources' of international law. The author of this work goes back to the meaning of the term 'source' in general (spring or well) and analyses in detail the various sources of international law. He first explains the sources of general, and then those of particular international law. He starts with general principles of law, which is followed by common features of customary process of whatsoever kind, and then by general and by particular customary law. Custom will be followed by unilateral acts of States and with opposable situations in international law which are closely linked with this kind of sources of international law. The explanation ends with treaties in regard to which there are the least doctrinal controversies. The explanation cannot be quite homogeneous. There are still deep doctrinal misunderstandings in respect to general principles of law and of unilateral acts of States. The author therefore offers a critical analysis of representative views of other authors and tries to reach solutions to problems presented. He also gives a systematic explanation of recent pronouncements of international courts and tribunals with regard to customary law, and he examines the specific solutions prescribed in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. |
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Inhalt
CHAPTER I | 1 |
2 Lawcreating processes and lawdetermining agencies | 8 |
CHAPTER II | 14 |
17 The rules of legal reasoning and legal principles | 17 |
10 General principles of law in the Hague Conventions | 41 |
12 A survey of practice of the two Hague Courts | 53 |
recognized by civilized | 68 |
15 State sovereignty v general principles of | 74 |
66 Unilateral acts creating new rights for States | 325 |
67 Occupation of terra nullius | 326 |
68 Prescription and historic titles | 330 |
69 Unilateral acts in the present law of the sea | 333 |
CHAPTER VII | 339 |
71 Recognition | 344 |
72 Protest | 346 |
73 Acquiescence | 348 |
16 The socalled fundamental principles | 83 |
19 Dynamic elements in general principles of | 105 |
APPENDIX | 113 |
22 General principles of law in supranational | 126 |
23 Summing | 136 |
CHAPTER III | 142 |
27 Density uniformity and consistency of practice | 150 |
opinio juris sive necessitatis | 162 |
31 Material sources and documentary evidences | 174 |
33 Formation of general customary rules | 183 |
36 Judicial decisions | 192 |
42 Law generating rules | 211 |
43 Contractual provisions in conventions on codification | 215 |
44 Jus cogens in general customary international law | 216 |
45 Jus dispositivum in general customary law | 237 |
46 Summing up | 240 |
CHAPTER V | 243 |
48 Local custom | 246 |
50 Special custom within treaty relations | 250 |
51 Conclusion | 252 |
CHAPTER VI | 253 |
53 Development of basic legal concepts | 254 |
54 Unilateral acts in modern doctrine and practice of international law | 255 |
55 Summing up | 270 |
B THE CAPACITY OF MAKING UNILATERAL ACTS 56 States and belligerents | 274 |
57 Special case of acts of international organizations | 275 |
UNILATERAL ACTS AND TREATIES 58 Introduction | 278 |
59 Unilateral acts within the treatymaking and treatyexecuting process | 279 |
60 Unilateral acts provided by treaties | 282 |
VARIOUS Categories oF UNILATERAL ACTS IN RELATION TO INTERNATIONAL LAW 61 Introduction | 283 |
62 Conditions of validity of a unilateral act | 286 |
63 Promise | 287 |
Optionalclause system under Article 362 of the Statute of the Hague Court | 306 |
65 Waiver | 316 |
CHAPTER VIII | 355 |
75 The concept of treaty | 357 |
76 The socalled political agreements | 358 |
A PARTIES TO A TREATY 77 State | 362 |
78 International organizations | 366 |
79 Internationalized territories | 377 |
80 Belligerents | 384 |
81 Parties to a contract | 393 |
B EFFECTS OF A TREATY 82 The principle pacta sunt servanda and its scope of application | 394 |
83 Effects of a treaty upon its parties and their organs | 403 |
84 Effects of a treaty in relations between its parties | 408 |
85 Effects of a treaty upon thirds | 413 |
TREATY AS A DYNAMIC SOURCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 86 Conflict of treaties relating to the same subjectmatter | 423 |
87 Modification of treaties peaceful change | 437 |
88 Suspension of the operation termination of and withdrawal from a treaty | 447 |
89 Mutuus dissensus | 452 |
90 Termination of a treaty by operation of its own clauses | 455 |
91 Impossibility of performance | 457 |
92 Material breach of a treaty | 470 |
APPLICATION OF LEGAL RULES ON SOME TYPES OF Treaties 93 On classifications of treaties | 475 |
94 Written and oral agreements | 477 |
95 Bilateral and multilateral treaties | 483 |
96 Traitécontrat and traitéloi | 489 |
97 Treaties constituting international organizations | 496 |
98 The obligation to negotiate pactum de contrahendo | 503 |
CHAPTER IX | 515 |
100 Relationship between various sources especially between treaty and custom | 517 |
38 Resolutions of the UN General Assembly | 523 |
525 | |
TABLE OF CASES | 536 |
544 | |
548 | |
549 | |
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1969 Vienna Convention 1982 Convention accepted according adopted Advisory opinion agreement application arbitral Article 38 Assembly basis character Charter claim common conclusion Continental Shelf Court of Justice custom customary international law customary law customary process decisions declaration delimitation dispute doctrine droit international public equitable existence fact force fundamental Geneva Conventions Hague Court I.C.J. Reports Ibid infra International Court International Law Commission international organizations international persons interpretation Judgment judicial jurisdiction jus cogens kind law of nations Law of Treaties legal effects legal obligations legal order legal rules legal systems municipal law obligatory op.cit opinio juris pacta sunt servanda particular customary rules parties Paul Reuter peremptory norms Permanent Court practice principles of international principles of law procedure recognized by civilized regard relations resolution respect Roberto Ago rule of law rules of international sources of international Statute supra territory tion tional law Tribunal UN Charter unilateral acts United Nations