KEY TO EXERCISES IN LATIN LESSONS. 11 advise, exhort. These words, however, resemble each other in for the same day; the fool now trusts, now distrusts the same signification. They all agree in the root-meaning of the verb opinion; seditious soldiers withstand the commander himself; the hortor; which root-meaning is, I stir up some one to some deed, mind moves itself; virtue is praiseworthy on its own account; often I impel, urge. Thus agreeing, the one or the other may be nothing is more hostile to a man than he is to himself; every animal employed according as the English idiom, a regard to pro-selves; that precept of the Delphic oracle is excellent-know thyloves itself; our country ought to be dearer to us than we ourpriety, a regard to sound, or as your own taste may suggest; self; a liar often distrusts himself. but observe that whatever word you prefer, it must, at least, in your literal translations, agree in its essential import with the Latin. A representative must resemble that which it represents. VOCABULARY. Imperium i, n, command, government (E. R. imperial); pareo 2, obey; jungo 3, I join, unite (E. R. junction); iisdem de rebus, that is, de iisdem rebus, etiam atque etiam, again and again; quibus, for de quibus, superior, oris, previous, former, sup. litt., in any former letter; fugio 3, I fly from, avoid (E. R. fugitive); desisto (de, from; and sto, stand) 3, I desist, discontinue; deficio (de and facio), I fail, swoon; pudendus, shameful (pud. goes with fugam); fuga, ae, f. flight; trepidus, trembling, fearful (E. R. intrepidity); equidam (ego and quidem), I indeed; desino 3, I leave off, cease. EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Sabinus suos hortatus signum dat; benefacta tua me hortantur tuo ut imperio paream; ad laudem milites hortabatur Caesar; hortabantur eos in amicitiam jungendam; iisdem de rebus etiam atque etiam hortor, quibus superioribus litteris hortatus sum; Pomperium hortari ut magnam infamiam fugiat non desistemus; hortatur eos ne animo deficiant; ego tune pudendam trepidus hortabar fugam; equidem pacem hortari non desino. ENGLISH LATIN. The master does not cease to recommend diligence; the master recommended diligence to his scholars; the master having recommended his scholars not to be idle gave kisses to all; thy wisdom exhorts me to obey thy government (command); he will advise them to join friendship (to become friends); thy father encourages thee concerning the same things (on) which I will encourage my brother; I exhort thee not to fail in courage; they have exhorted thy sister not to fail in courage; never will I advise shameful flight; he never ceases to recommend war. KEY TO THE EXERCISES IN THE LATIN LESSONS. By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D. LESSONS VIII. TO XVII. (continued.) Page 166, col. 2.-ENGLISH-LATIN. Insipiens est impotens sui; pater est potens sui; potens sui est virtus; non est vitium potens sui; potensne sui est ira? natura sui est conservatrix; natura virtutis est conservatrix sui; nemo vestrum sui est potens; nostrum plurimi sui sunt potentes; immemor mei est infidus amicus; fidi amici non sui sunt memores; tua memoria et desiderium mei mihi sunt gratissima; cura tui me angit; plurimi vestrum, O discipuli, diligentes sunt; mirus est amor sui. Page 167, cols. 1, 2.—LATIN-ENGLISH. Sallust is a very elegant writer; his books I gladly read (I am glad to read); I have a faithful friend; I am very much attached to him; the song of (thy) brother pleases me much, thou oughtest to read it; idleness (hebetat) makes the body grow heavy, labour strengthens (it), avoid that, seek this; this letter moves me very much; these songs are very sweet; I do not believe that false man; the soldiers gladly obey that general; all favour that man; that precept of thine is excellent; this opinion pleases me, that displeases; this war is very cruel; this boy is industrious, that (one) sluggish; I keep in memory that excellent precept; that friend of thine is a very good man; that authority of yours is very great; I praise the diligence of that scholar, I blame the slowness of this (one), to that (one) school is very pleasant, to this (one) very troublesome. Page 167, col. 2.-ENGLISH-LATIN. Sallustius cst scriptor elegans, Livius elegantior, et Cicero elegantissimus; corum libros libenter lego; ejus frater et amicus mini sunt cari; fidum amicum habes et ei es addictissimus; filii mei habent fidas uxores et eas valde amant; vehementer his litteris moveor; mendaci mulieri non credas; hic puer mihi placet, ille displicet; hoc poema valde est elegans, illud elegantius; hic tuus miles fortis est; hujus discipuli diligentia a me praeceptore laudatur; in hac scholá plures quam in vestra sunt industrii discipuli. Page 167, col. 2.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Many men do not think the same on the same things (subjects) Page 167, col. 2.-ENGLISH-LATIN. Hostes urbem obsident et eam expugnare tentant; hujus magni hominis factum ab omnibus scriptoribus laudatur; Caesar et Pompeius praeclari duces Romani sunt; illi fortuna amicior est quam huic; illius et hujus fortitudo mira est; rex ipse exercitus est dux: non semper eadem de iisdem rebus sentis; pater et filius iisdem litteris student; virtutes per se amabiles sunt; omnes se ipsos diligunt; patria tibi carior esse debet quam tute tibi; noscite vos ipsos, juvenes; mendax saepe sibi ipsi diffidit. Page 189, col. 1.-LATIN-ENGLISH. The king who governs the state ought to take care of the safety of the citizens; all the citizens willingly obey a king whose government is mild and just; the citizens respect a king to (with) whom the laws are sacred; happy is the king whom all the citizens love; good citizens, to terrify evil-doers, to succour the wretched, and to Oking who governest our state, thou art pleased (resolved) to honour hear the request of the good. Page 189, col. 1.-ENGLISH-LATIN. Reges qui civitates gubernant omnium civium salutem curare debent; boni homines libenter parent regibus quorum imperium est mite et justum; regibus quibus leges sunt sanctae libenter parent boni cives; reges qui civibus cari sunt, sunt felices; Oreges, qui civitates gubernant, colere virum bonum magnumque debetis; Deus, colimus te cui placet miseris succurrere; hostes quibuscum confligatis patriam vestram devastant. Page 189, col. 1.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Who calls me? What art thou doing, my friend? Who writes this letter? What art thou thinking of? What am I doing? Why do I torture myself? What friendship is there among the ungrateful? What poem art thou reading? What man is coming? What poet is sweeter than Homer? Whose voice is sweeter than the voice of the nightingale? What sins do we most easily yield to? Whatever is honourable is useful; whatever thou seest, runs (away) with (in the lapse of) time; however the fact is, I defend my view; whatever opinion opposes virtue is false. Page 189, col. 1.-ENGLISH-LATIN. Quid dicis? quis est ille homo? quae est illa femina? quibus cum ambulat amicus tuus? quem quaeris? quem librum legis? ad quem has litteras scribis ? quocunque modo res sese habent, sententiam tuam laudamus. Page 189, col. 2.-LATIN-ENGLISH. If we fear death seme terror always hangs over us; if fortune takes away his money from any one (a person) he is not on that account miserable; Greece holds a certain small space of (in) Europe; there is (inheres) in our minds as it were an augury (presage) of future ages; God dwells in every good man; justice gives his due to every one according to his dignity; the love of life is planted in every one of us. Page 189, col. 2.-ENGLISH-LATIN. Malis aliqui terror semper impendet; quid terroris tibi impendet ? si cuipiam fortunam adimis, vituperaris; parvum quendam Graeciae partem tenent; in unoquoque malorum hominum habitat malum; unicuique merita ejus tribuit justitia; pecuniam habent quidam. Page 190, col. 1.-LATIN-ENGLISH. There are as many views as there are men; that princes do wrong is as great an evil as that there arise very many imitators of princes; as many kinds of orations as there are, so many kinds of orators are found; as are the generals, so are the soldiers; as is the king, so is the flock (people); as princes are in the state, so the citizens are wont to be; a good man does not despise wretched men, of whatever kind they are; the goods of the body and of men that live love life; all the writers there are speak of the justice fortune, how great soever, are uncertain and perishable; all the of Aristidés. Page 190, col. 1-ENGLISH-LATIN. Quot homines tot animi; quot pueri tot puellae; quot patres tot matres; quantus est tuus moeror tantum est meum gaudium; quales sunt parentes tales sunt liberi; qualis pastor talis grex; res qualescunque sunt non contemno; ab omnibus scriptoribus, quotcunque sunt, justus praedicatur Aristides. Page 213, col. 2.-LATIN-ENGLISH. There is no firm friendship among the bad I hasten to death; the Gauls dwell beyond the Rhine; we have no weapons against death; a generous man is mild toward the conquered; comets are admirable on account of their rarity and beauty; slaves obey on account of fear, the good from a regard to duty; sailing along the shore is often dangerous; no one is happy before death; on what account dost thou laugh? below the moon (lunam) all things are perishable; thou dwellest many years among barbarians; the kingdom of Pluto is placed under the earth; the government of nations is in the power of kings; fish die out of water; the thing happened contrary to expectation; the camel bears hatred to horses; painted garments are mentioned with (in) Homer; many animals congregate and fight against other animals; the hippopotamus feeds on the corn-fields around the Nile. Page 213, col. 2.-ENGLISH-LATIN. Inter malos nulla est firma societas; contra mortem nulla habet homo arma; ultra mortem est vita; ad Rhenum properamus; ante domum sunt amici; apud me sunt filii mei; apud te suntne filii vestri? mitis erga victos est rex; post mortem boni sunt felices; quid est infra terram? Deus est super omnia et per omnia; infra nubes habitant homines; penes me mei sunt liberi; apud Ciceronem sunt multa pulchra dicta; rus propter te amo; intra muros sunt milites. Page 214, col. 1.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Poison is for (acts as) a remedy sometimes; an infant has no power without another's aid; eagles build on trees; the cuckoo lays in the nests of other birds; by old age our senses grow dull; some men are born with teeth; Xerxes fled from Greece (paucissimis) with very few soldiers; Metellus leads elephants in triumph; the traveller sings in presence of the robber; the stars move from the east to the west; Britain was discovered by the Phenicians; bees can not exist without a sovereign; it is sweet to die for one's country. (To be continued.) ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. S. S. (Dewsbury): 1 Thessalonians, iv. 11, 12. 1 Timothy, v. 8.-A SUBSCRIBER, &c. (Leeds): We do not know.-RALPH (Shelf): We recommend Young's Introduction to Algebra, or Thomson's, in preference to those he mentions.-ISAK (Leicester): Very well, go on.YOUNGSTER (Dartmouth): The square of 81 cells containing the nine digits is a regular puzzler; with many excellent correspondents, we doubt if it can be done as required.-H. ROBINSON and W. RICKARD (Sheerness); J. GUTHRIE, sen. (Kelso); J. N. (Chapel-en-le-Frith); WILLIAM WILLIS (Camden-town); JOHN PAUL; W. E. D. (Watlingst.); A. M. WHITE (Wood-st); A LEARNER (Greenock); G. DALE (Bermondsey); C. W. F. (London); J. P. Y. (Devonport); M. GRANT (Rathfriland); R. F. (Holytown); CHAS. MULDOON (Tyrone); LEWIS W. H. (Walsall); LOUIS BAILEY; ENTOMOLOGICUS (Hackney); RUSTY (Chatham); E. O. S. (Cork); DISCIPULUS (Newbury); GEORGE DACRES (Porthmouth); W. ROBINSON (Creswell); DAWSON (Knaresborough); R. JOPE (Horncastle); M. A. (Colchester); S. FEATHERSTONE (Newport); THOS. SMITH (Pendleton); CARLOW (Manchester); IRWELL; A WELL WISHER; S. HARPER (Exeter); S. J. WHITEHEAD and J. BROOK (Paddock); W. A. W. (Cantab); F. S. PURSEY (Kennington); A. M'CAY; THOS. HALLAM (Manchester); BROCARAM (Leeds); HELUO LIBRORUM (Glasgow); P. P. P. (Stockport); and J. G. THORNLEY (Ballyclare); W. J. MURRAY (Ramsgate); A PUPIL TEACHER (Greenwich); THOR (Cheltenham); F. MARKS; J. C. D. (Marlborough); W. T. COOPER (Reading); J. J. NEWTON (Bridge. water); Received.-ONE THAT WISHES, &c. (Bloomsbury): A box 6 ft. 7 in. long, 3 ft. 1 in. broad, and 4 ft. 9 in. deep, contains 100 cubic feet and about of a foot more; for the length is 79 or 212; the breadth 373 or 141; and the depth 57 or 11. Whence, 319×151×115_5539435 32% or 100 nearly.-CESAR 4X4X2X1728 55296 (Walworth) is mistaken.-E. ASHTON (High Wycombe); T.T. H.; MOLESTUS PUER (Liverpool); W. K.; H. S. (Tottenham): Quite right.-M. W. C. Very well for a first attempt; but there are some errors in spelling, and in fact: Saul was not the wife of Abraham !! Did you mean Sal 1– J. H. Ju. (Edinr.): Liebig has written on Chemistry in relation to Agriculture.-S. H. J. R. (Paisley); F. STERN (Chelsea): Right.WILLIAM WALLWORTH (Newcastle): The last edition of "Keith on the Globes" is the best.-TENTAMUS proposes the foliowing question:"If an irresistible body, set in motion, comes in contact with an immoveable body; what will be the consequence ?-F. L. W―N (Sutton): Wrong-A SELF INSTRUCTOR: Your theoretical knowledge is excellent; try a little practice; and read our Lessons in Geometry, No. V., p. 172-174, No. VI, p. 204-206, and No. VII., p. 228-229.A. W.: You take the horse, but the horse carries you.-X. Y. Z. (Bayswater): We recommend patience; all will be explained in due time.A NEW CORRESPONDENT (Lambeth): Wrong.-APOLLO: Go on, and =100 9835 36 or prosper; Keys will be given.-W. D. (Liverpool) should read the Propositions in Euclid carefully till he understands them; then laying the book aside, write out the same according to the best of his judgment and recollection; if, on comparing them with the book, he finds they are the same precisely in meaning, though differently worded, he has accomplished all that is required.-D. J. SNOMIS (Bayswater): There are some short and popular notices of Lord Brougham in various publications and biographical notices of eminent persons.-ENQUIRER (Manchester): The sentence proposed,-viz., "The wages of sin is death," requires more explanation, in order to parse it correctly, than has yet been given in the Lessons in English. You will soon, however. be able to do it, from the lessons that are to come.-YOUNG ENQUIRER (St. Neots): If a circular surface be under an inch in diameter, its area will of course be under a square inch in surface. Suppose it were or of an inch in diameter; then multiplying the square of or which is or by 7854, the area of a circle whose diameter 9X 7854 36X 7854 is unity, we have equal to 1104+ or 64 256 nearly of a square inch.-H. C. A.: With our Euclid and Arithmetic, and a little of Thomson's Algebra, or Young's, till our own comes out, along with the pages of the EDUCATOR, he may soon be able to pass the government examination.-E. R. (London): Certainly, the Latin lessons will be completed, and he who shall have mastered them shall have acquired a good elementary knowledge of the language, which will enable him to prosecute his future studies with ease and pleasure.VIRGIL (Maidstone): Curro is neuter; he is mistaken about curro; but he is right about I, it should be .-HENRY (Swaffham): We cannot tell.-W. B. (Glasgow) proposes this problem: "If a snail crawls up a wall 20 feet high, going up 5 feet every day, and slipping back 4 feet every night, how many days will it take to reach the top of the wall?" T. BROWN (Manchester): When history is recommenced, it will include that of all nations.-A SCHOOLMASTER is unnecessarily grieved about multiplying money by money; it is stated in the rule of three that in working the question, the multiplier and divisor must be considered as abstract numbers, or merely the terms of a ratio; what more does he want?-J. U. P. (Strand): Try Troughton and Simms, Fleet-street, for the best "slide rules."-R. S. (Glasgow): Nothing that is mutable or changeable can be ETERNAL; matter possesses the property of mutability or changeableness, therefore it is NOT ETERNAL. God alone possesses the property of immutability or unchangeableness, therefore HE IS ETERNAL. The Hebrew name of God, i.e., JEHOVAH, signifies THE ETERNAL, VÍZ, he who was, and is, and is to come, he who is from everlasting to everlasting. In the French translation of the Bible, this name, L'ETERNEL, is beautifully and appropriately used throughout the Old Testament, instead of the term LE SEIGNEUR or LORD. God claims this immutability as his distinguishing prerogative, in opposition to matter and to all created existences, whether of matter or mind, "I am the Lord (JEHOVAH, the ETERNAL), I CHANGE NOT." (Malachi iii. 6.)-ENGLISH SCHOLAR (Dundee): Vocal comes from vox, which signifies both the voice that utters, and the word uttered. Try Mathematics till you have finished the English. The fund is at rest at present.-ADITUS (Rothbury): We are now in the nineteenth century.-JOANNA G.: Try French. W. COCHRANE (Glasgow): See vol. I., p. 112, col. 2, line 20.-S. H. J. R: We have seen the question often, but you remark with great propriety, that it is not fitted for our columns.-J. M. C. (Bray); W. T. COOPER (Reading): We shall explain the nature and use of the Mathematical Instruments, as soon as we can get opportunity.-H. LUXMORE (Beerferris): Candidly, we think he should study all Dr. Beard's Lessons on English, before he ever thinks of opening Shakespeare. Then, as to Shakespeare being a good work for young men, we say decidedly not; we speak from actual experience, and we would recommend, as far before it, the Proverbs of Solomon, and the three Epistles of John.-A. G. (London); Artificial Memory is a subject which might be admitted into the POPULAR EDUCATOR if there were any pracform a subject of amusement as a relief from graver studies. Dr. Grey' tical use in it, which we very much doubt; at the same time, it might Memoria Technica, is the original work, from which almost all others have borrowed. LITERARY NOTICES. Vol. I. of the POPULAR EDUCATOR, neatly bound in cloth, is now ready for delivery, and can be ordered through any bookseller. Common Edition, 33. 6d.; Fine Edition, without the weekly headings, 48. Gd. CASSELL'S SHILLING ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF "UNCLE TOM's CABIN," neatly bound in Ornamental Wrapper, is now ready for delivery, foolscap octavo, with Eight beautiful Engravings, forming the cheapest edition yet published. price 1s. in stiff covers, or 1s. 6d. cloth, uniform with Cassell's Edition CASSELL'S ELEMENTS OF ARITHMETIC, will be issued in a few days, of Euclid, edited by Professor Wallace, A.M., of the University of Glasgow, Editor of Cassell's “Euclid," the POPULAR EDUCATOR, &c. Printed and Published by JOHN CASSELL, La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgatehill, London.-October 2, 1852. In ancient times, an order, the principal element of architecture, | Maxima, and the Mamertine Prison, which may be considered was connected with the adjacent buildings, which it was employed to ornament and to distinguish, by the architraves or horizontal pieces which constituted one of the important parts of its combination. Down to the period of the Greek architecture, we find no example of any deviation from this great principle of primitive construction. All the ancient edifices of Assyria and Babylonia, as well as of Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, and India, invariably show the mode of connecting one column with another, in horizontal lines, by means of a single piece, or as the foundation of a style of architecture peculiarly Roman. Before the period of the Etruscans, the Pelasgians had attempted to construct arches; but they went no farther than the pointed arch, the difficulty of centering an arch having completely arrested their progress. In fact, their pointed arches, formed by successive courses of horizontal stones, could only be considered as the two abutments of a semicircular arch approaching each other. This fact is established by an examination of the gate of Arpino, the buildings of Alba Fucensis, solid plate-bande, as it may be fitly denominated. The Greeks, who worked out the ideas of the nations which preceded them in civilisation, and reduced them to system, as we have shown in former lessons, adopted the same principle of construction. Their edifices in Asia Minor, in Italy, in Sicily, as well as in Greece itself, are all rigorously constructed upon this principle, as may be seen in the Parthenon, at Athens, fig. 13, p. 337, vol. I. The Etruscans first carried the arts into Italy, and were the instructors of the Romans even before the Greeks. This ingenious people constructed the first Roman edifices, and built their arches and vaults as they still exist in the Cloaca VOL. II of Tyrins, and of the Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae. The Romans, on the other hand, after the example of the Etruscans, entered fully into the construction of the semicircular arch; and this new principle led to the grandest results. By this means, they were enabled to use materials which were of a moderate size, and easy to raise to great heights; and to construct immense vaults, which agreed with the arch in their circular form. The period of Roman invention is one of the most brilliant in the history of art. Of the many edifices with which the Romans covered their provinces, there still remains a sufficient number to prove the excellence of their architectural system, 28 and the perfection to which they brought the science and skill of the practical builder. Arches and vaults raised by them of rough stone and bricks, and even of rubble, preserve their primitive solidity to this day. Their temples were constructed like those of the Greeks, on the principle of the architrave; but the remains of their aqueducts (see fig. 22), their baths, those edifices so imposing from their great extent, their triumphal arches, their circusses, and their theatres, show us how extensively the Romans employed the arch and the vault in their edifices. But of all their remarkable edifices, the amphitheatres were those in which the multiplied and varied use of these Fig. 22. soles or projecting ornaments in stone, fitted so as to receive vertical rods, upon which was spread a velarium or large curtain, covering the seats and the arena, in order to defend the spectators from the heat of the sun. Thus we see how the long corridors, the numerous flights of steps, the cells for animals, and the aqueducts required, arches and vaults, of all dimensions and of all forms, as straight, skew, &c. These edifices are unquestionably such as do the greatest honour to the architectural and constructive genius of the Romans. Many of them still remain, and some are in such a high state of preservation as to enable us to examine their minutest details. The finest example is the famous Amphitheatre of Flavian at Rome, which was capable of containing more than 100,000 spectators; those of Pola in Istria, of Nîmes and Arles in France, and of Thysdrus in Africa (for the latter see fig. 23). Fig. 23. Roman Aqueduct. most frequently occur, those immense buildings in the elliptical form, with rows of seats placed round and round, and rising gradually above one another, in which the spectators assembled to witness their barbarous spectacles. The style of architecture employed in these buildings was of a vigorous and substantial character adapted to its use. Two or three stories of immense arcades or rows of arches, divided by piers ornamented with columns or pilasters, admitted light into the corridors or long passages, which surrounded the edifice. Other galleries, more or less numerous, and parallel to the preceding, were constructed below the seats. From floors, on a level with these galleries, or by numerous flights of steps, they were admitted to the seats by entrances so arranged as to prevent crowding and confusion. Four open passages disposed along the axes of the The Amphitheatre of Thysdrus, in Africa. Although the Romans displayed their greatest science in the building of amphitheatres, they exhibited their greatest art in the construction of their public baths; for in these the build ing of arches and vaults was most extensively employed. In those of Dioclesian and Caracalla at Rome, and that of Julian at Paris, we see arches of such large dimensions, and vaults of such great extent, that we are struck with astonishment and admiration at works so noble in structure and so bold in design. As to the origin of the arch, we have attributed it to the Romans, or rather to their original instructors the Etruscans. But it must be mentioned that brick arches are said to have been found buried in the tombs of Thebes in Egypt; and that Mr. Hoskins describes one eight feet six inches in span, which was regularly formed. Among the ruins of Meroë, the ancient capital of Ethiopia, he found a semicircular arch of stone covering a portico, and at Gibel el Berkel a pointed arch, which was over the entrance to a pyramid. Under these circumstances, it appears remarkable that the use of the arch in building should not have passed from Ethiopia, or from Thebes building, which, as we have said, was in the form of an ellipse, | gave admittance to the arena from without; round the arena were placed the cells which contained the animals. Behind these cells were constructed also corridors or long passages communicating with every part of the building, and placed under the first row of arches, or the first row of seats for the spectators. The rain-water was carried off by water-courses and drains which ran into an aqueduct passing under the arena; while other aqueducts were employed to inundate it when nautical entertainments were brought before the spectators. At the top of the building and all round it outside, were placed con itself, into the ordinary architecture of Egypt. As neither the latter country nor Greece adopted the arch in their constructions, the merit of introducing it into general architecture must still remain with the Romans; for although Pericles adorned the city of Athens with splendid edifices, it was left for the Romans to construct a stone arch over the small river Cephisus, upon the most frequented road to that city. It appears that the construction of the arch was also known to the Chinese long before it made its appearance in Europe; it covers the gateways in their great wall; it is seen in the construction of their sepulchral monuments; and it was employed in the construction of their bridges, Kircher in his account of China, speaks of some three and four miles long, and of an arch of the incredible span of six hundred feet! There are numerous specimens of Roman architecture in France, the ancient Gaul, which, by their stability and the excellence of their construction, have long survived the era of their architects. One of the finest of these, is the bridge over the Vidourle, at Sommieres, in the department of the Gard. It is composed of seventeen arches, of which nine have been encroached upon by the town, and are sunk under the principal street, so that the water now flows under eight arches only. Every pier is hollowed out into a small arch, in order to increase the water-way during floods. Fig. 24 is an elevation of part of this bridge, which is supposed to have been built in the reign of Tiberius Cæsar! The bridge of Ceret, over the Tech, in the department of the Eastern Pyrenees, represented in fig. 21, is a remarkable specimen of the age in which it was supposed to be built, which ascends to the time of the Visigoths, and is still within the domain of ancient Roman history. The middle arch is about 154 feet, and the abutments are relieved by arches which contribute to the elegance and beauty of the whole. LESSONS IN FRENCH.-No. XXVII. 1. THE French avoid placing the verb at the end of such sentences as the following, when the nominative is a noun ;Dites-moi où demeure M. H. Tell me where Mr. H. lives. Je ne sais où est mon père. I do not know where my father is. Savez-vous où est George? Do you know where George is ? 2. In speaking of a state, condition, or action, commenced in the past, but still continuing, the French use the present of the indicative. The past is commonly used in English in similar cases :Combien de temps y a-t-il qu'il est How long has he been here? ici ? Il y a deux heures qu'il écrit. Combien de temps avez-vous de- Combien de mois avez-vous appris l'allemand? Il y un mois que je ne l'ai vu. He has been writing these two hours. He has lived in Paris one month. He has been dead these two years. no longer continues, the past same manner as it is used in How long did you live in L. ? Lyon? 4. Il y a demeuré autrefois. 5. Pouvez-vous me dire où est le fils du capitaine. 6. Il y a un an qu'il est en Angleterre. 7. Savez-vous où demeure M. B. 8. Il demeurait autrefois à Rouen; je ne sais pas où il demeure maintenant, 9. Y a-t-il longtemps que vous êtes ici? 10. Il y a plus de deux mois que nous sommes ici. 11. Combien de temps y a-t-il que vous avez ce verger? 12. Il y un an que nous l'avons. 13. Savez-vous combien il y a de Paris à Vienne? 14. Il y a trois cent six lieues de Paris à Vienne et deux cents lieues de Vienne à Copenhague. 15. Y a-t-il longtemps que la compagnie est venue? 16. Il y a plus de deux heures qu'elle est ici. 17. Y a-t-il longtemps que vous avez lu cette affiche. 18. Il y a plus de trois heures que je l'ai lue. 19. N'y a-t-il pas plus d'une demi-heure que votre sœur lit? 20. Il y a si longtemps qu'elle lit, qu'elle en est fatiguée. 21. Y a-t-il longtemps que vous attendez ce morceau de musique. 22. Il y a plus d'un an que je l'attends. EXERCISE 112. where he lives, but I have no time to go to his house to-day. 1. Do you not know where my father lives? 2. I know 3. How long has the physician lived in Paris? 4. He has lived there ten years. 5. How long did he live in England? 6. He lived in England six years and a half. 7. Can you tell me where the locksmith lives? 8. He lives at my brother's. 9. Have you been waiting long for this book? 10. I have been waiting for it more than a year. 11. How long has your son been learning Greek? 12. He has been learning it these two years. 13. How long has your brother had this orchard? 14. He has had it more than six months. 15. How far is it from Paris to Lyons? 16. It is one hundred and sixteen leagues from Paris to Lyons. 17. Is it farther (plus loin) from Lyons to Geneva than from Lyons to Turin? 18. It is farther from Lyons to Turin than from Lyons to Geneva. 19. How long did your father live in Germany? 20. He lived in Germany two years, and in England six months. 21. How long did you live in Rome ? 22. We lived there more than a year. 23. Have you been learning German more than one year? 24. I have been learning it more than four years. SECTION LVII. 1. Changer [1. see § 49 (1)], used in the sense of to change to leave one thing for another, is followed by the preposition de: changer d'habit, de chapeau, etc., to put on another_coat, hat, &c.; changer d'avis, to change one's mind; changer de maison, to move, to change houses; changer de place, changer de pays, changer de climat, to go to another place, country, climate; How many months did you learn changer de nom, to change one's name. The student will perceive that the noun following changer, is not preceded by a possessive adjective, like the noun of the English sentence :Voulez-vous changer d'habit? Ce monsieur a changé de nom. 2. Changer contre, means to German? I have not seen him this month. 4. Combien y a-t-il...... Combien de milles y a-t-il......Quelle distance y a-t-il ? answer to the English expressions How far ......How many miles is it...... What is the distance? Combien y a-t-il de Paris à Londres? How far is it from Paris to London change for, to get change for :— Will you change your coat 1 That gentleman has changed his name. exchange for; changer pour, to Will you exchange your hat for mine? Change that bill for silver. 3. Tarder means to tarry, to be long in coming. Tarder, used unipersonally, and preceded by an indirect object, means to long, to wish for : Votre sœur tarde bien à venir. Il me tarde de la voir. Your sister is very long coming I long to see her. RESUME OF EXAMPLES. N'avez-vous pas changé d'apparte- | Have you not taken another apart ment? Nous avons changé de maison. Contre quoi avez-vous changé votre J'ai besoin de monnaie, pouvez-vous Ce garçon a beaucoup tardé. Il leur tardait de revoir leurs amis. 3. N'a-t-il pas demeuré à Il me tarde de revoir la France. ment? We have changed houses. Your brother has changed his conduct. For what have you exchanged your horse? I want change, can you change me this twenty franc piece? That boy tarried very much. They longed to see their friends again. I long to see France again. |