Fundamental Units: Units of Volume. A cubic meter is a unit of volume equivalent to a cube the edges of which are 1 meter. A cubic yard is a unit of volume equivalent to a cube the edges of which are 1 yard. Multiples and Submultiples: 1 cubic kilometer 1,000,000,000 cubic meters. 1 cubic hectometer = 1,000,000 cubic meters. 1 cubic dekameter 1,000 cubic meters. 1 stere 1 cubic meter. Fundamental Units: Units of Capacity. A liter is a unit of capacity equivalent to the volume occupied by the mass of 1 kilogram of pure water at its maximum density (at a temperature of 4° C, practically) and under the standard atmospheric pressure (of 760 mm). It is equivalent in volume to 1.000027 cubic decimeters. A gallon is a unit of capacity equivalent to the volume of 231 cubic inches. A bushel is a unit of capacity equivalent to the volume of 2150.42 cubic inches. Multiples and Submultiples: 1 hectoliter = 100 liters. 1 dekaliter = 10 liters. 1 deciliter - 0.1 liter. Fundamental Units: 1 centiliter = 0.01 liter. 1 liquid quart-1-4 gallon - 57.75 cubic inches. 1 liquid pint 1-8 gallon-1-2 liquid quart= 28.875 cubic inches. 1 gill = 1-32 gallon = 1-4 liquid pint =7.21875 cubic inches. 1 fluid ounce 1-128 gallon 1-16 liquid pint. 1 fluid dram 1-8 fluid ounce-1-128 liquid pins. 1 minim 1-60 fluid dram-1-480 fluid ounce. 1 firkin 9 gallons. 1 peck 1-4 bushel 537.605 cubic inches. 1 dry quart-1-32 bushel 1-8 peck 67.200625 cubic inches. 1 dry pint 1-64 bushel 1-2, dry quart-33.6003125 cubic inches. 1 barrel (for fruit, vegetables and other dry commodities)=7056 cubic inches 105 dry quarts. Units of Mass. A kilogram is a unit of mass equivalent to the mass of the international prototype kilogram at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. An avoirdupois pound is a unit of mass equivalent to 0.4535924277 kilogram. A gram is a unit of mass equivalent to one-thousandth of the mass of the international prototype kilogram. A troy pound is a unit of mass equivalent to 5760-7000 of that of the avoirdupois pound. Multiples and Submultiples: 1 metric ton 1000 kilograms. 1 hectogram = 100 grams=0.1 kilogram. 1 dekagram- 10 grams = 0.01 kilogram. 1 decigram-0.1 gram. 1 centigram 0.01 gram. 1 milligram 0.001 gram. 1 avoirdupois ounce 1-16 avoirdupois pound. 1 avoirdupois dram 1-256 avoirdupois pound = 1-16 avoirdupois ounce. 1 grain 1-7000 avoirdupois pound = 10-4375 avoirdupois ounce 1-5760 troy pound. 1 apothecaries' pound 1 troy pound = 5760-7000 avoirdupois pound. 1 apothecaries or troy ounce 1-12 troy pound = 480-7000 avoirdupois pound 480 grains. 1 apothecaries' dram = 1-96 apothecarles' pound = 1-8 apothecaries' ounce 60 grains. 1 pennyweight 1-20 troy ounce - 24 grains. 1 apothecaries' scruple 1-3 apothecaries' dram = 20 grains. 1 metric carat 200 milligrams = 0.2 gram. i short hundredweight 100 avoirdupois pounds 1 long hundredweight 112 avoirdupois pounda. 1 short ton 2000 avoirdupois pounds. 1 long ton 2240 avoirdupois pounds. FOR THE METRIC SYSTEM. one U. S. liquid quart 0.94633 liters; one liter 1.05671 U. §. liquid quarts: 1 pound avoirdupois 0.45359 kilograms; one kilogram 2.20462 pounds avoirdupois. The units are those of the United States Bureau of Standards. Cuble Feet. Meters. Centi meters. 1 25.4001 3.28083 50.8001 6.56167 76.2002 9.84250 101.6002 127.0003 13.12333 16.40417 152.4003 19.68500 177.8004 22.96583 203.2004 26.24667 0.35433 9 228.6005 29.52750 1234567890 COMPARISON OF THE VARIOUS TONS AND POUNDS IN USE IN THE Kilograme. Short Tons. Long Tons. Metric Tons. 1.64571 0.74648 0.00082286 0.00073469 0.00074648 2.46857 1.11973 0.00123429 0.00110204 0.00111973 3.29143 1.49297 0.00164571 0.00146939 0.00149297 4.11429 4.93714 2.23945 0.00246857 0.00220408 0.00223945 5.76000 2.61269 0.00288000 0.00257143 0.00261269 6.58286 2.98593 0.00329143 0.00293878 0.00298593 7.40571 3.35918 0.00370286 0.00330612 0.00335918 0.90718 0.0010 0.00089286 0.00090718 1.36078 0.0015 0.00133929 0.00136078 1.81437 0.0020 0.00178571 0.00181437 68799 2.26796 0.0025 2.72155 0.0030 0.00267857 0.00272155 3.17515 0.0035 0.00312500 0.00317515 3.62874 0.0040 0.00357143 0.00362874 4.08233 0.0045 0.00401786 0.00408233 0.00220462 0.00196841 0.002 0.00330693 0.00295262 0.003 0.00440924 0.00393683 0.004 0.00551156 0.00661387 0.00590524 0.006 0.00771618 0.00688944 0.007 0.00881849 0.00787365 0.008 0 00992080 0.00885786 0.009 0.90718 1.78571 1.81437 2.67857 2.72155 3.57143 3.62874 4535.92 14583.33 12000 5443.11 17013.89 14000 6350.29 19444.44 16000 7257 48 21875.00 18000 8164.66 5444.44 4480 2032.09 2.24 8166.67 6720 3048.14 3.36 10888.89 8960 4064.19 4.48 1234 1.01605 2.03209 3.04814 4.06419 16333.33 13440 6096.28 6.72 19055.56 15680 7112.32 7.84 21777.78 17920 8128.38 8.26 24500.00 20160 9144.42 10.08 1000 5358.46 4409.24 2000 8037.69 6613.87 3000 3.30693 2.95262 10716.91 8818.49 4000 4.40924 3.93683 4.92103 16075.37 13227.73 6000 6.61387 5.90524 18754.60 15432.36 7000 7.71618 6.88944 21433.83 17636.98 8000 8.81849 24113.06 19841.60 9000 9.92080 7.87365 1234 68799 FACTORS FOR PRESSURE AND POWER. (As used by the Heat Division, U. S. Bureau of Standards.) fi In. Hg. 0° 1 Atmos. 1 Kg...Cm.2. 1 Lb...In.2 +1 M. Hg. 0°C. +Based on density hg. 13.5951 g.-cm.3. POWER. 00128624 .0569207 .00134102 .0013596 101971 1 238099 0056095 .0056873 .42655 4.1999 1 .023559 .023886 1 Horse power 33000* 745.70 178.269 42.446 1 1 Chev. Vap. 32548 735.50 175.830 41.865 1 Kgm.-Sec. 433.98 9.8066 2.3444 55820 98632 .0131509 1.01387 1.79145 76.040 75 0133333 1 Exact value by definition. tAbsolute Joules. ELECTRICAL UNITS. The horsepower represents the power required to lift a weight of 33,000 pounds 1 foot in 1 minute or 550 pounds 1 foot in 1 second. The watt is the unit expressing electrical' power | power or inversely 1 kilowatt (kw) is equal to about as horsepower (hp) represents power in mechanics. 1 horsepower. it is equal to the product of the volts (pressure) times amperes (rate of flow). Thus, 2 volts times 2 amperes would give in a direct current circuit 4 watts. Electrical energy is sold at so much per watt hour or more generally at a given amount per kilowatt hour-which means 1,000 watt hours. This may represent 1 watt for 1,000 hours or 1,000 watts for 1 hour, 746 watts are equal to one horse The ohm is the unit of electrical resistance and represents the physical property of a conductor which offers a resistance to the flow of electricity. permitting just 1 ampere to flow at 1 volt of pres sure. For example, 1,000 feet of copper wire of No. 10 B. and S. gauge has just 1 ohm of resistance and allows the flow of 1 ampere at 1 volt. UNITED STATES WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Apothecaries' Weight: 20 grains = 1 scruple: 3 scruples 1 dram; 8 drams = 1 ounce; 12 ounces == 1 pound. Avoirdupois Weight (short ton): 27 11-32 grains 1 dram; 16 drams=1 ounce: 16 ounces = 1 pound: 25 pounds 1 quarter; 4 quarters = 1 cwt.; 20 cwt. 1 tón. 11-32 Avoirdupois Weight (long ton): 27 grains 1 dram; 16 drams-1 ounce; 16 ounces == 1 pound; 112 pounds 1 cwt.: 20 cwt.1 ton. Troy Weight: 24 grains 1 pennyweight; 20 pennyweights=1 ounce; 12 ounces 1 pound. Circular Measure: 60 seconds 1 minute: 60 minutes 1 degree; 30 degrees-1 sign; 12 signs = 1 circle or circumference. Cubic Measure: 1,728 cubic inches1 cubic foot: 27 cubic feet 1 cubic yard. Dry Measure: 2 pints=1 quart; 8 quarts=1 peck: 4 pecks - 1 bushel. Liquid Measure: 4 gills 1 pint; 2 pints = 1 quart: 4 quarts-1 gallon; 31% gallons=1 barrel; 2 barrels 1 hogshead. Long Measure: 12 inches1 foot: 3 feet = 1 yard: 5 yards1 rod or pole: 40 rods=1 furlong. 8 furlongs 1 statute mile (1,760 yards or 5,280 feet): 3 miles 1 league. Mariners Measure: 6 feet-1 fathom: 120 fathoms 1 cable length; 74 cable lengths - 1 mile: 5,280 feet1 statute mile; 6,085 feet 1 nautical mile. Paper Measure: 24 sheets-1 quire: 20 quires= 1 ream (480 sheets); 2 reams-1 bundle: 5 bundles = 1 bale. Square Measure: 144 square inches1 square foot; 9 square feet-1 square yard: 30 square yards 1 square rod or perch: 40 square rods-1 rood: 4 roods1 acre; 640 acres 1 square mile: 36 square miles (6 miles square) 1 township. Time Measure: 60 seconds 1 minute; 60 minutes 1 hour; 24 hours 1 day; 7 days=1 week; 365 days=1 year; 366 days1 leap year. The Anglo Saxon acre was one furlong long and one chain wide. 175 troy pounds equal 144 avoirdupois pounds; 175 troy ounces equal 192 avoirdupois ounces. KNOTS AND MILES. The U. S. and British Statute Mile is 5,280 feet in length. On the Continent most of the old miles, which varied in length from about 3,300 feet to over 36,000 feet, have been replaced, officially at least, by the kilometre, which equals 0.62 statute mile or 3,280.8 feet. The Nautical or Sea Mile at any place is considered, for purposes of navigation, to be equal to the length of one minute of latitude at that place. As the earth is not a perfect sphere the nautical mile varies with the latitude, and the arbitrary length adopted for the nautical mile is not the same in all countries. The U. S. Nautical Mile is 6,080.27 feet in length and equal to one-sixtieth of a degree of a great | circle of a sphere whose surface is equal in area to the area of the surface of the earth. The British Nautical Mile is 6,080 feet in length. The French German and Austrian Nautical Mile is 6,076 fee in length. The Geographic Mile is 6,087.1 feet in lengt! and equal to one minute of longitude of the equator The Knot is a measure of speed; a speed of on knot being a speed of one nautical mile per hour A Nautical Mile-1.152 statute miles; a Fathom 6 feet; a Cable-0.1 nautical mile, or 608 feet. To convert statute miles into nautical miles, multiply statute miles by 0.8684; to convert nautical miles into statute miles, multiply nautical miles by 1.1515. STANDARD NEWSPAPER MEASURES. Type is measured by the number of "points" in | the height of the face thereof. A "point" is approximately one-seventy-second of an inch (actually 01383 inch). There are 996 "points" in 35 centimetres. Nonpareil type, the size generally used by newspapers, is a 6-point type, and therefore sets 12 lines to an inch, measuring up and down the column. Twenty-four lines of nonpareil type make what is commonly called a "stick." There are usually ten "sticks" of type in a newspaper column. The smallest type in ordinary use is ruby, which is 3% points in height. Diamond type is 4 or 4% points; pearl, 5 points; agate, 5 points; non-quad. ROMAN AND I. II. III. 1/VI. 8 XIII. 13 XVIII. 9 XIV. .10 XV pareil, 6 points; minion, 7 points; brevler, 8 points bourgeois, 9 points; long primer, 10 points; smal pica, 11 points; pica, 12 points: English, 14 points: great primer, 18 points. The news columns in The World are almost 2 and three-sixteenths inches wide, equal to 12% "picas" or pica M-quads. Each size of type has its own M-quad, which is the square of the face of the capital M of that size of type. A quadrat, or quad, is the type without a letter on it, and is used in spacing between words and to filling out blank lines. The quad is usually of four sizes-N-quad, M-quad, 2M-quad, and 3M ARABIC NUMERALS. 19 LX. ¡CCC....300DCCC...800 .40 or XXC..80 CCCC. ...400 CM.....900 50 XC. .90 D. 500 M or 60 C.. 100 DC. 600 clc... .700 MM....2000 1000 14 XIX ..15 XX.. ..20 LXX. ..70 CC. ...200 DCC. NOTE-A dash line over a numeral, multiplies the value by 1.000: thus, X-10,000; L-50,000; & 100,000; D=500,000; M-1,000,000; CLIX-159,000; DLIX-559,000. Other general rules in Roman numerals are as follows: (1), repeating a letter repeats its value XX-20; CCC-300; (2), a letter placed after one of greater value adds thereto-VI-6; DC-600; (3), a letter placed before one of greater value subtracts therefrom-IV-4. Arabic numerals are those now commonly in use0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, etc. MEDICAL SIGNS AND R (Lat. Recipe), take; ãã, of each; b, pound; 3, ounce; 3, drachm: 9. scruple; m, minim, or drop: O or o, pint; 13, fluid ounce; 13, fluid drachm; as, 388, half an ounce; i, one ounce; iss, one ounce and a half; ij, two ounces: gr., grain; Q. S., as much as sufficient; Ft. Mist., let a mixture be made; Ft. ABBREVIATIONS, Haust., let a draught be made: Ad., add to: Ad lib. at pleasure; Aq., water; M., mix: Mac., macerate: Pulv., powder; Pl., pill: Solv., dissolve: St., let #t stand; Sum., to be taken; D., dose; Dil, dilute; Filt., filter: Lot., a wash; Garg., a gargle: Hor. Decub., at bed time; Inject., injection; Gu, drops: 88, one-half; Ess., essence. THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. (Density figures show grams per cubic centimetre. Melting points are Centigrade.) (Gauge pressure = 0) = atmospheric pressure 14.7 lbs. per square inch absolute pressure.) GAUGE GAUGE LBS. PER Degrees LBS. PER Degrees GAUGE SPEED OF A FALLING BODY. In the first second of its descent a body falls 16 feet; second second, 16+32 48 feet; third second, 16+6480 feet; fourth second, 16+96 112 feet: fifth second, 16+128 144 feet; nth second. 16+32 (n-1) feet. The total distance fallen by a body at the end of the nth second is 16n2 feet, thus at the end of the first second it has fallen 16 feet. at the end of the second 64 feet, at the end of the fifth 400 feet. The figures given above are only approximate ones and in them no account is taken of air resistance As the air resistance encountered by a falling body rule can be given for taking account of it, except to depends on the shape and size of the body no general say that the air resistance increases with the velocity. The force of gravity on a boly one mile above the surface of the earth is less than if the body were at the surface of the earth by about one-twentieth of one per cent. |