WORLD CENSUS OF AUTOMOBILES AND RATIO TO POPULATION. (Revised to June 30, 1926, by the Department of Commerce.)

The value of the 1925 crude rubber importations | Canada, 14,391; United Kingdom, 11,110. was $429,705,000.

The crude rubber consumed in other chief autoproducing countries in 1924, in long tons, was France, 34,442; Germany, 22,738; Japan, 18,905:

than 80 per cent, was used in tires.

More

Crude rubber consumed in 1923 in the United States was valued at $185,000,000, and covered 75 per cent. of the world production.

RAILWAYS IN THE WORLD.

For latest available years. For statistics of railways in the United States, see elsewhere.

Railway mileage of countries not named in the above table is as follows, for latest available years-Algeria, 2,722; Bolivia, 1.401; Chile, 5,102; Chosen, 1,157; Colombia, 926: Congo (Belgian), 1,263; Costa Rica, 410; Cuba, 3,020: Czechoslovakia, 8,718; Dominican Rep., 408; Dutch East Indies, 2,011; Ecuador, 413; Eritrea, 138: Esthonia, 769; Finland, 2,660; Formosa, 396; Greece, 1,983; Guatemala, 478;

445,954 22,224,377 61,581,099 339,733,476 21,303,692 454,508,505 15,804,472 457,006,898 416,672,532 6,565,974,264

74,371,211 56,844,968 751,718,522) 498,918,447

Haiti, 112; Honduras, 556: Hungary, 4.493; IndoChina (French), 1,265; Jugo Slavia, 5,696; Latvia, 1,825: Libia, 106: Luxemburg, 330; Mexico, 16,442; Morocco, 840; Nicaragua, 169: Panama, 301; Paraguay, 308; Persia, 350: Peru, 1,997; Philippines, 803; Poland, 9,541; Porto Rico, 339; Portugal, 2,128; Roumania, 7,325; Salvador, 260; Spain, 9,842; Tunis, 1,287; Turkey, 3,340; Uruguay, 1,660, Venezuela, 646,

40,156,584

279,914,379

135,604,714

259,004,649]

244,137,280

91,487,284

42,058,458

24,277,178 20,524,635 542,664,427

16,106,180

22,549,200

338,254,699

1,864,551

761,397

73,853,394

60,443,716

55,848,471

50.608,980

Name and Location.

FAMOUS WATERFALLS OF THE WORLD.

Bridal Vell (Yosemite)
Chamberlain, Brit, Guiana.
Gavarnie, France.
Gersoppa, India..
Grand, Labrador..
Iguazu, Brazil.
Illilouette (Yosemite)
Kalambo, S. Africa..
Kaleteur, Brit. Guiana..
Minnehaha, Minnesota.
Missouri, Montana.
Montmorenci, Quebec.
Multnomah, Oregon...

620 Murchison, Africa..
300 Nevada (Yosemite)
1,385 Niagara, New York-Out

830 Ribbon, Yosemite Pk., Cal.
316 Rjukan, Norway.

210 Roraima, Brit. Guiana..
370 Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
1,400 Seven Falls, Colorado..
800 Skjaeggedalsfos, Norway.
50 Shoshone, Snake Riv., Idaho.
90 Snoqualmie, Washington.
265 Staubbach, Switzerland..
850 Stirling, New Zealand.

Niagara at the lip of the precipice (Including Goat Island) has a total width of about 5,300 feet. Victoria, (including Livingstone and Cataract Island), has a total width of about 5,700 feet. Iguazu (including the Island of St. Martin) has a width, estimated, of more than 10,000 feet.

Niagara, as the outlet of the four Western Great Lakes which constitutes half of the fresh water of the world, has a volume of water almost unaffected by the seasons, The river below Grand Island is 21⁄2 miles wide, and descends 52 feet in the last mile. The chasm into which it drops is 1,250 feet wide at the falls, 800 feet wide two miles further down, and less than 300 feet at Whirlpool Rapids,

The Zambezl in flood is about two miles wide The canyon below the Victoria Falls is from 200 to 300 feet wide and even narrower further down.

Iguazu carries the smallest volume of water of the three great falls. It is swollen tremendously in flood. The upper rapids narrow to one half mile in width just before spreading out, fanlike, for the drop. The Devil's Throat Chasm is more than 200 feet deep and short and narrow.

The Shoshone Falls are 950 feet wide and Montmorenci 150 feet wide.

The Kalambo Falls, on the boundry between Northern Rhodesia and Tanganyika, were not discovered until the recent British Cape-to-Cairo motor expedition.

The brink of Niagara Falls has moved seven miles west in 30,000 years; the present rate of erosion is 2 to 4 feet a year in the Horseshoe Falls. The

780 Vettis, Norway.

950

400

600

1,170

110

310

1,430

320

1,500 Victoria, Africa..

100 Voringfos, Norway

266 Widows' Tears (Yosemite)
530 Yellowstone (upper), Mont.
210 Yellowstone (lower), Mont.
268 Yosemite (upper), Cal..
980 Yosemite (lower), Cal:
1,904

force of the water tears away the brink quicker
in the Canadian concave than in the straight front
of the American Falls.

The crest of Ribbon Falls, in the Yosemite Valley, is 7,008 feet above sea level: the crest of Yosemite Falls is 6.525 feet above sea level; lower Yosemite, 4,420 feet.

NIAGARA FALLS ILLUMINATED.

Albert Bierstadt in 1884 illuminated Niagara Falls one night for the benefit of English railwaymen by flashing powder on the ledge of rocks be neath the American Falls.

In 1907 the falls were illuminated for 30 nights by searchlights under the direction of W. Darey Ryan of the General Electric Co. Afterward the only illumination of the falls was provided by small incandescent floodlights.

Since May 24, 1925, Niagara Falls has been i luminated in colors four hours every night. The installation of lights is on the Canadian side, and the power is donated by the Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario. The project is financed jointly by the last named, by the cities of Niagara Falls in N. Y. State and in Ontario and by the Victoria Park Commission. The lighting arrangements are by the General Electric Co., through Mr. Ryan, Director of their Illuminating Engineering Laboratory, Schenectady, N. Y. Solar screens are provided. The battery of searchlights directs upon the falls beams totaling one and one-third billion candle power.

VOLCANOES ACTIVE WITHIN THE LAST CENTURY. (Prepared for The World Almanac by the American Museum of Natural History.) The more commonly known volcanoes which have been active within the last hundred years are given herewith.

The figures given for the various altitudes are the most reliable obtainable, although in some cases they may not be absolutely accurate; the altitudes of active volcanoes have been known to vary several hundreds of feet during the preogrss of a single eruption; also, many of the peaks listed Peak and Country. Cotopaxi, Ecuador. San Pedro y Pablo, Bolivia. Sangay, Ecuador.

are located in regions which have not been carefully mapped.

The limitation to those which have been active during the last hundred years excludes many well known volcanoes. The great Fuji would have bee excluded excepting for the activity of parasite cones on its flanks. Among the giants which had to be excluded are: Orizaba, Popocatepetl, Sahama, Ixtaccihuatl, Sorata, Pomarepe, and Teneriffe. Altitude, Peak and Country. 10,562 San Miguel, Salvador.. 10,436 Ceboruco, Mexico.. 10.100 Calbuco, Chile.. .10.075 Isarog, Philippines.

Altitude. Peak and Country.
19,635 Dempó, Sumatra...
.19,423 Cerro Quemado, Guatemala
17,464 Merapi, Sumatra.
16,515 Tirma, Java.

15,918 Pico de Cano, Cape Verde..
14,683 Gede, Java.

Clarence Peak, Fernando Po. 14,683 Ruapehu, New Zealand.

Mauna Loa, Hawall.

Alitude.

7.120

7.100

7,000

Carahuairazo, Ecuador.

6.634

Pichincha, Ecuador..

9.744 Oraefa-jokull, Iceland.

6.424

Karlssimbi, Africa.

9.720 Bandal, Japan.

6.037

9,100 Pogromnol, Alaska

5,523

Cameroon, Africa.

Colima, Mexico.

13,370 Shishaldin, Alaska..
13,092 Papandayang, Java..
12,675 Pacaya, Guatemala.

Fuji, Japan....

12,395 Beerenberg, Jan Mayen Isl.

Erebus, Antarctic.

8,350 Grande Soufriere, Guadel'pe.

4,900

12,370 Santa Ana, Salvador.

8,300 Onsen, Japan...

4,865

12,044 Hualalal, Hawaii.

12,000 Calaon, Philippines.

11,480 Asama, Japan.

11,250 Mayon, Philippines.
11,200 Kugak, Alaska.

10,820 Katmat, Alaska..
10,740 Shirane, Japan.

10.670 Banajao, Philippines,
10,570 Osorno, Chile...

CARLOAD WEIGHTS OF VARIOUS COMMODITIES.

8,275 Korovin, Alaska.

4,852

11.000 Ngauruhoe, New Zealand.

Approximate mean elevation (feet)-North America, 1,300; South America, 1,300; Europe, 980; Asia, 1,600; Africa, 1,600; Australia, 800.

HIGHEST AND LOWEST ALTITUDES IN THE UNITED STATES.
(Data supplied by the United States Geological Survey. Sign -means below sea level.)

Sea lev.

Sea lev.

U.S. (ex. Alaska). Mount Whitney, Inyo-T"l're,Cal 14,501 Death Valley.. Inyo, Cal.

The loftiest peak in the Philippines is Mount Apo, on Mindanao Island, 9,610 feet.
The highest point in Porto Rico is in the Luquillo Mountains, 3,532 feet.

The highest point in the West Indies is in the Dominican Republic, Mount Tina 10,300 feet.

.26,795 Badarinath.

Nanga-Parbat.

Nandadevi.

Feet. 23,930

Fea

23,184

23,360 Tiratch-Mir, Afghanistan...25,400
Ulug Mustagh, Thibet..
Tengri Khan, China.

25,300

24,132

22,770 Aling Gungri, Thibet.

24,000

22,650 Kinting-Shan, China.

18.000

23,399 Koh 1-Dena, Persia.
22,510 Hong-Shan, China..
23,190 Kitutchev, Kamchatka.

17.000

.16,400

15,750

.26.620 Yirnajang.

13,455

.21,300 Blelukha ("White"), Siberis. 14,80) .25,645 Dhaola-dhar (White Mt.)...15,956 Kinabalu, Borneo.. British expeditions in 1922 reached 27,300 feet | feet. The previous height record reached there on Mount Everest, and in 1924 ascended 28,100 was 24,600 feet.

Mount Logan, in the Yukon, was scaled in 1925. | surveyed peak said to be one of the highest in the by Capt. A. H. McCarthy and party.

Feet. Mountains.
Fect.
Nevado de Toluca. .14,950 Nauhcampatepetl.. 13.400 Mountains..
..18,564 Malinche...
14.630 Volcan de Colima..12,750 Tajamulco.
17,543 Nevado de Colima. .14,100 Tancitaro... .....12,650 Tacana..

Ixtaccihuatl.......16,960

Mountains and Corntry.
Mountains and Country. Feet. Mountains and Country.
Kilimanjaro (2 peaks): 1-
Ruwenzori, Africa..
.. 16,791 Jabel Ayashi, Morocco.
Kibo; 2-Mawenzi, Brit.
Wilhelmina, New Guinea....15,580 Cook, New Zealand.
E. Africa..
Ras Dashan, Abyssinia.
Kenia, Brit. East Africa....17,187 Ala Goz, Abyssinia..
In 1925 the higher of the two Kilimanjaro Moun-
tains, which the African natives formerly believed
had a solid silver cap because of the gleam of the
Snow cap in the sun, was climbed by G. Londt of
Cape Town. He ascended in four days. These

two peaks are about half way between Victoria
Nyanza and the coast. The lower one is an extinet
volcano. capped with a crater. The peaks were
discovered in 1848 by Johannes Rebmann. Aristotle
alluded to it as at the source of the Nile.

Fed .14.000 12.349 ..12.200 .7.323

Weights and Measures.

THE METRIC SYSTEM.

(Data by the Bureau of Standards, Department of Commerce.)
UNITS OF WEIGHT AND MEASURE.

The fundamental unit of the metric system is the meter, the unity of length. From this the units of capacity (liter) and of weight (gram) were derived. All other units are the decimal subdivisions or multiples of these. These three units are simply

related. e. g., for all practical purposes 1 cubic decimeter equals 1 liter and 1 liter of water weighs 1 kilogram. The metric tables are formed by combining the words "meter," "gram," and "liter with the six numerical prefixes, as in the following tables.

IPREFIXES. Meaning.

deka- ten.

hecto-one hundred.
kilo- one thousand.

METRIC CONVERSION.

square inches. square inches. square inches.

square inches.

Square meters X 10.764 square feet.
Square kilometers X 247.1

= acres.

Square kilometers X 3861 square miles.
Hectares X 2.471 acres.

Hectares X 003831 square miles.

Cubic centimeters 16.387 cubic inches.
Cubic centimeters+ 3.70 fluid drams (U. S. P.).
Cubic centimeters+ 29.57 fluid ounces (U. S. P.).
Cubic meters X 35.314 cubic feet.
Cubic meters X 1.308 - cubic yards.

Cubic meters 264.2 gallons (231 cubic inches).
Litres 61.023 cubic inches.

Litres X 33.81 fluid ounces (U. S. P.).

gallons (231 cubic inches).
gallons (231 cubic inches).
cubic feet.

cubic feet.

Litres 2542 =
Litres + 3.785
Litres + 28.317
Hectoliters X 3.53
Hectoliters x 2.84
Hectoliters X .131
Hectoliters + 26.42
Grammes X 15.432 = grains.
Grammes (water) +

bushels (2150.42 cubic inches).
cubic yards.

= gallons (231 cubic inches).

29.57 = fluid ounces.

Grammes + 28.35 ounces avoirdupois. Grammes per cubic centimeter + 27.7 per cuble inch.

Joule X .7376 foot pounds.

pounds

Units of

Kilograms X 2.2046
Kilograms X 35.3

Units.

10

100 "liter" for capacity. 1000

pounds.

ounces avoirdupois.

Kilograms + 907.18 = short tons (2.000 pounds). Kilograms per square centimeter X 14.223 = pounds per square inch.

Kilogram meters X 7.233 = foot pounds.

Kilo per meter X .672 pounds per foot.

Kilo per cubic meter x .062 pounds per cubic foot.
Kilo per cheval X 2.235 pounds per horse power.
Kilowatts X 1.34- horse power (33,000 foot
pounds per minute).

Watts 746 horse power.

1 Watt .00134 horse power = 44.3 foot pounds
per minute.

Calories X 3.968 B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit).
Cheval vapeur X 0.986 horse power.
Centigrade X 1.8+32= degrees Fahrenheit.
Gravity Paris = 980.94 centimeters per second.

NOTE.-Joule: C. G. 8. unit of both mechanical and electrical energy. Equivalent to work done or heat generated in keeping up for one second a current of one ampere against a resistance of one ohm, or in raising the potential of one coulomb by one volt. Equal to 10,000,000 ergs or .73756 foot pound.

Calory: One of two recognized units of heat, of which the greater calory is amount of heat necessary to raise one kilogram of water 1° C.; the lesser or small calory being the amount of heat necessary to raise one gram of water 1° C.

The U. S. Bureau of Standards advocates use of "Kilocalorie" and "calorie," respectively, for the greater and lesser calorie.

Foot pound, horse power, and cheval or cheval vapeur, as generally defined, vary from place to place by 4% because of variations in the intensity of gravity. The relations given here are for the international standard gravity, which gives acceleration of 980.665 cm per second.

Length.

an

Units of Area.

A square meter is a unit of area equivalent to the area of a square the sides of which are 1 meter. A square yard is a unit of area equivalent to the area of a square the sides of which are 1 yard. Multiples and Submultiples:

1 square kilometer = 1,000,000 square meters.
1 hectare or square hectometer 10,000 square
meters.

1 are or square dekameter = 100 square meters.
1 centare 1 square meter.

1 square decimeter = 0.01 square meter.

1 square centimeter = 0.0001 square meter.

1-8 fathom.

(United States = 6080.20 feet. 1.151553 statute miles. 1853.249 meters.

1 square millimeter = 0.000001 square meter= 0.01 square centimeter.

1 square foot = 1-9 square yard.

1 square inch = 1-1296 square yard 1-144 square foot.

1 square link = 0.0484 square yard = 62.7264 square inches.

1 square rod 30.25 square yards = 272.25 square feet 625 square links.

1 square chain = 484 square yards = 16 square rods 100,000 square links.

1 acre 4840 square yards = 160 square rods = 10 square chains.

1 square mile = 3,097,600 square yards = 640 acres 259 hectares.