IMPORTANT TUNNELS OF THE WORLD.
(For New York City Tunnels see elsewhere.)

Alberg-Under the Alps at the Arl Mountains, and
extends from Langen to St. Anton, 6% miles;
opened 1884.

Baltimore-The first use of electric motive power on the railroads in this country was on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1895 at Baltimore, Md. The main line of this railroad passes under the principal business portion of the city in tunnels which were completed in 1894.

The main tunnel under Howard Street is over 7,000 feet in length and represents one of the pioneer efforts leading up to present subway systems. Methods were originated of supporting adjacent structures and of controlling quicksand and underground streams encountered during construction. Through the quicksand areas, the adjacent ground was solidified by forcing large quantities of cement grout into it under heavy pressure.

Electrical motive power was adopted to eliminate objectionable smoke and gases in the tunnels. Power was, at first. supplied from overhead wires, but in 1902 this was replaced by a third-rail system.

The electrified section totals about seven miles in length and is a part of the main line of the Baltimore and Ohio between New York and Washington.

The Pennsylvania Railroad has 2 tunnels under Baltimore: Union Tunnel, north of Union Station built by the Union Railroad Company of Baltimore in 1871; a two-track tunnel, 3,400 ft. long, located under the bed of Hoffman Street from Bond Street to Greenmount Avenue. Baltimore Potomac Tunnels, south of Union Station, built by the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Company in 1873: two-track tunnels under Wilson Street from North Avenue to Pennsylvania Avenue, 4,960 ft. long and under Winchester Street from Fremont Avenue to Gilmore Avenue, 2,190 ft., a total length of 7,150 ft. PennsylVania Avenue Station is located at the opening between the tunnels.

Big Bend-Drains the Feather River in California, 2 miles; opened 1886.

Bitter Root Mountains (Montana and Idaho)10,100 feet long.

Blackwell-Under River Thames, England, 1%
miles; opened 1897.

Busk-Ivanhoe Tunnel on the Colorado Midland
R. R., 9,600 feet long, single track, under the
Continental Divide, in Lake and Pitkin Counties.
Cascade Mountain-Through the Cascade Moun-
tains in Washington, 3 miles.

Catskill Aqueduct 92 miles to N. Y. City, and 35
miles of distributing tunnels deep down under the
city itself; partly opened in 1915, completely in
1917.

The Shandaken Tunnel, a part of the Catskill water supply system, is used to deliver the water of Schoharie Creek to the Ashokan reservoir. It is 18.1 miles long, the longest tunnel in the world. It is concrete-lined, 104 feet wide and 11 feet high, with a capacity of 600,000,000 gallons a day. It was put into service on Feb. 9, 1924.

Connaught-Through Selkirk Mountains, under
Rogers Pass, Cañada; on Canadian Pacific Rall-
way, double track, about five miles long: com-
pleted 1916.

Continental Divide, for the Denver and Salt Lake
R. R., 6.4 miles long (under construction).
Croton Aqueduct-333 miles to N. Y. City; opened
1888.

Cumberland--Under Cumberland Mountains,
Tennessee, 8,000 feet long.

Detroit (Mich. Central Ry.)-Under Detroit River.

Gallitzin Tunnel, through the Alleghany Moun-
tains at Gallitzin, 11 miles west of Altoona, Pa.,
is 3,600 ft. long; was built in 1854, for two tracks
of the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1904 a new
single track tunnel was built parallel with the
old tunnel, through which is operated one west-
bound track, another westbound track being
operated through the old tunnel, replacing the
original two tracks in order to give added clear-
ance. The two eastbound tracks through the
mountain use what is known as New Portage
Tunnel, 1,610 ft. long, which was built by the
State of Pennsylvania in 1855, and purchased
by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1857.
Gunnison-Southwestern Colorado, 6 miles; opened
1909.
Hoosac-Through Hoosac Mountain, Mass., 4%
miles; opened 1873.
Khojak Pass-India, Quetta to Kandahar, 2 miles.
Loetschberg-Through the Alps, in Oberland,
Switzerland, 94 miles; opened June 20, 1913,
costing nearly $10.000.000.

Mont Cenis-Italy to France, under the Col de
Frejus, 8 miles; opened 1871. The line is being
electrified between Modane and Culoz.

Mont d'Or Between France and Switzerland, was bored through October 2, 1913. The tunnel! pierces the Jura Mountains from Fresne to Valforbe, and is 334 miles long.

Mt. Roberts-From the shore of Gastineau Channel at Juneau, Alaska, into Silver Bow Basin, 1 1-3 miles.

Nice-Cuneo-Under the Alps; to be opened for rall
traffic in 1928. There are 2 tunnels on the line:
one of 5,939 metres, at the Col de Braus; one of
3,888 metres under Mont Grazian. The entire
route is 76 miles in length.

The project of tunneling of Mont Blanc has
been abandoned, up to September, 1926.
Otira-In New Zealand, 54 miles.
Rove-Northwest from l'Estaque, France, part of

canal connecting Marseilles with Rhone River; 416 miles, 72 feet wide, 47 feet high; opened 1916. Rothschönberg-Drains the Felberg mines, Saxony, 31 miles: opened 1877.

St. Clair-Under St. Clair River from Sarnia, Ont.,
to Port Huron, Mich., 2 miles: opened 1891.
St. Gothard-Through the Alps, connects Goschenen
with Airolo, in Switzerland, 9% miles; opened 1881.
Severn-From Monmouthshire to Gloucestershire,
England, 41⁄2 miles; opened 1886.

Simplon-Through the Alps, 12 miles; opened
1905.
Southern Pacific and Central Pacific Railroad
tunnels: Chatsworth Park, through Coast Range
Mountains, in Los Angeles County, Cal., 1.4
miles; San Fernando, through Coast Range Spur
1.32 miles.
Spiral-The tunnels on the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way, between Hector and Fields, B. C., con-
sist of two spiral tubes, the westerly, 3,255 feet
long, under Cathedral Mountain; and the east-
erly, 2,921 feet long, under Mt. Ogden, with the
Kicking Horse River between. This line was
built to reduce grades through the Kicking Horse
Pass, and cut the gradient on the line from 4.5%
to 2.2%, and cost approximately $1,500,000.
Strawberry-Through the Wasatch Mountains,
Sutro-Drains the Comstock Lode in Nevada,
415 miles: opened 1879.
Totley-England, 3 miles.
Trans-Andine Ry. Tunnel-5 miles long, 10,486
feet above sea level and affords direct communi-
cation between Valparaiso and Buenos Ayres;
opened April 5, 1910.

Wasserfluh-In the Alps, between Bunnadern
and Lichtensteig, Switz., 2 miles, opened 1909.
Woodhead-Liverpool to Birkenhead, England,
under the River Mersey, 3 miles.

GREAT COAL-MINE DISASTERS IN THE UNITED STATES.

All of the above named disasters were due to mine explosions except those of Sept. 6, 1869 and Nov. 13. 1909, where fire alone raged.

1924

171

1924.

April

119

1,057 1867.1898
1,030 1900
1,010 1849.1862
940 1894

DRAWSPAN.

Chicago River...16th Street.

260

1920

St. Mary's Canal St.

Ste Marle,
Mich....

3361

1913

Cauca, Colombia Colombia.

*Under construction.

The pler-viaduct bridge across the mouth of the Tay, near Dundee, Scotland, has 85 spans with a total length of over 10,500 feet. It was opened in June, 1887.

THE MID-HUDSON BRIDGE AT

POUGHKEEPSIE.

The following data about the proposed MidHudson Bridge, construction of which is in progress. have been communicated by Le Roy Greenalch, Acting Engineer of Bridges and Grade Crossings, New York State Department of Public Works:

This bridge leaves the junction of Church and Unton Streets, Poughkeepsie, and crosses the Hudson River to the Town of Lloyd, Ulster County.

Total length of the structure-4,072 feet.

The east approach in the City of Poughkeepsie is of the viaduct construction.

The main span is 1,500 feet clear between piers with a 750 foot approach span on each side.

Clearance above mean bigh water-135 feet. Roadway thirty feet (face to face of curbs) with two five-foot sidewalks.

Helght of towers above mean high water-308.5 feet.

Depth of tower foundations 118 feet and 138 feet below mean high water level.

Diameter of cables-sixteen and three-quarter inches.

Estimated cost-approximately $6,000,000.
The corner stone was laid at Poughkeepsie by
Gov. Smith, Oct. 9, 1925.

THE CASTLETON CUT-OFF.

The route of the New York Central Railroad's freight "cut-off," opened to traffic Nov. 20, 1924, extends from Stuyvesant, N. Y., on the main line to Feura Bush, N. Y., crossing the Hudson River on the "A. H. Smith Memorial Bridge," which latter, a steel truss structure, extends from Castleton on the east side of the stream to Selkirk on the west side. The bridge is one mile long with its immediate approaches, and the tracks are 150 feet above water. The two channel spans are respectively 600 feet and 408 feet in length. The bridge is 10 miles south of Albany.

The cut-off cost $25,000,000, is 28 miles long, and was begun in 1922. It is the property of the Hudson River Connecting Railroad Corporation, a New York Central Subsidiary organized in 1913.

There are branches from the bridge, to Post Road on the Boston & Albany Railroad on the east side, and to Ravena on the west side of the river.

At Selkirk there are freight terminal yards which hold nearly 11,000 cars and eventually will accommodate 20.000 cars. The repair shops there can take care of 600 cars.

The primary object of the "cut-off" was to abolish the "bottleneck" at Albany which limited capacity and at periods of heavy density of traffic produced freight transit delays.

BEAR MOUNTAIN-HUDSON RIVER BRIDGE.

The only highway bridge across the Hudson River south of Albany is the one 34 miles north of Peekskill, which extends from Anthony's Nose on the east side of the river to Bear Mountain Park on the west shore. It is a toll bridge and built by private capital.

Construction was begun in May, 1923.

The span was opened to public traffic on Nov. 27, 1924.

Total length, 2,257 ft.: length of span, 1,632 ft.: diameter of cables, 18 in.

Width of roadway, 38 ft.; width of each sidewalk 5 ft.; number of wires in each cable, 7,252; height of towers, 350 ft.; clear height above river, 155 ft.: steel in bridge, 12,552 tons.

The suspended span is the longest in the world.
DELAWARE RIVER BRIDGE.

The highway bridge over the Delaware River, connecting Philadelphia, Pa., and Camden, N. J. was begun Jan. 6, 1922, and was opened to the public by the Delaware River Bridge Joint Commission of Pennsylvania and New Jersey on July 4, 1926. It is a toll bridge.

It is the world's largest suspension bridge, Physical construction was commenced Jan. 6, 1922.

Principal Dimensions: Main Span-1,750 feet. Distance anchorage to anchorage (out to out of main structure)-3,530 feet 4 inches.

Length of entire bridge-1.81 miles.

Clearance above mean high water, 135 ft., for 800 foot channel.

Height of top of towers above mean high water, 385 feet.

Total width of bridge 125 feet.. designed for roadway, two surface car tracks and two rapid transit tracks.

Roadway 57 ft. clear width; traffic capacity 6,000 vehicles per hour.

Cables 30 inches in diameter-18,666 galvanized wires, each .192 inch diameter in each cable. All exposed masonry is of granite.

Foundation of towers and anchorages are on rock. Estimated cost-Construction cost, main bridge. $4,193,400. Philadelphia approach, $15,344,238; Camden approach, $3,482,629; engineering expense $1,506,500; Philadelphia real estate, $7,707,420: Camden real estate, $3,400,000; administration expenses, $341,929; reserve for contingencies, $1,220.855; total, $37,196,971.

Chief engineer-Ralph Modjeski; other members of the Board of Engineers, George S. Webster, and Laurence A. Ball.

CONSTANZA-DANUBE BRIDGE.

The great Cerno Voda Bridge over the Danube was opened in 1895. This structure, one of the roost notable in the world, with its several viaducts and approaches, is 12 miles long.

Its completion made Constanza really accessible for the first time and gave Roumania a usable salt water port. In the meantime many of the nonRoumanians had moved out of the Dobrudja, and the district had become somewhat Roumanized.

SWISS BRIDGES.

There are several notable short-span steel arch bridges in Switzerland. The longest crosses the River Sitter, at St. Gall, with a span of 394 feet, completed in 1910.

The oldest, over the Schwarzwasser, Canton Berne, completed in 1882, with a length of 374 feet The bridge across the Aar, at Berne, built in 1898, is 377 feet in length.

The oldest masonry bridge in Switzerland, completed in 1461, is over the Aar, at Berne, with a span of 148 feet.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS AND DIVISIONS OF GEOLOGIC TIME. (Prepared by the U. S. Geological Survey.)

The rocks composing the earth's crust are grouped by geologists into three great classes-igneous, sedlmentary, and metamorphic. The igneous rocks

ments or particles of various sizes (conglomerate,
sandstone, shale); of the remains or products of ani-
mals or plants (certain limestones and coal); of the
product of chemical action or of evaporation (salt,
gypsum, &c); or of mixtures of these materials.
A cha acteristic feature of sedimentary deposits is a
layered structure known as bedding or stratification.
Metamorphic rocks are derivatives of igneous or
sedimentary rocks produced through mechanical or
chemical activities in the earth's crust. The unal-
tered sedimentary rocks are commonly stratified,
and it is from their order of succession and that of
the contained fossils that the fundamental data of

have solidifled from a molten state. Those that have
solidifed beneath the surface are known as intrusive
rocks. Those that have flowed out over the surface
are known as effusive rocks, extrusive rocks, or lavas.
The term volcanic rock includes not only lavas but
bombs, pumice, tuff, volcanic ash and other frag
mental materials thrown out from volcanoes. Sedi-
mentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of
sediment in water (aqueous deposits or eolian de-
posits). The sediment may consist of rock frag-historical geology have been deduced.

Proterozoic.
(Primordial
Lite.)

Carboniferous.

Devonian.

Silurian.

Ordovician.

Cambrian.

Algonkian.

Permian.
Pennsylvanian.
Mississipplan.

Crystalline Rocks.

"Age of reptiles." Rise and culmination of huge land reptiles (dinosaurs). First appearance of birds and mammals; and palms and hardwood trees.

"Age of amphibians."

Dominance of tree

ferns and huge mosses. Primitive flowering plants and earliest cone-bearing trees. Beginnings of backboned land animals. Insects.

"Age of fishes." Shellfish (mollusks) also abundant. Rise of amphibians and land plants

Shell-forming sea animals dominant. Rise of fishes and of reef-building corals

Shell-forming sea animal. Culmin tion of the buglike marine crustaceans known as trilobites. First trace of insect ife.

Trilobites, brachiopods and other sea shells. Seaweeds (algae) abundant. No trace of land animals.

First life that has left distinc record. Crustaceans, brachiopods and seaweed.

No fossils found.

Archean.
CAVES AND SINK-HOLES IN THE UNITED STATES.
(From a Bulletin of the National Geographic Society.)

Sink boles are well known in parts of Kentucky, in several sections of Kansas, in Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and numerous other States.

Homesteaders in certain parts of the Southwest have been known to wake to find yawning pits hundreds of feet deep outside their windows where the prairie was unbroken the night before.

In central Kansas as recently as 1898 several railway station buildings were swallowed up in a sink-hole.

Sink-holes, and their physiographic cousins. buffalo wallows" and "basins," usually occur in limestone regions or in territory underlain by other soluble materials, such as gypsum or rock-salt. Moreover, they are most frequently encountered in fairly level country where there is relatively light rainfall and where surface drainage systems are poorly defined.

"Buffalo wallows" are slight circular depressions well described by their fanciful name: areas from 10 to 25 feet across which have dropped several inches or a foot below the surrounding level ground. Such depressions are believed to be caused by a mere compacting and settling of light soil due to the standing and percolation of rain water.

"Basing" are much larger areas which have dropped a number of feet. They are thought to be due either to large scale compacting or to the collapse of shallow caverns over considerable areas.

Sink-holes, especially in the westerh part of the United States, are almost always due to the collapse of a cavern or the formation of a hole in its roof. Water trickling below ground directly from rains or from leakage from streams, is constantly hollowing out such caverns by dissolving away soluble minerals.

Finally the supporting rock is no longer able to withstand the pressure of earth and water above. It gives way, the earth slides in, and an opening is left to the surface. From above this is a sink-hole. If the fallen debris dams the cavern outlet, ground water may soon accumulate and form a lake as in the case of the recently formed hole in western Kansas.

Scuth of the Kansas line in western Oklahoma is a region-"the gypsum country"-in which geological students have found the mechanism of underground solution and erosion laid bare. There are sink-holes through the open shafts of which underground rills may be seen working their way along gypsum beds.

In stream canyons farther down are tunnels through which such rills enter the creeks and rivers. In some cases entire little canyons have been formed by the collapse of tunnels.

Not one but many sink-holes have appeared in the bed of the Pecos River in New Mexico from 50 to 75 miles above the Texas line. Into some of these holes the entire flow of the river disappears at times, to reappear a considerable distance down stream.

Where the water reappears it wells up through overflowing ponds, making its exit, apparently, like its entry, through sink-holes. The outflowing water has been found to have more than twice the mineral content of the stream before its disappearance, showing that it is busy during its absence wearing bigger and deeper caverns underground.

In this same region are the famous Carlsbad Caverns. They consist of huge cavities, hundreds of feet deep and wide, extending for several miles and reaching a depth of more than 1,000 feet below the surface.

ב

CITY.

Distances of the World.

TRAVELLING DISTANCES IN EUROPE.

(From the U. S. War Department's Official Table of Distances: mostly by rail, some by rail and water, the figures cover. in statute miles, the shortest generally-travelled routes.)

Amsterdam

Athens.

Berlin

Berne.

Brussels.

Christiania (Oslo)
Constantinople.

Copenhagen.
Edinburgh.

Lisbon.
London.
Madrid
Paris.
Leningrad.
Rome.
Stockholm..

Vienna..

930 754

01734 402 531 140 929 1808 526 66C 1511 260 1233 332 14181094 1734 01563 1269 1792 2249 416 1846 2282 2567 1882 2155 1600 2257 825 2250 1129 102 1563 0 611 505 686 1488 283 1063 1842 663 1564 663 1016 1053 687 434 531 1269 611 0 430 1241 1685 838 1036 1475 636 1063 354 1627 635 1242 631 140 1792 505 430 01043 1793 640 625 1371 225 1093 192 1521 993 1044 739 $29 2249 686 1241 1043 02174 403 1579 2386 1179 2108 1207 900 1739 3581120 1808 416 1488 1685 1793 2174 01771 2597 2998 2197 2586 1915 2182 1256 2175 1054 526 1846 283 838 640 403 1771 01176 1983 776 1705 804 1299 1336 404 717 660 2282 1063 1036 625 1579 2597 1176 01861 400 1583 682 2079 1583 1580 1543 1511 2567 1842 1475 1371 2386 2998 1983 1861

260 1882 663 636 225 1179 2197 776 400 1461 01183 282 1679 1183 1180 1143 1233 2155 1564 1063 1093 2108 2586 1705 1583 412 1183 0901 2580 1330 2109 1762 332 1600 663 354 192 1207 1915 804 682 1179 282 901 01679 901 1208 861 1418 2257 1016 1627 1521 900 2182 1299 2079 2858 1679 2580 1679 01905 542 1128 1094 825 1053 635 993 1739 1256 1336 1583 1742 1183 1330 901 1905 01740 777 930 2250 687 1242 1044 358 2175 404 1580 2387 1180 2109 1208 542 1740 01121 754 1129 434 631 739 1120 1054 7171543 2040 1143 1762 861 1128 777 1121

Oslo is the old name, restored in 1924, for Christiania.

Leningrad formerly was Petrograd and before that, St. Petersburg.

OTHER TRAVELLING DISTANCES IN EUROPE, IN STATUTE MILES.
(From the U. S. War Department's Official Table of Distances.)

0

Amsterdam, to-Antwerp, 113; Bremen, 232; | Rock, 469: Bremen, 482: Brighton, 51; Bristol, 119: Cologne, 151; Hamburg, 303; Hanover, 238: Kiel. 373: Moscow, 1,602; Rotterdam, 50; The Hague, 39. Athens, to Brindisi, 431: Naples, 660; Salonica, 300 Trieste, 859.

Berlin, to Antwerp, 454; Basel, 545: Berne, 611: Bremen, 215: Cologne, 359; Dresden, 108: Dusseldorf, 342: Essen, 317; Frankfurt, 335; Genoa, 875; Geneva, 702: Hanover, 161; Ktel, 225: Konigsberg, 366; Le psic, 100: Lubeck, 162; Magdeburg, 88; Moscow, 1,200; Munich, 406; Nurnberg, 301; Posen, 158: Rotterdam, 422; St. Gall, 575; Saarbrucken, 466; Stuttgart, 438; The Hague, 422; Ulm, 437; Warsaw, 388. Wiesbaden, 360.

Berne, to Brindisi, 838: Geneva, 98; Genoa, 325; Hamburg, 616; Lausanne, 61: Lucerne, 59: Marseilles, 390: Milan, 231; Moscow, 1,811; Naples, 790; Zurich, 81.

Brussels, to Antwerp, 27: Basel, 364; Boulogne, 159; Bremen, 346: Calais, 135; Cologne, 139; Hamburg, 417; Kiel, 488; Leipsic, 465; Moscow, 1,705; Ostend, 78.

Constantinople, to-Adrianople, 198: Batum, 674; Beirut, 976; Brindisi, 847: Gibraltar, 2,099; Lule Burgas, 124; Marseilles, 1,552; Moscow, 2,300; Naples, 1,101: Odessa, 395; Smyrna, 558.

Copenhagen, to-Danzig, 539; Dover, 784; Hamburg, 222; Helsingfors, 889; Kiel, 152; Malmo, 20: Moscow, 1,483; Riga, 801.

Edinburgh, to-Glasgow, 47: Liverpool, 223; Manchester, 216; Moscow, 2,263.

Leningrad, to-Fusan (Chosen), 7,723: Helsing

Cambridge, 53; Canterbury, 60; Chatham, 34: Doter 78: Dresden, 743; Falmouth, 307: Folkestone, 71 Genoa, 2,538; Gibraltar, 1,556: Glasgow, 402; Hasre 234; Kiel, 624; Lisbon, direct, 1,223; Liverpool 200; Manchester, 184: Moscow, 1,863; Naples. 2,679: Oxford, 64: Plymous, 140: Portsmouth, 74: Rotterdam, 210: Sheffield, 163: Southampton, 80: The Hague, 224; Yarmouth, 122.

Madrid, to Barcelona, 425; Bordeaur, 538: Boulogne, 1,059: Cadiz, 439; Carthagena, 326: Gib raltar, 456; Malaga, 383; Marseilles, 765; Moscow, 2,764; Oporto, 381; Saragossa, 212: Valencia, 304.

Oslo, to-Bergen, 306; Gothenburg, 222; Moscow, 1,300; Trondhjem, 349.

Paris, to-Amiens, 81; Antwerp, 219; Bordeaux, 363; Boulogne, 158; Bremen, 511; Brest, 387; Brindisi, 1,169; Calais, 185; Chateau-Thierry, 59; Cherbourg. 230: Cologne, 304; Dijon, 196: Dover, 204: Frankfurt, 424; Geneva, 390: Genoa, 591; Hamburg, 582; Havre, 142; Kiel, 652; Leipsic, 647: Lille, 156: Lyons, 318: Marseilles, 536; Metz, 244; Milan, 557; Moscow, 1,863; Munich, 571; Nancy, 219; Naples, 1,056; Orleans, 78; Port Said, 2,251: Rheims, 97: Rouen, 86; St. Nazatre, 286; Saumur, 183; Strassburg. 312; The Hague, 296: Toulon, 578; Turin, 488: Versailles, 11.

Rome, to-Brindisi, 394; Florence, 196; Genoa. 310: Lausanne, 640; Marseilles, 565; Milan, 404; Moscow, 2,023; Naples, 155; Pisa, 207: Spezia, 254: Turin, 413; Venice, 378.

Stockholm, to-Gollenburg, 284: Haparanda (Sweden), 839: Helsingfors, 270: Kiel, 556; Malmo,

fors, 272: Moscow, 400 Mukden (China), 6,971;384: Moscow, 942; Trondhjem, 530.
Odessa, 1,205; Peking (China), 6,249: Port Arthur
(Manchuria), 5,930; Riga, 365: Sebastopol, 1,355;
Vladivostok, 5,809: Warsaw, 694: Vina, 436.
Lisbon, to Moscow, 3,042; Oporto, 213.
London, to Aldershot, 37: Bath, 107: Bishop's

Vienna, to-Antwerp, 766: Belgrade, 386: Bucha rest, 236; Budapest, 173: Cologne, 600; Genoa, 657; Moscow, 1,246: Munich, 290: Southampton, 1,223: Strassburg, 549; Trieste, 366; Venice, 399; WarsOW. 434: Vilna, 692.

812: Trieste, 1,950; Tripoli, 1,287: Yokohama (via Suez). 11,353.

DISTANCES FROM EUROPEAN PORTS TO PORTS IN OTHER CONTINENTS." (Including, also, certain places in Europe; statute miles; water routes; data by U. S. Hydrographic Office.) Antwerp, Belgium, to-Aden, Arabla (via Suez), 5,424; Panama, 5,586; Pernambuco, Brazil, 4,815. Brest, France, to Colon, C. Z., 5,090: Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, 4,366: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 5.575.

Cherbourg, France, to-Dover, England, 168: Kiel, Germany, via Dover. 1,070; Southampton, England, 97.

Gibraltar, to-Aden, 3,824: Alexandria, 2,084: Algiers, 489; Barcelona, 594: Colon, 4,989; Constantinople, 2,099: Fayal, Azores, 1,305: Hongkong (via Suez), 9,683: Leghorn, 1,008; Manila (via Suez), 9,641, (via Panama), 15,802; Marseilles, 798; Naples, 1,131: Odessa, 2,499; Panama, 5,038: Port Said, Egypt. 2,217; Punta Arenas, 7,350; Smyrna, Asia Minor, 1,925; Sydney, Australia (vla Suez), 11.788, (via Panama), 14,013; Toulon, France,

Liverpool, to-Cape Town, 7,001: Colombo, Ceylon (via Suez), 7,700: Disko (Godhavn), Greenland, 2,461: Funchal, Madeira, 1,644; Gibraltar. 1,490; folgtut, Greenland, 1.867; Kinchowe, China (via Suez), 12,580: Las Palmas, Canary Is., 1,912 Manila (via Suez), 11,111: St. Thomas, W. I., 4,116: Shanghat (via Suez), 12,201; Tientsin (via Suea), 12,992.

London, to-Calcutta (via Suez), 9,183; Cape Town, So. Atrica, 7,069; Foochou, China (via Suez). 11,643; Hongkong, China (via Suez), 11,227: Mantia (via Suez), 11,119: Paramarimbo, Gulana, 4,623: Pernambuco, Brazil, 4,763; Singapore, Straits Settle ment (via Suez), 9,555; Sydney, Australia (via Suer), 13,362; Tampico, Mexico, 5,918.

Vienna.

Amoy

Batavia.

Canton

02270

2270
430 2121

0 2121

0 3570

430 3724
230
2138 2466
624

Colombo

3724 2138

3570

Foochow

ཆ། |

0 3914

161 1596 1072 1533 2165 3812 3293 3678 306 1990 1466 1921 3618 5280 4756 5167 356 1457 930 1401 211 1894 1370 1825 717 2202 1725 2023 808 1135 534 1199 1796 3458 2934 3345 0 1722

334 777 683 1902 2052 1795 2904 606 96 822 1077 1748 3496 3399 4367 1825 906 541 2092 1674 1578 683 2904 1077 4367 541 981 1338 2545 1902 606 1748 1825 2092 1674 1578 2545 0 161 2165 306 3618 356 808 1796 1596 3812 1990 5280) 1457 1135 3458 1722 1072 3293 1466 4756 930 1370 1725 534 2934 1198 1153 1533 3678❘ 1921 5167 1401| 1825 2023 1199 3345 1653] 1093] 1274]

211 717 1894 2202

OTHER DISTANCES BETWEEN ASIATIC PORTS.
1,912; Colombo, 2,433;

Aden. to-Bombay,
Karachi, 1,705; Maskat, 1,300: Port Said, 1,608:
Suez, 1,509, Sunda Stratt, 4,433.

Basra, to-Maskat, 887; Port Said, 3,895.
Bombay, to-Calcutta, 2,466; Colombo, 1,042;
Karachi, 576: Maskat, 989; Singapore, 2,824.

Calcutta, to-Penang, 1.490; Port Said, 5,402; Rangoon, 886; Singapore, 1,895.

1198 1653

Karachi, to-Basra, 1,367; Maskat, 547.
Kiaochow, to Shanghat, 434.

Kobe, to-Hakodate, 935: Nagasaki, 456; Shimonosekt, 281; Yokohama, 398.

Madras, to-Calcutta, 890.

Manila, to-Cebu, 450; Ilollo, 416: Jolo, 633; Pago Pago, 5,188; Wake, 3,192: Yap, 1,329. Nagasaki, to-Manila, 1,504; Port Arthur, 692;

Chefoo, to-Dairen, 104; Shanghat, 573; Wethat-Shanghai, 527; Vladivostok, 755. wel, 51; Yokohama, 1,313.

Colombo, to Calcutta, 1,425; Madras, 681; Rangoon, 1,438; Singapore, 1,825.

Dairen, to Chemulpo, 334; Kobe, 1,205; Shanghai, 616.

Guam, to-Hongkong, 2,098; Manila, 1,728: Shanghai, 1,943; Yokohama, 1,558.

Rangoon, to-Singapore, 1,287.

Shanghai, to-Tienisin, 852: Tsingiau, 435. Singapore, to-Bangkok, 970: Kudat, 1,059; Nagipatam, 1,806: Penang, 435: Saigon, 747. Taku, to-Chefoo, 236; Shanghai, 797: Tientsin. 55. Vladivostok, to-Hakodate, 496; Taku, 1,415. Yokohama, to-Chemulpo, 1,190: Hakodate, 613; Tientsin, 1,687. DISTANCES IN THE PHILIPPINES. (Statute miles; data by U. 6. War Dept.)

Hongkong, to Apia (Samoa), 5,606; Cebu, 1.105; Pago Pago, 5,698.

Manila (Luzon Is.), to-Aparri (Luzon Is.), 441; Bacolod (Negros Is.), 395: Balanga (Luzon Is.). 30; Batangas (Luzon Is.), 70; Bautista (Luzon Is.), 101: Calamba (Luzon Is.), 35; Candon (Luzon Is.), 207: Catbalogan (Samar Is.), 397: Cebu (Cebu Is.), 451: Dagupan (Luzon Is.), 122; Iba (Luzon Is.), 117; Hollo (Panay Is.), 391; Jolo (Sulu Archipelago), 769: Laoag (Luzon Is.), 281; Leg ispt (Luzon Is.), 411; Lucena (Luzon Is.), 87: Nueva Caceres (Luzon Is.), 543: San Fernando (Luzon Is.). 167: Santa Cruz (Luzon Is.). 61; Tacloban (Leyte Is.), 429; Vigan (Luzon Is.), 161; Zamboanga (Mindanao Is.), 671.

Aparri, to-Dagupan, 282; San Fernando, 221; Vigan, 161.

Lucena, to-Nueva Caceres, 414; Santa Cruz, 78: Tacloban, 304; Zamboanga, 493.

Nueva Caceres, to-Legaspi, 178; San Fernando, 4.
San Fernando, to-Vigan, 63.
Tacloban, to--Zamboanga, 441.
Vigan, to-Santa Cruz, 42.

HAWAIIAN DISTANCES (STATUTE MILES).

Honolulu, to Guam Is., 3,842; Hanapepe Bay, 131: Hulo, 263; Kahuku, 71; Kahului, 112, Kalaupapa, 59: Kamehameha (Fort), 9; Kaunakakai, 60; Kawathae, 175; Lahaina, 86; Laupehoehoe, 239; McGregor's Landing, 102; Mahukona, 186: Makena, 114; Manila, via San Bernardino Strait, 5,475; Nawiliwili, 109: Pago Pago, Samoa, 2,606; Pearl Harbor, 6; Ruger (Fort), 6; San Francisco, 2,418: Schofield Barracks, 27: Watanae, 33; Waimanalo, 14; Waipahu, 14, Yokohama, 3,915.

DISTANCES IN JAPAN (STATUTE MILES).
Nagasaki, to Omuta, 123; Shimonoseki, 166.
Tokio, to-Kobe, 377: Kokura, 715; Nagasaki,
819: Nikko, 91; Yokohama, 18.

DISTANCES IN CHINA (STATUTE MILES).
Harbin, to-Dalny, 584; Mukden, 339; Port
Arthur, 603; Vladivostok, 483.

Mukden, to-Fusan (Chosen), 752.
Pekin, to-Chingwanktao, 252; Hankow, 751;
Mukden, 524; Taku, 117: Tientsin, 87.

Shanghai, to-Hankow, 596; Nanking, 193.
Tientsin, to Chingwangi, 167; Kaiping, 87;
Letchwang, 105; Linst, 97: Mukden, 435; Pellatho,
154: Shanghai, 825; Tangku, 27; Tongshan, 81;
Wali, 91.

FROM ASIATIC PORTS TO PORTS OUTSIDE
Aden, to-Gibraltar, 3,824; Jibuti (Africa), 153;
Melbourne, 7.473: Port Said, 1,608; Suez, 1,509:
Wellington, 9,073: Zanzibar, 2,038.

Amoy, to Honolulu, 5,281.
Batavia, to-Honolulu, 6,833.

Bombay, to Cape Town, 5,469; Zanzibar,2,935.
Calcutta, to-Marseilles (via Suez), 7,156: Port
Said (via Suez), 5,402.

Canton, to-Caroline Is.. 2,907: Honolulu, 6,689.

Chefoo, to Honolulu, 5,162.

Colombo, to-Liverpool (via Suez), 7,709; Naples (via Suez), 5,313; Port Said (via Suez), 4,010; Suez, 3,908.

Foochow, to-London (via Suez), 11,643.
Hobart. Tasmania. to-Melbourne, 544.

THAT CONTINENT (STATUTE MILES.) Hongkong, to-Gibraltar (via Suez), 9,991: Hamburg (via Panama), 16,776: Honolulu, 5,593; Liverpool (via Magellan), 20,074: London (via Suez), 11,227.

Manila, to-Bremen (via Suez), 11,464; Liverpool (via Suez), 11,111; London (via Suez), 11,119: Melbourne, 5,214: Port Darwin, 2,112: Sydney, 4,568. Nagasaki, to-Dutch Harbor, Alaska, 3,661. Petropavlovsk, to-Kiska Is., Alaska, 834. Shanghai, to-Liverpool (via Panama), 15,668; New Orleans (via Panama), 12,046.

Singapore, to-Liverpool (via Suez), 9,503. Smyrna, Asia Minor, to-Athens, 251; Genoa, 1,284; Gibraltar, 1,925.

Tientsin, to-Liverpool (via Suez), 12,786.
Vladivostok. to-Liverpool (via Suez), 12,992.

hama.