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1912-Jan. 11. Russ, Russian steamer, foundered In Black Sea: 172.

-Jan. 18. Hall Line steamship Wistow Hall wrecked off North Haven, Aberdeenshire, Scotland: 53 Lascars.

-Feb. 13. Ryoha Maru and Mori Maru, Japanese steamers, sunk in collision off Nagasaki: 46. -March 5. Spanish steamship Principe de Asturias struck rock off Sebastian Point and sunk: 500. -March 16. British steamer Oceana sunk in collision in British Channel; 15.

-Aug. 13-14. Steamship Marowijne, in Gulf of
Mexico; 97.

Aug. 16. Dredge San Jacinto wrecked off Gal-
veston, Tex.: 50.

Aug. 16. Dredge Sam Houston wrecked off
Galveston, Tex.; 56.

-Sept. 28. Steamship Isabel foundered in Long
Island Sound; 14.

Nov. 2. Steamer Santa Clara wrecked on Oregon
coast; 15.

Nov. 11. Steamer Charles A. Luck lost on Lake
Superior; 18.

1916-Jan. 22. Steamship Pollentia foundered in
mid-Atlantic.

-Feb. 3. Steamer Daijin Baru sunk in Pacifie 160.

-Feb. 26. French auxiliary cruiser Provence sunt in Mediterranean. Of nearly 4,000 on board

but 870 were saved.

-May 9. Steamship Roanoke wrecked off coast
of California; 41.

June 5. River packet Eleanore capsized in
Mississippi, north of Memphis, Tenn.; 30.

-March 21. Passenger steamship Cachepol sunk-June 5. British cruiser Hampshire sunk b

off coast of Peru: British officers, 25 passengers; crew of 45 Chilian sailors: 80.

-March 28. British steamship Koombana lost in typhoon off Australian coast; 130.

German mine in Orkneys; Earl Kitchener and several hundred others lost.

Aug. 1. British steamer Ecuador sunk by explosion off coast of Chill; 20.

-April 8. Nile, excursion steamer, sunk in collision-Aug. 11. Greek steamer Eletheria burned in near Cairo, Egypt; 200.

-April 14-15. White Star steamship Titanic sunk after collision with iceberg in North Atlantic: 1,517.

-April 30.

Steamer Texas blown up by mine at entrance to Gulf of Smyrna; 64.

-June 20, Steamer Hungarian burned on lower
Danube: 23.

-Sept. 23. Russian steamer Obnevka sunk in
Dvina River; 115.

-Sept. 28. Japanese steamer Kickermaru sunk off
coast of Japan: 1,000.

Aegean Sea; 40.

-Aug. 16. American

steamer wrecked in South Atlantic; 20.

Admiral Clark

Aug. 29. United States cruiser Memphis wrecked at Santo Domingo; 33.

-Aug. 29. Chinese steamer Hsin Yu sunk off coast of China; 1,000.

-Aug. 29. Japanese

steamer Wakatsu Maru wrecked on coast of Japan; 105.

-Oct. 20. Steamer James B. Colgate wrecked on
Lake Erie: 21.

-Oct. 20. Steamer Merida lost on Lake Erie: 20.

-Oct. 7. Steamer Fagundes Varella burned off-Nov. 3. London and N. W. Rallway steamship Brazilian coast; 18.

-Nov. 1. Steamer Cecilia sunk in Lake St. Louis,

Quebec; 16.

1913-Jan. 2. Steamer El Dorado lost in storm on Atlantic coast; 39.

-Jan. 4. Steamer Julia Luckenbach sunk in col

Connemara and British steamship
collided and sank in Irish Sea; 92.

Retriever

1917-May 15. Ship Standard wrecked in Bering Sea; 25.

-July 1. French steamer Himalaya sunk by explosion in the Mediterranean; 28.

lision with British freighter Indrakuala in Chesa-July 9. The British warship Vanguard blown peake Bay: 15.

-Jan. 7. Oil steamer Rosecrans wrecked on
Oregon coast; 33.

-Jan. 9. Steamer James T. Staples sunk in Tom-
bigbee River, Alabama; 18: 10 injured.
-Jan. 16. British steamer Veronese wrecked near
Oporto, Portugal; 16.

-March 1. British steamer Calvadas lost in
blizzard in Sea of Marmora; 200.

-March 5. German torpedo-boat destroyer S-178
sunk in collision with cruiser Yorck, near Heligo-
land: 66.

-March 7. British steamer Alum Chive destroyed
by dynamite explosion, Baltimore; 50.
-May 24. Steamer Nevada sunk by

Gulf of Smyrna; 40.

mine in

Aug. 18. Steamer State of California wrecked near Juneau, Alaska; 40.

-Oct. 9. Steamship Volturno wrecked by fire
and explosion in midocean; 135.

-Nov. 9. Steamer collier Bridgeport wrecked in
St. Lawrence River: 44.

-Dec. 5. Swedish steamer Malmverget foundered
on Norway coast: 45.

-Deo. German steamer Acilia wrecked near
Terra del Fuego; 98.

1914 Jan. 30. Old Dominion steamship Monroe
sunk off coast of Virginia; 41.

-March 31. Sealing steamer Southern Cross
wrecked in Belle Isle Strait; 173.
-April 28. Steamer Benj. Noble, off Duluth; 20.
-May 15-21. Steamship Luckenbach wrecked off
coast of South Carolina; 29.

-May 29. Canadian Pacific steamship Empress
of Ireland sunk in collision with Danish collier
Storstad in St. Lawrence: 1,024.

-Sept. 18. Steam schooner Francis H. Leggett

up at her dock in a British port: 800.

July 27. Japanese freighter Koto Hira Maru wrecked on island near Alaska; loss, $1,000,000. -Nov, 10. Steamer Castalla wrecked on Lake Superior: 22.

1918-Feb. 24. Red Cross liner Florizel wrecked near Cape Race, N. F.; 92.

-Feb. 26. United States naval tug Cherokee lost
in storm off Delaware Capes; 29.

March 18. British steamer Batiscan lost off
Nova Scotia: 41.

-April 25. Chinese steamship Klang-Kwan sunk
in collision off Hankow: 500.

-May 1. American steamship City of Athens
sunk in collision off Delaware coast; 66.
-June 14. The U. S. S. Cyclops, 19,360 tons
displacement, left the Barbados, West Indies,
on March 4, 1918, and has not been heard of
since. She had on board a crew of 15 officers
and 221 men: also as passengers 6 officers and
51 enlisted men.

-July 6. River steamer Columbia sunk in Illinois
River at Wesley City: 87.

-July 12. Japanese battleship Kawachi blown up
in Tokayama Bay: 500,

-Oct. 3. American steamer Lake City sunk of!
Key West, Fla.; 30.

-Oct. 4. American steamer Herman Frasch sunk
in collision off Nova Scotia; 50.

-Oct. 24. Canadian steamship Princess Sophis
sunk on coast of Alaska; 350.

1919-Jan. 1. British steam yacht lost off Storno-
way, Scotland; only 30 of 300 saved.
-Jan. 11. Steamer Yuma sunk en route Pedro
d'Macoris to New York; 79.

-Jan. 17. French steamer Chaonia lost in Straits
of Messina; 460.

wrecked near mouth of Columbia River, Oregon:-April 4. Italian transport Umbria struck a mine

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-May 7. Cunard Line steamship Lusitania, bound from New York to England, sunk in 18 minutes by German submarine boat, shortly after-Nov. 15. Steamship John Owen sunk in Lake

2 P. M., when going 18 knots an hour, 10 miles off the Old Head of Kinsale, southeast tip of Ireland; 1,198 (including 124 Americans),

Superior; 23.

-Nov. 23. Steamship Myron sunk in Lake Superior: 18.

-July 24. Steamer Eastland overturned in Chi--Dec. 18. Oil tanker J. A. Chanslor sunk off cago River; 812.

Cape Blanco, Ore.; 37.

1919-Dec. 18. British steamship Manxman lost

off Nova Scotia; 40.

-Dec. 29. Belgian steamship Anton von Driel-Aug.
sunk at St. Mary's Bay, Newfoundland: 26.
1920-Jan. 10. British steamship Troveal sunk in
Channel: 35.

-Jan. 12. French steamship sunk in Bay of
Biscay: 500.

-Jan. 22. U. S. tanker Meliero broke in two off
Florida: 22.

-Jan. 29. American steamship Fortune sunk off
Jekyl Island, Ga.; 13.

-Feb. 7. American steamship Polias wrecked off
Rockland, Me.; 10.

-April 18. American steamship Wm. O'Brien
sunk in Atlantic Ocean in storm; 40.

-Aug. 20. American ore carrier Superior City, by collision, Lake Superior; 29.

1921-Spanish steamer Santa Isabel storm-wrecked near Villagarcia; 214.

-Feb. 26. U. S. Destroyer Woolsey, by collision
off Panama; 16.

-March 18. Steamer Hongkong hit rock near
Swatow, China; 1,000.

-March 23. U. 8. naval tug Conestoga vanished
In Pacific; 43.

-April 11. Steamer Col. Bowie, Gulf of Mexico:
19.

-Oct. 8.

Steamer Rowan, off British Isles: 27. 1922-Jan. 4. Greek torpedo boat blew up at Piraeus: 55.

-March 23. British submarine sunk by destroyer, in practice, off Gibraltar; 23.

1-April 25.

French coal steamer sunk by storm off Brittany; 32. -May 20. British steamer Egypt, in collision off France; 98.

-June 4. Excursion steamer Villa Franca sunk off Hohenau, Paraguay: 80.

-June 16. Brazillan liner Avare upset at Hamburg dock; 24.

-Aug. 26. French battleship France. 23,000 tons. hit rock and sank off Quiberon Bay; 3.

-Aug. 26. Japanese cruiser Niitaka sank in storm off Kamchatka; 300.

-Aug. 29. Chillan steamer Itata sank in storm off Coquimbo: 301.

Sept. 9. German steamer Hammonia sank in storm off Vigo, Spain; 30.

-Dec. 13. Tug Reliance sunk in storm in Lake Superior; 27.

-Dec. 16. French hospital ship Vinh-Long burned in Sea of Marmora; 15.

1923-Jan. 25. British oll tanker San Leonardo burned at Tampico, Mexico; 22.

-March 10. Greek transport Alexander sank off Piraeus. 150.

-April 23. Portuguese mail steamer Mossamedes went aground at Cape Frio, Southwest Africa; 220.

-July 13. The Mallory liner Swiftstar left the Gulf end of Panama Canal and never was heard from: 33.

For later marine disasters see Chronology.

Aug. 21. Japanese submarine sank at dock at Kobe: 85. 30. Danish excursion steamer Freya foundered off Hoejer, in hurricane; 200. -Sept. 3. Fleet of seven U. S. destroyers, including the Delphy, S. P. Lee, Chauncey, Fuller, Woodbury, Nicholas, and Young, went on rocks in fog off Honda Point, 75 miles north of Santa Barbara, Cal.; 22.

1924-Jan. 10. British submarine L-24 sunk off Portland, England, in collision with British battleship, Resolution; 43.

-March 11. Ward Line steamship Santiago sunk by storm off Cape Hatteras; 25.

-March 19. Japanese submarine 43 sunk in collision of Sasebo, with Japanese battleship Tatsuta; 49. -July 11. ford; 19.

Irish freight steamer Lismore, off Wex

-July 11. Japanese freight steamer Nippon Yusen Kaisha, in gale of Goto Island; 57.

-Dec. 12. Japanese special service ship Kwanto, in storm off Tsuruga; 100.

1925 March 12. Japanese steamer Uwajima Maru lost in gale off Takashima; 103.

-April 21. Japanese freighter Raifuku Maru, Philadelphia for Hamburg, sunk off Nova Scotia in storm; 38.

-May 8. U. S. Army Engineers' steamer Norman upset with excursionists aboard in Mississippi River, 16 miles south of Memphis: 22, -May 23. Turkish coastal steamer foundered at entrance to the Bosporus; 44.

-Aug. 18. Excursion steamboat Mackinac, returning, on Narragansett Bay, from Newport to Pawtucket, boller explosion: 47.

-Aug. (last week in). Italian submarine vanished in naval manoeuvres off Sicily: 50.

-Sept. 25. U. S. submarine 8-51 sunk in collision with Amer. steamer, City of Rome, off Block Island, R. I.; 33.

-Nov. 30-Dec. 5. Cargo steamship Cotopaxi vanished in storm on way from Charleston, S. C.. to Havana, Cuba; 32.

1926-Jan. 26. British freight steamer Antinoe lost in storm in mid-Atlantic; crew rescued by the Pres. Roosevelt, which lost 2 of her life-boat men in the venture.

-Jan. 27. British freight steamer Laristan sunk in storm in mid-Atlantic: 24. -Amer. freighter Suduffco left Port Newark, March 13, for Pacific Coast, never heard from: 28. -March 22. Brazilian steamer Pas de Carvalho took fire and blew up on Solimoes River, near Manaos; 38.

-April 11. Oil tanker Gulf of Venezuela sunk by explosion at Port Arthur, Tex.; 33. -April 27. Passenger steamer Chichibu grounded in storm off Horomushiro, Japan; 230. Aug. 28. Passenger steamboat Buryvestnik smashed into a river pier near Cronstadt, Russia, and sank; 300.

CANDLE-POWER OF LIGHTS IN UNITED STATES LIGHTHOUSES. The following table shows the intensity of the brightest point of the light in chief lighthouses measured in approximate English candles:

Station.

C. P.

Station.

C. P.

Molokai, Hawail.

Navesink, N. J...

Cape Cod, Mass..

Santa Barbara, Cal.

Point Arena, Cal..
The Gravés, Mass.
Hillsboro Inlet, Fla.
Dry Tortugas, Fla.
White Shoal, Mich.
Shinnecock Bay, N. Y.
Staten Island, N. Y.
Cape St. Ellas, Alaska.
Farallon, Cal.
Hog Island, Va..
Pensacola, Fla..
Whitefish Point, Mich.
Kilauea Point, Hawaii.
Two Harbors, Minn.
Split Rock, Minn...
Grays Harbor, Wash.
Rock of Ages, Mich.

Petit Manan, Me.
Fire Island. N. Y..

Cape Romain, S. C..

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Liston Range Rear, Del

420,000 So. Buffalo, So. Side, N. Y..

150,000

390,000 Monhegan Island, Me

150,000

380,000 Montauk Point,

N.

Y.

130,000

370,000 Cape May, N. J.

130,000

370,000 Cape Charles, Va..

130,000

360,000 Carysfort Reef, Fla

130,000

350,000 Point Conception, Cal.

130,000

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CHIEF POLITICAL ASSASSINATIONS SINCE 1831. 1831-Oct. 9. Capo d'Istria, Count, Greek States- | 1920-May 20. Gen. Venustiano Carranza, President of Mexico, at Tlaxcaltenago.

man.

-Nov. 15.

1848-June 27. Denis Affre, Archbishop of Paris. -June 13. Essad Pasha, Albanian leader, at Paris Rossi, Comte Pellegrino, Roman States--Aug. 20. Droubi Pasha, Syrian Premier, near Dec. 17. Inspector O'Sullivan of British Army, at Dublin Castle.

man. 1854-March 27.

Parma.

Ferdinand, Charles III., Duke of

1860-Aug. 13. Daniel, Prince of Montenegro. 1865-April 14. Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States; died April 15, 1865. 1868-June 10. Michael, Prince of Serbia. 1870-Dec. 28. Prim, Marshal of Spain. 1871-May 24. Georges Darboy, Archbishop of Paris, by Communists.

1872-Feb. 8. Richard, Earl of Mayo, Governor General of India.

1876-June 14. Abdul Aziz, Sultan of Turkey. 1878-Sept. 7. Mehemet All Pacha by Albanians. 1881-March 13. Alexander II, of Russia. -July 2. James A. Garfield, President of the United States; died Sept. 19, 1881.

1893-Oct. 28. Carter H. Harrison, Sr., Mayor of Chicago.

1894-June 24. Marie François Sadi-Carnot, President of France. 1895 July 25. Stanislaus Stambouloff, Premier of Bulgaria.

1896-May 1.

Nasr-ed-Din, Shah of Persia. 1897-Aug. 8. Canovas Del Castillo, Prime Minister of Spain.

-Aug. 25.

Juan Borda, Pres. Uruguay.

1898-Feb. 18. Jose Barrios, Pres. Guatemala. -Sept. 10. Empress Elizabeth of Austria.

1899-July 26. General Ulisses Heureuax, President

of the Dominican Republic.

1900-Jan. 30. William Goebel,

Kentucky.

Governor

of

-July 29. Humbert, King of Italy. 1901-Sept. 6. William McKinley, President of the United States: died Sept. 14, 1901.

1903-June 11. Alexander, King of Serbia, and his wife, Queen Draga.

1904-June 16. Bobrikoff, Gov-General of Finland. -July 28. Von Plehve, Russian Minister of the Interior.

1905-Feb. 6. Soisalon Soininen,

General of Finland.

-Feb. 17.

Procurator

Sergius. Grand Duke of Russia. -June 13. Delyannis, Grecian Premier. -July 11. Major-Gen. Count Shuvaloff, Russia. -Dec. 30. Ex-Governor Frank Stuenenberg, Idaho. 1906-Aug. 26. Gen. Alexis Ignatieff, Russia. 1907-Jan. 9. Gen Pavlov, St. Petersburg. -March 11. M. Petkoff, Bulgarian Premier, Sofia. Aug. 31. Premier Mirza Ali Hzam, Persia. 1908 Feb. 1. Carlos, King of Portugal. -Feb. 1. Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Portugal. 1909-Oct. 26. Prince Ito, of Japan. 1910-Feb. 21. Premier Pasha Ghali, Egypt, 1911--Sept. 14. Peter Arcadowitch Stolypin, Premier of Russia.

-Nov. 19. Ramon Caceres, Pres. Domin. Rep. 1912-Nov. 12. Jose Canalejas, Prime Minister of Spain.

1913-Jan. 23. Nazim Pasha, Turkish Minister of War.

-Feb. 23. Francisco I. Madero, President of Mexico.

-Feb. 23. Jose Pino Suarez, Vice-President of
Mexico.

-March 18. George King of Greece.
1914-June 28. Archduke Francis Ferdinand of
Austria-Hungary and his wife, Countess Sophie
Chotek, Duchess of Hohenberg.

-July 31. Jean D. Jaures, French Socialist leader.
1915-July 28. Guillaume Sam, President of Hayti.
1918-July 5. General Count von Mirbach, Ger-
man Ambassador to Russia, at Moscow.
-July 16. Czar of Russia and family at Ekaterin-
burg; at Perm, July 12, the Czar's brother, Grand
Duke Michael Alexander.

-July 31. German Field Marshal Von Eichhorn, in the Ukraine.

-Oct. 21. Count Karl Sturgkh, Austrian Premier, at Vienna.

-Nov. Count Stephen Tisza, ex-Pres., Hungarian Privy Council, at Budapest.

-Dec. 14. Sidonio Paes, President of Portugal. 1919-Feb. 20. Habibullah

Afghanistan, at Laghman.

Khan, Ameer of

-"Red Czar," Yankel Sverdov, at Moscow, early in 1919.

-Feb. 21. Kurt Elsner, Bavarian Premier at Munich.

-April 12. War Minister Neuring at Dresden, Saxony.

-Oct. 8. Hugo Haase, Pres. German Socialist Party at Berlin.

Haifa.

1921-March 8. Dato, Premier of Spain, at Madrid March 15. Talaat Pasha, Ex-Grand Vizier of Turkey, at Berlin.

-July 21. M. Dras Kovies, Jugo-Slav Minister of Interior, at Delnice, Croatia.

Aug. 26. Mathias Erzberger, ex-German Vice Chancellor, by two youths, near Offenberg, Baden. Oct. 19. Portuguese Premier Antonio Granjo Ex-Pres. Machado dos Santos, and two other high officials, Lisbon. -Oct. 22. Bulgarian Minister of War, M. Demitroff, at Kostendil.

-Nov. 4. Ta Kashi Hara, Japanese Premier, at Tokio, by Korean youth.

-Nov. 20. Dr. Z. Jones, Governor of San Juan Province, Argentina: Buenos Ayres. 1922-Feb. 14. Heikki Ritavowi, Finnish Minister of the Interior, at Helsingfors, by a merchant. -April 7. Jemal Azmyk Bey, Ex-Gov. of Trebizond and B. E. Chakir, of the Turkish Committee of Union and Progress, by an Armenian, at Berlin -June 22. Fleld Marshal Sir Henry H. Wilson, by two Irishmen, at London.

-June 24. Dr. Walter Rathenau, German Foreign Minister, by two German youths, at Berlin. -July 25. Djemel Pasha, Ex-Turkish (Unionis, Minister of Marine, Afghan Army Chief of Staff. by two Armenians, at Tiflis, Republic of Georgia. -Aug. 22. Gen Michael Collins, Irish Free State Premier, by rebels, near Bandon, County Cork -Dec. 16. Gabriel Narutowicz, first President of the Polish Republic; by Capt. Nlewadomski, an artist, at Warsaw, The assassin was executed Jan. 31, 1923.

-Dec. 20. Jas. Dwyer, Sec. Irish Free State Peace Committee, at Dublin.

1923-Feb. 8. Metropolitan George, Chief of the Russian Church in Poland; by a Russian monk, Warsaw.

-Feb. 9. Sultan Ishan, anti-Soviet Mussulman leader; by Selim Pasha, in Bokhara. -May 10. Vaslov Vorovsky, Soviet Russia's Minister at Rome, and one of the uninvited Russian delegation at Near East Conference. by M. A Contradi, ex-Russian Army officer, Lausanne. -June 4. Cardinal Soldevilla y Romera, Archbishop of Saragossa, near that city.

-June 15. Ex-Premier Alex. Stamboulisky, shot while fleeing, Vetren, Bulgaria.

-June 29. Gen. J. C. Gomez, 1st Vice-Presiden' of Venezuela, killed in bed, at Caracas. -July 20. Gen. Francisco "Pancho" Villa, exrebel leader, at Parral, Mexico.

-Aug. 26. M. Daskaloff, Bulgarian Ambassador to Czecho-Slovakia, by young Bulgarian, at Prague -Aug. 27. Gen. Tellini, and two other members of the Italian Commission to delimitize the Albanian frontier, by ambushed soldiers, in Greece. 1924-June 10. Giacomo Matteotti, moderate Socialist leader in Italian Parliament, kidnapped near Rome: slain body found, Aug. 15.

-June 14. M. Petkoff, Bulgar. Agrar. leader, Sofis. -June 30. Israel de Haan, Executive Sec. Orthodox Agudatle Israel, at Jerusalem.

-Aug. 31. Tudor Alexandroff, head of the Mace donian revolutionaries, near Sofia, Bulgaria. 1925-Feb. 13. Prof. Nicola Mileff. Bulgarian Minister-Designate to the United States, antiagrarian, at Sofia. This was followed by the slaying of Communist Deputies Strachimiroff and Stoyanoff on Feb. 16 and March 6. These and 37 other killings were the outgrowth of the feud due to the assassination, in May, 1922, of M. Grekoff, editor of the Slovo.

-April 14. Gen. Georghieff, when in the company of King Boris at Sofia.

-April 16. 200 were killed by the explosion of bombs in the Cathedral of Sveti Kral, at Sofia at the funeral of Gen. Georghieff. The dead included Police Prefect Kissoff, Mayor Paskaleft. ex-War Minister Davidoff; Gens Naidenott, Nezrezoff, Loloff, Zlatereff and Popoff: Dept. Prefect Medelecheff. -Nov. 13. M. Madjarlow, Mayor of Sofia, Bulgaria, by a discharged municipal employe -Dec. 29. Gen. Hsushu Cheng, at Langiang. China, by Captain in National Army. 1926-May 25. Gen. Simon Petlura, ex-Pres. al Ukrainian Repub., at Paris, by a compatriot -June 10. Gregoire Veschapely, former Vine President of the Georgian Party, at Paris, by a young Georgian Nationalist.

Seven Wonders of the World.

WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT
THE SEVEN

The Pyramids of Egypt and the Sphinx-They are situated close to the west bank of the Nile River, nearly opposite the City of Cairo and were built so it's said by Petrie and other modern scholars, in the years between 4731 B. C and 4454 B. C.

The pyramids were royal tombs; several hundred miles south of Luxor (site of ancient Thebes) s the tomb of King Tutankhamen which was entered in 1924 and 's stil being exp ored.

The largest of the pyramids, Cheops, is 461 feet high, 746 feet square at the base, covers nearly 15 acres and consists of large blocks of stone

The Sphinx, hewn out of limestone, has the head of a man and the crouching body of a lion. The body, shoulders to rump, is 146 feet long: the forelegs and paws are 35 feet long; the top of the head is 100 feet above the ground. The head is 28 feet 6 inches high.

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were near the Euphrates River, in the palace of King Nebuchadnezzar, 60 miles south of the present City of Bagdad, and not far from the eastern border of the Syran Desert of Northern Arabia. The terraced gardens, planted with flowers and small trees, with fountains and refectories interspersed, were 75 to 300 feet above the ground. Water was stored in a reservoir on the top terrace and was piped down to the gardens. They date from about 600 B. C.

The Temple of Diana in Asia Minor, at Ephesus, an ancient but now vanished city on the east side of the Aegean Sea, south of Smyrna, was built in the Fifth Century B. C. by the Ionian cities, as a joint monument, from plans by the architect Ctestphon. The building was of marble, 425 x 225 feet and the roof was supported by 127 columns of Parian marble each 60 feet high and each weighing about 150 tons. In 356 B. C., the temple was burned by Herostratus, a crank who wanted notoriety. OTHER WONDERS

The Great Wall of China, built in the Third Century B. C., extended along the Northern frontier of that country, from the northern part of the Gulf of Pechili, on the Yellow Sea, north of Peking, in a zigzag course, to the border of Turkestan, a distance of 1,728 miles, though only 1,300 miles as a bird flies.

The wall which has crumbled into heaps in many places was 20 feet thick at the bottom and 15 feet thick at the top; it was over 25 feet high, with towers over 35 feet high at intervals of 200 to 300 yards; on top it was paved with bricks a foot square and the wall was faced on both sides with granite b ocks.

The Tower of Babel, at the Chaldean City of Ur in lower Mesopotamia, has completely disappeared. The base of the tower was 300 x 300 feet, tapering through 7 stages to the Shrine at the top.

The height also was 300 feet.

The smaller sister of the Tower of Babel is the Ziggurat at Ur, which is 195 x 130 feet at the base and probably more than 150 feet high.

The great Ziggurats, or Towers, like those of Babel, says C. L. Wooley, d rector of excavations, are believed to be imitations of the hills where the Sumarians worshipped their gods before they settled in the plain of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Ziggurat of Ur is the best preserved of these towers.

Earlier excavations brought forth inscribed clay
cylinders in which Nabonidus (Belshazzar), the
last King of Babylon, told how he had completed
the tower left unfinished by Ur-Engur and his son
Dungi, Kings of Ur at about 2300 B. C., a compara-
tively late date in the history of Ur, which had
flourished for 2,000 years or more before.

Stonehenge, an assemblage of huge shaped
stones in 3 circles, one within another, on Salisbury
Plain. 90 miles or so southwest of London, England.
The outer circle is 100 feet in diameter, the next
within is 75 feet in diameter, and the circle inside
that one has a diameter of 40 feet. Extending
around the outer circle is a deep trench 333 feet in
diameter. The stones of the outer circle, originally
The
about 30 in number, average 12 x 6 x 3 feet, fastened
Nearby,
in couples by blocks fixed across the tops.
It is
stones in the inner circles are smaller.
stone hammers, etc., have been excavated.
not known whether Stonehenge was a sepulchre
or a Druid Sun-temple, or what-not. The remains
according to astronomers, may date back to 1680
B. C., that is, to the new Stone Age or to the Bronze
Age.

The Catacombs at Rome were the sepulchres
of the early Christians, and consisted of more than
40 groups of labyrinths, or galleries and chambers.
covering 615 acres, sometimes extending 5 stories
(70 feet) below the surface of the ground.

WORLD.

Rebuilt of lesser beauty, the temple stood 600 years,
until the Goths burned the port. 262 A. D.

The Statue of Jupiter Olympus, in the valley of
Olympia, province of Elis, 12 miles or so inland from
the west coast of the southern peninsula of Greece,
which ancient y was called the Peloponnesus.

The statue, begun by the Greek sculptor Phidias
after he had been banished from Athens in 432 B. C.,
was of marble encrusted with ivory and the draperies
were of beaten gold. The bearded god was in a
sitting posture, with an olive wreath on his head.
In his right hand was the figure of Victory; in the
left, a sceptre.

The Tomb of Mausolus, King of Caria, in Asia
Minor, at Halicarnassus, on the eastern side of the
Aegean Sea opposite Greece. It was built of marble
about 352 B. C., by Queen Artemisia, the widow.
It was
was named Mausoleum, and was remarkable for
its beauty and its magnificent interior.
destroyed by an earthquake.

The Pharos of Alexandria, a white marble
light-house or watch-tower on the island of Pharos,
in the port of Alexandria, Egypt, was completed by
King Ptolemy Philadelphus in 283 B. C. The island
had been joined by Alexander the Great to the
mainland of Egypt by a causeway when he founded
Alexandria. The structure cost $850 000.

The Colossus of Rhodes was a brass statue of the Greek sun-god Apollo 70 cubits (about 109 feet) high erected by Charles of Lindus at the port of the City of Rhodes on the island of Rhodes in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea off the coast. of Asia Minor north of A exandria. It took 12 years to build cost 300 talents ($258 000), was completed about 280 B. C. and was thrown down 224 B. C. by an earthquake. There it lay on the ground until 672 A. D. when the Turkish Government, the Saracens having seized Rhodes, sold the statue and it was broken up.

OF THE WORLD.

The Circus Maximus, at Rome, built 605 B. C., by King Tarquin and rebuilt and enlarged by Julius Caesar some years before the birth of Christ. was 312 feet high, 18,875 feet long, and 625 feet wide. It then held 150,000 spectators, but the capacity was increased to 385,000 in the Fourth Century A. D. The place was used for games and for horse and chariot races.

The Coliseum, or Colosseum, at Rome, one of the largest ampitheatres in the world, was begun by the Emperor Vespasian and finished by the Emperor Domitian, 82 A. D. In 238 A. D. a fourth story was added. The ruins still stand. The building, elliptical, was 615 x 510 feet, and the floor of the arena was 281 x 176 feet. The walls were stone; the seats, marble; 50,000 persons could sit. 20,000 could stand. The cost was 10,000,000 crowns The work of construction was done ($15,000,000).

by 12,000 slaves from Jerusalem. Wild animals were kept in dens under the floor. Thousands of persons, including early Christians, perished in combats with lions and tigers. Gladiators also fought there.

The Mosque of St. Sophia, at Constantinople, was built as a Christian Cathedral by the Roman Emperor Justinian, 531-538 A. D., in the form of a Greek cross, 269 x 143 feet with a flattened dome 180 feet high, set in a cluster of cupolas and minarets. The brick walls are lined on the inside with marble plundered from Greek temples. The Sultan of Turkey, Mohammed II., turned the cathedral into a mosque in 1453 A. D.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa is one of the socalled wonders of the middle ages. It is a round, 8-story bell-tower and was built of marble, in 1154 A. D.; it is 188 feet high, and the top is 16 feet out of the perpendicular.

The Porcelain Tower of Nankin was built in that ancient capital of South China in the early It was an octagonal part of the 15th Century. 8-story tower, 261 feet high. The Taiping revolutionists destroyed it, along with many government buildings in 1853.

The Vatican at Rome is the largest residence in the world, containing several thousand rooms. It stands on the north side of the River Tiber and its nucleus was a house built in the time of the It was enlarged from time Emperor Constantine. to time and has been the only regular home of the Roman Pontiffs since they abandoned their palace The place contains at Avignon, France, in 1377. vast treasures of art, literature, and archaeology. The Cathedral of St. Peter, at Rome, the largest church in the world, begun in 1506 by Pope square yards and is 636 feet long, with a nave, or Julius, and completed in 126 years, covers 18,000 cross-section, 151 feet long. The top of the cross on the dome is 435 feet above the ground.

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In 1892 (April 19), it is claimed, the first gasoline automobile in the U. S. was operated by its Inventor, C. A. Duryea.

On July 4, 1894, Elwood Haynes drove at Kokomo, Ind., a gasoline automobile of his own invention. It weighed 820 pounds, and is on exhibition at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Both Duryea and Haynes had worked for years in developing their automobiles.

The American-made motor truck was introduced
about 1904.
In 1891 Clement Ader is said to have made, in
France, a flying machine in secret. "No definite
Information concerning it, however, is available,'

Disk ploughs (modern type)

Taylor & White 1901
Orville & Wil-

bur Wright.. 1903 Glenn H.Curtiss 1911 Eickemeyer (C.)|1921

says Secretary Charles D. Walcott of the Smithsonian Institution, "nor did he continue his work after his initial efforts in 1891.

Institution made the first extended flights of heavier"In 1896 Prof. S. P. Langley of the Smithsonian than-air experimental flying machines propelled by their own power.

"Many consider that he was the first to design and build a machine capable of carrying a man. and that the Wright Brothers were the first to design, build and fly a machine which carried a man."

In the United States National Museum at Washington, there is a model of an electric motor and car invented in 1847 by Moses G. Farmer. FOREIGN.

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kingdom and most fellow members of the plant kingdom. The tree turns off the water system to keep it from freezing, hauls in its sunlight net (winter sun is not so much, anyway) and faces the music of the bitterest northwest winds.

A tree pumps a water supply to its crown, even i stalwart individual than all members of the animal though that crown be 300 feet or more in the sky. Then it completes the cycle of circulation by sending the water back down as sap, loaded with food to build up the living part of the trunk, the sheath of new bark. It also fortifies its bark overcoat with a new layer every year.

The tree is a self-operating chemical laboratory possessing "trade" secrets unknown to the best human chemists. With water, mineral matter and carbonic gas from the air it manufactures its food, part of which is stored away as wood. If you would know how much of this product is made out of atr and water and how much is mineral matter sluiced through root and cell canals from the ground, cut a block of wood, weigh it, burn it, and then weigh the ashes. The difference is what a tree manufactures out of insubstantial air and water.

The tree's chemical laboratory requires, in place of gas and electric power, light and heat from the sun. So it spreads a net of marvelous mesh (its leaves) to catch the sunlight and heat.

Fossil forms in coal show that trees were important and perhaps the chief dwellers of the rank jungles that laid down their lives in the carbonIferous age to be fuel for 1926. The tree forms of that era were different from those we know, many of them gigantic ferns and palmllke trees.

While Nature was storing away the sun heat captured by the prehistoric jungles, Nature also put away the color of that tropfe world. Within the last fifty years chemists have discovered vats of every imaginable color concealed in gummy black coal tar.

Modern styles for women's cloth ng quickly took possession of these color "mines" so our avenues are brilliant with the hues of luxurlant herbage which we may imagine beautified our earth m litons

In the temperate zone, at least, a tree is a more and millions of years ago.

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