The year 1927 corresponds to the year 7435-36 | the 676th Olympiad, commencing July 1: 2587 of of the Byzantine era: 5687-88 of the Jewish era, the year 5688 commencing at sunset September 26: 2680 since the foundation of Rome, according to Varro; 2703 of the Olympiads, or the third year of Name. the Japanese era, and to the sixteenth year of the period entitled Taisho: 1345-46 of the Mohammedan era, the year 1346 beginning at sunset June 30. The 152d year of the Independence of the United States begins on July 4, 1927. Date of Beginning of Epochs, Eras, and Periods. Grecian Mundane Era. Civil Era of Constantinople. Julian Period. Mundane Era. Jewish Mundane Era. THE ANCIENT AND MODERN YEAR. THE Athenians began the year in June, the Macedonians in September, the Romans first in March and afterward in January. the Persians on August 11, the ancient Mexicans on February 23, the Mohammedans in July. The Chinese year, which begins late in January or early in February, is similar to the Mohammedan in having 12 months of 29 and 30 days alternately; but in every nineteen years there are seven years which have 13 months. This is not quite correct, and the Chinese have therefore formed a cycle of 60 years, in which period 22 intercalary months occur. THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY ERA. IN September, 1793, the convention decreed that the common era should be abolished in all civil affairs, and that the new French era should begin on September 22, 1792, the day of the true Autumnal Equinox, and that each succeeding year should begin at the midnight of the day on which the true Autumnal Equinox falls. The year was divided into twelve CHURCH THE Roman Catholic days of obligation are: Jan. 1 (Circumcision of Christ); Ascenston Day (forty days after Easter Sunday); Aug. 15 (Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary); Nov. 1 (All Saints' Day): Dec. 8 (Immaculate Conception); Dec. 25 (Christma ), and all the Sundays of the year. THE Roman Catholic Days of fasting are the forty days of Lent, the Ember Days, the Fridays of the four weeks in Advent, and certain vigils or evenings prior to the greater feasts, while all Fridays of months of thirty days each. In ordinary years there were five extra days, from the 17th to the 21st of our September, and at the end of every fourth Ing was first used on November 22, 1793, and was year was a sixth complementary day. This reckoncontinued until December 31, 1805, when it was discontinued, and the Gregorian Calendar was re sumed. FASTS. the year are days of abstinence from flesh meat In the American Episcopal Church the days of fasting or abstinence to be observed, according to the Book of Common Prayer, are the forty days of Lent, the Ember Days, the three Rogation Days, and all the Fridays of the year except Christmas Day. In the Greek Church the four principal fasts are those in Lent, the week succeeding Whit suntide, the fortnight before the Assumption, and forty days before Christmas. EMBER AND ROGATION DAYS. mer: after the festival of the Holy Cross, Autumn, and after the festival of St. Lucia, Winter. Ember Weeks are the weeks in which the Ember Days EMBER and Rogation Days are certain periods of the year devoted to prayer and fasting. Ember Days (twelve annually), about the beginning of the four seasons, are the Wednesday, Friday, and Sat-appear. urday after the first Sunday in Lent, in Spring; Rogation Days occur on Monday, Tuesday and after the feast of Pentecost (Whitsunday). Sum- Wednesday immediately preceding Ascension Day. Peculiar to Russia. The dates above are according to the Gregorian Calendar, which was adopted by the Greek Church in 1923: September 30, Old Style, of that year being followed immediately by October 14, New Style. * If Saturday, substitute Sunday immediately following. ↑ Yom Kippur. PROT. EPIS. RITUALISTIC CALENDAR, WITH ALTAR COLORS. White From the First Service (First Vespers) of Christmas Day to the Octave of Epiphany, inclusive (except on the Feasts of Martyrs); on Maundy Thursday (for the celebration); from the First Service of Easter Day to the Vigil of Pentecost (except on Feasts of Martyrs and Rogation Days): on Trinity Sunday, Conversion of St. Paul, Purification, Annunciation, St. John Baptist, St. Michael, St. Luke, All Saints, Saints who are not Martyrs, and Patron Saints (Transfiguration and Dedication of Church). Red-From First Vespers of Pentecost to the First Vespers of Trinity Sunday (which includes Ember Days); Holy Innocents (if on a Sunday), and Feasts of all Martyrs. DAYS, ETC. Golden Number.. Violet-From Septuagesima to Maundy Thursday (Easter Eve); Advent Sunday to Christmas Eve: Vigils, Ember Days (except in Whitsun Week). and Rogation Days; Holy Innocents (unless on Sunday). Black-Good Friday and at funerals. other days. Green-All Sunday Letter AG 3 5 4 3 5 4 Feb. Feb. Jan. Feb. ASH WEDNESDAY AND EASTER SUNDAY. YEAR. Ash Easter 1801.. (A table showing the dates on which they fall, 1801-2000.) Ash Feb. 27 April 14 1861.. Feb. Feb. Mar. 7 April 22 1860... 5 April 201901... Feb. 28 April 14 1866. Feb. 19 April 6 1867 1818.. Feb. 4 Mar. 22 1868. 1819. Feb. 24 April 11 1869. 1820.. Feb. 16 April 2 1870.. Feb. 1821... Mar. 7 April 22 1871.. 1831... Feb. 16 April 3 1881... Mar. 2 April 17 1931... Feb. 1841.. Feb. 24 April 11 1891.. 1842.. Feb. 9 Mar. 27 1892. 1843.. Mar. 1 April 16 1893. 1844.. Feb. 21 April 7 1894. 1845. Feb. 5 Mar. 23 1895. 1846.. Feb. 25 April 12 1896. 1817.. Feb. 17 April 4 1897 1848. Mar. 8 April 23 1898 1849. Feb. 21 April 8 1899. 1850... Feb. 13 Mar. 311900. Feb. Feb. 12 Mar, 30 Mar. 3 April 18 23 April 10 18 April 5 1981... Mar. Feb. Easter Sunday (Easter Day) is the first Sunday | after Paschal Full Moon, that is, the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon on or next after March 21, and therefore cannot be earlier than March 22, or later than April 25. If Paschal Full Moon falls on a Sunday, then Easter Day is the next Sunday. The Paschal Full Moon is the Fourteenth Day of a Lunar month reckoned according to an ancient ccclesiastical computation and not the real or astronomical full moon. 28 April 15 20 April 6 4 April 19 24 April 11 Feb. 16 April 3 Mar. 7 April 22 Feb. 20 April 7 Feb. 12 Mar. 30 Mar. 4 April 19 Feb. 17 April 3 Feb. 8 Mar. 26 Feb. 28 April 15 Feb. 13 Mar. 31 The Golden Number, used in the table below, is greater by unity than the remainder obtained upon dividing the given year by 19; for example: 9 is the Golden Number for the year 1927; from the table, the date of Paschal Full Moon is April 16, and this being Saturday, Easter Sunday is ou April 17, 1927. Lent begins on Ash Wednesday, which comes 40 days previous to Easter Sunday, not counting Sundays. DIVISIONS The interval between two consecutive meridian transits of a fixed star having no proper motion, or the interval during which the earth makes one absolute revolution on its axis, is invariable. Very slightly differing from this is a Sidereal Day, which is the interval between two consecutive transits of the Vernal Equinox over any meridian. Vernal Equinox is employed in two senses: It may mean either the date when Spring commences, or else, as here. the point in the heavens occupied by the sun's centre when Spring commences. The interval between two consecutive transits of the Sun over any meridian is called an Apparent Solar Day, and its length varies from day to day by reason of the variable motion of the earth in its orbit and the OF TIME. inclination of this orbit to the Equator on which time is measured. A Mean Solar Day is the average or mean of all the apparent solar days in a year; it is equal to 1 day 3 minutes and 56.555 seconds, when measured in units of the Sidereal Day. Mean Solar Time is that shown by a well-regulated clock or watch, while Apparent Solar Time is that shown by a wellconstructed sun-dial: the difference between the two at any time is the Equation of Time, and may amount to 16 minutes and 22 seconds. The Astronomical Day begins at noon and the Civil Day at the preceding midnight; but, beginning with 1925, astronomers have adopted the use of the Civil Day. The interval during which the earth makes one absolute revolution round the Sun is called a Sidereal Year, and consists of 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes and therefore 365 days, which, however, is too long by 3.5 seconds, which is invariable. The Tropical Year is the interval between two serative returns of the sun to the Vernal Equinox. If were a fixed point, the Sidereal and Tropical Yan would be identical; but in consequence of the of the Sun and Moon upon the equatorial rance of the Earth's mass and, in a much less ne the disturbing influence of the planets upon Earth's orbit, the Equinox has a slow, retrop mean motion of 50′.26 annually, so that de Sun returns to the Equinox sooner every year ta be otherwise would by 20 minutes 23.6 seconds: a Tropical Year, therefore, consists of 365 days !ers 48 minutes and 46 seconds. The Tropical Tar is not of uniform length; it is now slowly reading at the rate of .530 second per century, but this variation will not always continue. s Caesar, in B. C. 45, reformed the Roman dar so that thereafter every fourth year should ain 366 days, and all the other years 365 days. The intercalary day was introduced by counting the day before the Kalends of March twice, hence esme bissextile, from bis, twice, and sex, six. He changed the beginning of the year from the first March to the first of January, and also changed the e of the fifth month (Quintilis) to July, after self. The average length of the Jullan year is 11 minutes and 14 seconds, and this would accumulate in 400 years to about three days. The Julian Calendar continued in use until A. D. 1582, when the Gregorian Calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII. with the view of keeping the Equinox to the same day of the year. Of the centurial years only those which are exactly divisible by 400 thenceforward contained 366 days. The length of the mean Gregorian Year may therefore be set down at 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds, and the error will amount to one day in 3,000 years. The Gregorian Calendar was introduced into England and her colonies in 1752, at which time the Equinox had retrograded 11 days since the Council of Nice in A. D. 325, when the rule for Easter Day was established and the Equinox occurred on March 21; hence September 3, 1752, was called September 14, and at the same time the commencement of the legal year was changed from March 25 to January 1, so that the year 1751 lost the months of January and February and the first 24 days of March. The difference between the Julian and Gregorian Calendars is now 13 days. The Gregorian Calendar was adopted by Japan in 1873, by the Chinese Republic in 1912, by the Turkish Parliament in 1917, by the Bolshevist Government of Russia in 1918, by Roumania in 1919, and by Greece and the Greek Church in 1923. TIME. from the Atlantic Ocean to a line through Toledo, Monroeville, Mansfield and Newark, O.; thence through Huntington, W. Va.; Norton, Va.; Johnson City, Tenn.; Asheville, N. C.; Atlanta and Macon, Ga., and Apalachicola, Fla. U. S. standard Central time is used from this first line to a line through Mandan, N. D.; Pierre, S. D.: McCook, Neb.; Dodge City, Kan., and along west line of Okla. and Tex.; standard Mountain time is used from the second line to a line that forms the western boundary of Mont., thence follows the Salmon River westward, the western boundary of Idaho southward. the southern boundary of Idaho eastward, and thence passes southward through Ogden and Salt Lake City, Utah; Parker and Yuma, Ariz. U. S. standard Pacific time is used from the third line to the Pacific Ocean. STANDARD The United States adopted standard time in 1333, on the initiative of the American Railway Asociation, and at noon of November 18, 1883, De telegraphie time signals sent out daily from the Saral Observatory at Washington were changed to the new system, according to which the meridians 75°, 90°, 105° and 120° west from Greenwich me the time meridians of Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific standard time respectively. By Act of Congress, approved March 19, 1918, andard time is made the legal time throughout United States; in addition to the four time ridians already mentioned, the meridian 150° from Greenwich is established the time meridian tandard Alaska time; authority to readjust the ondary line between the time zones is lodged Tth the Interstate Commerce Commission. The Commission has made the readjustment so as to the new limits of the zones about half way See the standard meridians. Almost all countries throughout the world use standard time that differs from Greenwich time by a whole number of hours or half-hours; a few countries, however, use standard time based on the longitude of their national observatories. TIME DIFFERENCE. ated States standard Eastern time is used CLOCK NOON U. S. STANDARD EASTERN TIME COMPARED WITH CLOCKS IN FOREIGN CITIES: At places marked openhagen. VILVE O'CLOCK NOON Manta, Ga. lantic City, N. J. Batimore, Md. Bingham, Ala. Boston, Mass. Bufalo, N. Y. harleston, S. C. cago, Ill. cinnati, Ohio. veland, Ohio. las, Tex. Inver, Col. Manila.. the time noted is in the morning of the FOLLOWING day. UNITED STATES STANDARD EASTERN TIME AS COMPARED WITH THE CLOCKS IN [11.00 A.M. ¡Detroit, Mich.. 11.00 A.M. 11.00 A.M. 11.00 A.M. 11.00 A.M. 11.00 A.M. Omaha, Neb. Salt Lake City, Utah. St. Louis, Mo. Toledo, Ohio Washington, D. C. United States standard Eastern time is time of the meridian 75° west from Greenwich. ring time be desired one hour must be added to the time given in the two tables above. time is still in use in Europe; also in some American cities and Commonwealths. LONGITUDE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN N. Y. CITY AND FOREIGN CITIES MEASURED FROM N. Y. If Daylight Daylight SavEAST OR WEST Alexandria. 5 36 E. Mexico City Amsterdam 5 16 E. Havana. 33 W. Natal.. Athens.. 6 31 E. Havre. Berlin.. 5 49 E. Hongkong. 12 33 E. Leningrad. 5 26 E. Honolulu. Rio de Janeiro. 2 3 E. Bogota. 1 W. Lima.. 13 W. Rome.... 5 46 E. Bombay Santiago (Chile) Bremen. 5 31 E. Liverpool. Sitka, Alaska. Brussels. 5 13 E. London. 4 56 E. Stockholm. Constantinople. 6 52 E. Madrid. Copenhagen 14 14 E. TABLE OF DAYS BETWEEN TWO DATES. The tabulation that appears below will enable any reader of THE ALMANAC to make interest and other calculations with certainty. A TABLE OF THE NUMBER OF DAYS BETWEEN ANY TWO DATES WITHIN YEARS. TWO 1346 212 243 229 67 Jan. Feb. March. 157 187 218 249 279 310 340 22222 34567 4567 No 33330 3333 6780 68999 1348 319 349 15. 289 320 350 16. 321 351 322 352 18. 324 354 20. 264 294 325 355 21. 386 417 445 476 506 537 567 598 629 659 24.389 420 359 25. 390 421 85 1161146 177|207|238|269 299 330 360||26.391 422 450 481 511 542 572 603 634 664 209 240 300 331 361 392 423 451 482 512 543 301 332 362 28. 393 424 452 483 513 544 574 605 636 666 697 302 333 363 29. 394 453 484 514 545 575 606 273 303 334 364 395... 454 485 515 546 576 607 638 668 699 304...36531.396 455 1516 The above table applies to ordinary years only. For leap year, one day must be added to each number DAYS' LENGTHS AT NEW YORK CITY. (The table shows the length of each day through the year in the latitude of the metropolis.) Jan. Feb. March. DAYS. H. M. H. M. 9.18 66666 66666 H. M. 11.17 11.19 11.23 12222 22222 222 1.28 The above table of days' lengths at New York City serves as the basis for similar computations elsewhere. |