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reduction both of farms and farm acreage: where the land has been used for other crops less labor has been required. Large areas of farm land have been taken over by development companies for oll wells or mining operations, and the extension of the areas of cities and manufacturing towns has caused a further reduction.

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT.

The agricultural interests of the country are very large. The Census Bureau reported for 1920 that, of the approximate land area of 1,903,215,360 acres, all farm lands contained 955,863,715 acres; improved lands, 503,073,067 acres, or 52.6 per cent. of all the land in the farm lands classification; that the value of all farm property was $77,924,100,338: of land alone, $54,829,563,059; of buildings, $11.486,439,543; of Implements, $3,594,772,928; and of livestock, $8,013,324,808; the value of all farm crops in 1919 being $14,755,364,894, against $9.523,514,211 in 1909, the increase having been due largely to very much higher prices.

The number of farms was 6,448,343. Those under 20 acres numbered 796,535; from 20 to 49 acres, 1,503,732; from 50 to 99 acres, 1,474,745; from 100 to 174 acres, 1,449,630; from 175 to 499 acres, 1,006,477; from 500 to 999 acres, 149,819; 1,000 acres and over, 67,405. Owners numbered 3,925,090, and tenants, 2,454,804. White farmers numbered 5,498,454, colored farmers, 949,889, and foreign-born farmers, 581,068.

It is interesting to note that 2,146,362 automo biles were then on farms (being 333 per 1,000 of all farms); also 139,169 motor trucks and 246,083 tractors. These farms were supplied with telephones to the number of 2,498,493 (38.7 per cent. of all the farms being supplied). 10 per cent., or 643,899, had water piped into the house, and 7 per cent., or 452,620, had gas or electric light.

The value of all farm crops in 1925 was estimated by the Department of Agriculture at $9,615,000,000 from 372,426,000 acres, and of all animal products at $7,238,000,000, making the total farm production, omitting crops fed to livestock, $16,853,000,000. The value of all farm property was estimated at $56,910,000,000; of this the value of the land was $37,779,000,000; of buildings, $11,767,000,000; of Implements and machinery, $2,750,000,000; and of livestock, $4,615,000,000. The survey showed the number of farms to be 6,347,217, with a total acreage of 922,131,859.

The number of farms was 6,372,263, a decrease in 1925 of 30,000, or one-half of one per cent., while cropped lands decreased 1,200,000 acres, or one-third of one per cent. Idle acreage, exclusive of summer fallow, was estimated at 25,000,000. A large part of the area abandoned for cultivation was turned into pasturage. New land brought into cultivation in the dry farming areas of the Great Plains was estimated at 1,000,000. There were 3,085,000 laborers on the farms on Jan. 1, 1925, as against 3,194,000 on Jan. 1, 1924. A further estimate of the Department of Agriculture gave the number of people living on farms on Jan. 1, 1926, as 30,655,200; and on Jan. 1, 1925, 31,134,000; also that the farm acreage had decreased to 924,889,386 acres.

Meat consumption per capita in 1925 was 164.9 pounds, practically unchanged from 165 in 1885. Production of staple crops in 1925 was:

Acreage.

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Value.

Bushels. 669,365,000 $947,993,000 2,900.581,000 1,956,326,000 1,501,909,000 571,768,000 323,243,000 292,481,000 1,349,660,000 247,413,000 99,515,000 1,400,000,000 three years was: Acreage Picked. 45,467,000

Bales. 16.122.516

Yield, Per Acro. 167.2 lbs.

41,360,000 157.4 lbs.

13,639,399 10.170,694 37,123,000 130.6 lbs. Post-war ay'ge...10.958,000 35.581,000 146.5 lbs. Pre-war av'ge.. 12,754,000 33,223,000 183.7 lbs. The value was: 1925-26, 31.419,888,000; 1924-25, $1,540,884,000; 1923-24, $1,571.815,000. To this sbould be added the production of cotton seed, 5,538,503 tons in 1925, 6.051.000 tons valued at $206,220,000 in 1924; and 4,502,000 tons valued at $190,050,000 in 1923.

The census of livestock was:

Cattle...

Even dogs were enumerated by the Department of Agriculture in 1926, the number reported being 7,000,000. MINING.

The total value of mineral products of the United States as given by the Bureau of Mines was $5, 696,000,000 ($5,305,800,000 in 1924); of the metallic products were valued at $1,308,100,000 and fuels, coal, petroleum, etc., $3,016,000,000,

Bituminous coal production was 522,967,000 short tons (483,687,000 in 1924); anthracite, 55194,000 short tons, valued at $327,665,000 (78,505, 000 tons in 1924, valued at $477,231,000); coke, 50,700,000 short tons (44,270,000 in 1924); and petroleum, 764,000,000 barrels (713,940,000 In 1924). The refineries of the United States in 1925 consumed in the manufacture of refined products 739,000,000 barrels of crude petroleum, of which 41,338,000 barrels was foreign crude. The output of gasoline was 259,601,000 barrels (213,326,000 1924): kerosene, 59,689,000 barrels (60,026,000 s 1924): gas and fuel alls, 364,991,000 barrels (320476,000 in 1924); and lubricants, 31,055,000 barrels (27,498,000 in 1924). The crude petroleum output in 1925 was 71.6 per cent. of the world output. The oil lands held in the United States, Jan. 1, 1926. totaled 1,681,958 acres with 3,114 producing wells. The gold production for the United States and its possessions for 1925 was 2,411,987 ounces, valued at $49,860,200 ($52,277,000 in 1924, and $51,734,000 in 1923); and silver, 66,155,424 ounces valued at $45,911,864 (343,822,814 in 1924, and $43,650,369 in 1923).

The production of copper in 1925 from domestic ores was 1,674,869.886 pounds, valued at $237,832,000 (1,634,249,192 pounds in 1924, valued at $214,087,000). Lead production in 1925 from domestic ores was 654,921 short tons, valued st $113,956,000 (566,407 tons, valued at, $90,625,000 in 1924). Zine production in 1925 was 555,63 short tons, valued at $84,456,000 (515,831 tons valued at $67,058,000 in 1924).

A new record in the production of pig iron was made in 1923, 38,363,509 long tons, valued at $935,908,540, and steel, 44,943,696 long tons nearly equaling the record of 1917.

The iron ore output in 1925 was 61,907,997 long tons (54,267,414 in 1924, and 69,351,442 in 1923 pig iron, 36,814,702 tons, valued at $739,316,31 (31,064,129 in 1924, valued at $665,078,972); and steel, 45,393,524 tons (37,931,939 in 1924).

MANUFACTURING.

The manufacturing establishments of the Unit States in 1923, according to the census of mamfactures, had a total output valued, at factor prices, at $60,481,135,000. This was an increas of 38.5 per cent. over the value of the output f 1921, $43,653,283,000, but less by 2.5 per cent than in 1919, $62,041,795,000. The actual eu! put in 1923 measured in quantities, not values however, showed an increase estimated by the Department of Commerce at 19 per cent. over 191 The number of establishments (only those pr ducing over $5,000 a year being returned and ear responding figures for 1921 are given in parentheser in 1923 was 195,714 (196,267); proprietors and firm members, 147,380 (172,871); salaried officers and employees, 1,266,137 (1,146,390); wage earners average number, 8,763,233 (6,946,570); salarie $2,805,450.000 ($2.563,103,000); wages, $10,983895,000 ($8,200,324,000). The horsepower of prim movers in 1923 was 33,749,429 and the coal cor sumed 241,168,602 short tons. Comparative figure for 1921 and 1923 follow:

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.$8.200,324,000 $10,9 5,895,0

TRADE AND COMMERCE. Europe is the largest customer of the Init States, buying one-half of the exports and sendia 30 per cent. of the imports.

The trade with Latin America. which reache its peak in 1920. with exports of $1.564.128.85 and Imports of $1.807,475,121, declined 192 1910, 1923. 1926. to exports of $793,941.427 and imports of $712 .61,804,000 66,506,000 59,829,000 717,841, and declined further in 1922 to sports .52,448,000 38,300,000 40,748,000 of $558,368,706 and imports of $813,624,565, .58,186,000 66.130,000 51,223,000 post-war market readjustment. In 1923 eport te Horses. 19.833,000 18,059,000 15,778,000 increased 25 per cent. to $693,803,176, and Mules. 4,210,000 5,446,000 5,780,000 ports 29 per cent. to $1.049,876,666: imports The number of dairy cows on Jan. 1, 1926, was nearly stationary at $1,059,000,000. In 192 22,290,000, 38 against 22,523,000 the previous ports were $771.200.000, an increase of In cent.; and imports were $1,059,000,000.

Sheep.

Swine.

year.

orts reached $880,404,794, a gain of 14.5 per was estimated at $844,489,300, of which $372,721,900 was paid by the Federal Government and Federal aid to , and imports, $1,038,831,888. the balance by the several States.

he amount of foreign trade in dollars was:

ear

scal).

Imports. Exports.

Dollars.

Dollars.

1-22...3,073,853,263 3,771,156,489

2-23...3,780,958,965 3,956,733,373

-24...3,554,036,954 4,223,973,222

-25...3,824,128,375 4,778,330,897

-26...4,466,613,831 4,653,509,472

Excess of

July 1, 1925, totaled $445,846,900.

Exports.
Dollars.

The United States had on Jan. 1, 1926, developed water power, public utilities and municipal, total-21...2,556,869,711 6.516,510,033 3,959,640,322 ling 11,176,596 horse power. The potential hydro697,303,226 electric power was estimated at 55,030,000 horse 175,774,408 power by the United States Geological Survey. The total investment in electric light and power 669,936,268 954,190,753 companies on Jan. 1, 1925, was $6,600,000,000, with 186,895,641 2.611.279 stockholders, a large per cent. being he amount of gold and silver imported and customers and employees. The total kilowatt hours orted was:

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Silver. Silver. Gold. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 2 468,318.273 70,684,298 27,345,282 62,694,677 3 284,089,550 64,947,025 49,021,975 55,906,956 4 417,025,638 79,939,985 10,206,941 98,785,586 5 134,145,136 71,607,902 248,729,698 108,828,727 6 210.726.485 69,400,376 113,438,459 97,981,732 he United States Department of Commerce nates that in 1926 $500,000,000 will be spent American tourists in Europe and $190,000,000 Canada, while the annual expenditures of foreign ors to the United States total a little over ),000,000, more than one-fourth of this amount ing from Canada.

in 1925 more than 356,155 Americans left the ted States exclusive of those who went to Canada.

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is approximately with premiums amounting to Losses by fire in about $713,200.000 annually. The department reports 1923 amounted to $535,372,782; in 1924 to $548,810,639; and in 1925 to $570,225,921, or a daily loss of $1,500,000, and this with a toll of human Incendiary fires in life exceeding 14,000 annually. 1925 totaled 1,290, with 219 convictions. Building operations in 1925 approximated $6,500,000,000 in value, as against $5,750,000,000 in 1924. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION.

MERCHANT MARINE.

he United States had on July 1, 1926, a merchant ine of 4,627 vessels of 100 tons and over (4.882 925), of which 3,718 (3,854) were steam or motor 909 (961) sailing, with a total tonnage of 14,761 (15,377,480). Motor ships alone numbered of 266,012 tonnage. In 1924 79 ships of 139,464 were built.

he United States leads in oil-using vessels, ing on July 1, 1926, 384 (374) tankers of 2,319,(2,281,324) tons and 1,851 (1,855) steamers ed for burning oil fuel with a tonnage of 9,002,007 99,050) tons, nearly one-half the world total. here entered at American ports in the calendar 1925 42,019 vessels with a total tonnage of 78,041 (42,435, of 68,291,532 tonnage in 1924), which 19,803 of 27,946,874 tonnage were American 22,216 of 41,431,167 tonnage were foreign. Of total 4,639 vessels of 19,009,707 tonnage entered In the calendar year 1925 port of New York. 135,154 tons of trade cargo were imported and The American-carried pro367,953 exported. tion of the total water-borne commerce, inHng Great Lakes and tanker traffic, was 40 per mericans spend annually about $14,000,000,000 the purchase and maintenance of automobiles; number of passenger cars and trucks registered 1926 was 19,954,347 (about 17,500,000 in 1925); about one to every 5.8 inhabitants, and 96,929 te and Federal Government owned. In 1925 38,675 passenger cars and 487,920 automobile cks were built (In 1924, 3,243,285 and 374,3.7). torists in 44 States and the District of Columbia d in 1925 $146,028,940 in gasoline taxes, of Ich $102,065,216 was used in maintenance and struction of State highways and $32,721,704 on al roads. No tax is levied in Illinois, Massasetts, New Jersey and New York.

t.

revenues

RAILROADS AND HIGHWAYS. The total railroad mileage, Jan. 1, 1925 was ,413, of which Class I. carriers (1. e.. whose exceed $1,000,000) jual operating The capitalization of the rated 234,795 miles. Net operss 1. railroads was $17,015,346,711. ig income (after deduction of taxes, equipment, tal, etc.) in 1924, 8987,133,650, equal to 4.35 cent. on the tentative valuation of the roads their investment in the transportation business. is figure was 94.49 per cent. in 1923, when the Gross operating income was $983,736,200. nings in 1924 were $5,961,349,561; in 1923 332,874,535; a decrease of $371,524,974 or 5.87 cent. Operating expenses in 1924, $4,537,329,; in 1923, $4,923,440,952; a decrease of $386,1.528 or 7.85 per cent., being a gain of $14,586,554 the net earnings, or a trifle more than 1 per The number of employees in 1923 was 1,745,3, whose average wage was $1,624.18. On Jan. 1, 1923, there were 2,975,750 miles of hways, of which 422,216 miles were surfaced. ngress had appropriated $75,000,000 as aid to è several States in road building in 1926; the otment of Federal aid in 1925 was $73,125,000. ice 1916, when the Federal Aid Law was passed, to March 1, 1924, Federal ald highways had completed to a total of 33,086 miles, with ,500 additional under construction and 59 per it. complete. The total cost of the 46,836 miles

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The United States has been known as a meltingpot of the peoples of the earth, its population at first of the ancient races such as the Aztecs, then of the American Indian, and in the first days of predominating. From the beginning immigration settlement by white people from Europe, English (See Index has been numerous, and attained a million persons and Japanese being rigidly restricted. a year up to the beginning of the World War, Chinese for tables.)

In the industrial centres, large numbers of Austrians, Italians, Germans and not a few Britons, with very many Slavs, have settled; and in the in the North Central States, and Germans from agricultural sections Scandinavians are numerous the Great Lakes to the border States.

The Indian

The 1920 census assigned of the total 105,710,620 of population, native white, 8.,108,161; native parentage, 58,421,957: foreign parentage, 15,694,539: with 6,991,665 of mixed parentage. Those of foreign parentage and of recently immigrated foreign blood number more than 30,000,000. population on June 30, 1925, was 346,962, a gain (See Index for tables.) of 16,283 in eleven years. Migration of Americans, mostly farmers, Canada for five fiscal years has been, 1921, 48,059; 1922, 29,345; 1923, 22,007; 1924, 20,171; and 1925. 16,689.

to

The increase in population in the decade 1910-20 was 13,738,354. Twelve States--New York, PennsylNorth vania, California, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Texas, Oklahoma, Jersey, Massachusetts, New Carolina and Minnesota, in that order-supplied 8.979,722 of that increase, while three-Mississippi, Nevada and Vermont-returned a decrease totalling but 14,494. During this period the urban communities absorbed 7.000,CCO of the 9,000,000 increase in native whites of native parentage, and the aggregate population of the sixty-eight cities of over 100,000 inhabitants comprised more than oneThe Census makes use of nine subdivisions in its These subdivisions quarter of the entire populat.on of the United States. classification of occupations. and their importance, in the sense of number of

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The number of women wage earners in 1920 was 8,549,571, of which 42 per cent. were under the age of twenty-five.

There were 122,519 lawyers and judges: 150.007 physicians and surgeons; 127,270 clergymen; and 136,121 civil, electrical, mechanical and mining engineers.

On the Federal civil service list, June 30, 1926, were 560,705; the record number was 917.760 on Armistice Day, Nov. 11, 1918.

Of the population of 10 years of age and over, the percentage of illiteracy shown by the Census of 1920 was 5.9 (7.7 in 1910); of this native white 2 per cent. were illiterate; of the foreign born, 13.1; of the Negro, 22.9; attending school were 90.6 per cent. of those between 7 and 13 years of age: 79.9 of chose of 14 and 15; 42.9 of those of 16 and 17; and 14.8 of those of 18 to 20. The percentage of decrease in illiteracy in the United States from 1900 to 1910 was 27.74 per cent.; and from 1910 to 1920 it was 32.04 per cent.

FINANCIAL STATISTICS.

The national wealth of the United States on Dec. 31, 1922, as shown by a survey by the Census Bureau, was $320,863,862,000. an increase of 72.2 per cent. over 1912 ($186.299,664,000). The per capita wealth of the nation increased from $1,950 to $2,918 in ten years, or 49.6 per cent. It is pointed out, however, that at 1913 prices the grand total for 1922 would be $206,000,000,000 and the per capita wealth $1,885. (See Index for tables.)

For the taxable year 1925, 7,298,481 persons made returns, showing a total net income returned of $25,023,210,893, a decrease of $1,313,126,950 from 1923. Total income tax collections 1925-6 were $1,972,998,839, an increase even under lower rates of $211,139,789 over those of 1924-5, which were $1,761,659.050.

The United States has more than 11,000 millionaires, Joseph S. McCoy, Actuary of the Treasury Department deduces from a study of income tax returns for 1923, and has one billionaire. North Dakota is the only State without at least one milHonaire. New York has 2,800; Pennsylvania, 1,052: Illinois, 800; Massachusetts, 610; California, 470; and New Jersey, 390. He estimates that one out of every 10.450 Americans is a millionaire.

Real estate not taxed in the United States, including schools, churches, and State and local public buildings and institutions, is valued at $20,032,475,000.

The volume of paper money in circulation on July 1, 1926, was $4,834.710,681 in these kinds of money: United States notes, $294,915,527; Federal Reserve notes, $1,679,384,196 (secured by commercial paper and gold); Federal Reserve bank notes, $5,452,708; and National bank notes, $651,476,522 (both issues secured by United States bonds and other securitics held by the Treasury of the United States); Treasury notes of 1890, $1,356,304; gold in circulation, $445,068,360: gold certificates, $1,057,364,119; silver dollars, $51,905,824; silver certificates, $377,741,064; subddiary silver, $270,046,057. The circulation per capita was $41.85.

The United States Treasury held $4,207,173,861, of which $1,680,503,599 was gold held against gold certificates: $154,188,886 gold held against United States notes; $1,717,348,285 gold held for Federal Reserve banks and agents; and $459,259,809 silver held against silver certificates. The holdings of Federal Reserve banks and agents totaled $1,470,860,334. The total stock of money in circulation and in the vaults of the Treasury and of the Federal Reserve banks and agents was $8,372,981,468.

The holdings of gold in the United States Treasury and Federal Reserve banks and agents as of July 1, 1926, totaled $4,500,324,107 ($4,390,231,068 in 1925), or almost half of the total stock of monetary gold in the world, estimated by the Director of the Mint to be $9,210,000,000.

The United States had a gross debt of $26,596,701,684 on Aug. 31, 1919, when the war debt was at its peak. This on June 30, 1926, had been reduced to $19,643,216,315. The Government's ordinary receipts in the fiscal year 1925-26 (previous fiscal year figures in parentheses) amounted to $3,962,755,690 ($3,780,148,684); expenditures chargeable to same, $3,097,611,823 ($3,529,643,446); surplus for year, $377,767,817 ($250,505,238), which was applied to reduction of the debt, together with $487,376,051 ($466,538,114) on account of the sinking fund, foreign payments, etc. Of the shortdated debt (maturing within five years) which was $6,252,000,000 on June 30, 1925, $1,308,000,000 was either paid off or funded during the year; the Third Liberty Loan which matures on Sept. 15, 1928, was reduced nearly $400,000,000 to $2,488,272,450.

The Customs receipts for the fiscal year 1925-26 (figures for 1924-25 in parentheses) amounted to $579,430,093 ($547,561,226); the income and profits

miscellaneous internal revenue
tax to $1,972,798,839 ($1,761,659,050); and the
to $863,314,060
($822,481,219).
therefore approximately $28.20 per camta. The
The total Federal taxation was
latest figures available for State and local taxation
were for 1923, the estimate being $4,495,000,000,
approximately $40.60 per capita.

BANKING STATISTICS.

On April 12, 1926, there was a total of 28,289 banks, of which 20,289 were State banks and 8,000 national banks, having a total capital, surplus and. undivided profits of $7,398,018,903, total deposits of $54,291,833,973, and total resources of $63,999,452,890. Total deposits of all banks were $3,794525,031 above the previous high record of April 6, 1925, and total resources $3,487,607,427 above resources of that date.

The capital, surplus and undivided profits of the State banks were $4,288,361,903, and of the national banks $3,109,657,000, showing the capital resources of the State banks to be 37 per cent. in excess of the national banks. The deposits of the State banks were $34,116,035,973, and of the national banks $20,175,798,000, showing the deposits of the State banks 69 per cent. in excess of the national banks. The total resources of the State banks were $39,105,787,890, and of the rational banks $24,893,665,000, showing the resources of the State banks 57 per cent. in excess of the national banks.

Between April 6, 1925, and April 12, 1926, de posits of the State banks increased $3,001,674,031 and deposits of the national banks increased $792,851,000. During the same period total resources of State banks increased $2,426,405,427, and total resources of the national banks increased $1,061,202,000.

Since June 30, 1919, capital, surplus and un divided profits of the State banks have increased $1,388,699,225, and the national banks $746,179,000. The deposits of State banks have increased $12,483,213,961 and the national banks $4,250,933,000 Resources of State banks increased $13,140,112,054, and the national banks $4,094,115,000. The de crease in the number of State banks totals 739. The increase in the number of national banks totals 215

This makes a total increase in all banks of the United States since June 30, 1919, as follows:

Capital, surplus and undivided profits, $2,134,878,225 or 40 per cent; deposits, $16,734,146,961 or 44 per cent; resources, $17,234,237,054 or 36 per cent; number of banks (decrease), 524

On Jan. 1, 1918, there were 10,631,586 savings account depositors with deposits aggregating $11115,790,000. On Jan. 2, 1926, there were 43.850,127 (38,867,994 in 1925) depositors with deposits totaling $23,134,052,000 ($20,873,552,000).

There were 12,403 building and loan associations on June 30, 1926 (11,844 in 1925), with 9,886,997 (8,554,352) members and assets of $5,509,176,154 ($4,765,937,197).

STATE GOVERNMENTAL COSTS.

The total cost of the forty-eight State Govern ments for the fiscal year ending Jan. 31, 1926, according to the Department of Commerce, wa $1,614,562,230, as compared with $1,513,628,021 in 1924-25; the comparable figures for 1915 were $494,907,000. The revenues of the States were $129,319,990 smaller than the expenditures and the outlays for permanent improvements, principally for highways, exceeded $500,000,000.

The net debt of the States outstanding at the end of 1925 was $1,251,702,639 or $11.12 per capita, in 1924 it was $1,183,467,000, or $10.63 per capita The net debt in 1915 was but $424,135,000, or $4.31 per capita.

The assessed valuation of property in the several States subject to general property taxes amounted in 1925-26 to $136,184,490,483; it was $131,333.557,565, or a per capita of $1,180 in 1924-25. The total levy for the Government of the States of the general property tax amounted to $369,368,531 or $3.34 per capita.

Total revenue receipts in 1925-26 of the several States were $1,485,242,018.

PENSIONS.

The United States paid out in pensions since 1790, when its pension system was put into effect. up to June 30, 1926, $7,261,346,358, of which $6 784,920,603 were on account of the Civil War and $181,995,079 of the war with Spain. The number of pensioners on the roll on June 30, 1926 was 501, 723 (512,537 in 1925), of which 106,790 (126,566) were Civil War veterans and 226.650 (241,193) Civil War widows and children. There were then twenty widows of soldiers of the War of 1812 on the pension rolls, and nine soldiers and 1,080 widows of soldiers of the war with Mexico.

TERRITORIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES.
THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES.

The area of the original thirteen States (1790) wa 892,135 square miles. This includes the drainage basin of the Red River of the North (part of Minneota), not in the Louisiana Purchase, but in the past sometimes considered a section thereof.

The Thirteen Original States, comprising the Dufted States of America, as constituted in 1790, were-New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Bland, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennivania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia.

The present gross (land and water) area of these thirteen States is but 326,378 square miles, inasmuch as Maine, Vermont, Kentucky, West Virginia, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Ohlo, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota, have been carved from the original boundaries of the Thirteen, which extended from Canada to Florida and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, exclusive of a portion of the southeastern part of Louisiana.

Congress, Oct. 30, 1779, asked the States to cede to the General Government the vast areas of unsettled lands lying between the Appalachian Mountain ranges and the Mississippi River, in order to end conflicting boundary claims inherited from royal charters.

This was done, 1781-1802, by New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia.

Connecticut, 1786. reserved both jurisdiction and property rights in an area in Northeast Ohio, known as the Western Reserve, but in 1800 gave up jurisdiction, still reserving property rights.

None of the cessions covered land east of the present western boundaries of New York and Pennsylvania.

The General Government welded the ceded areas into two great tracts-the territory northwest of the Ohio River, and the territory south of the Ohio River. The former comprised the Territories of Ohio and Indiana.

Michigan was created out of Northern Indiana; Illinois, out of Western Indiana.

Vermont, 1777-1791, was an independent republic,

but the territory it occupied and claimed was in-
cluded in the total area of the Colonies.
Maine had been under the jurisdiction of Massa-
chusetts.

Kentucky and West Virginia were set off from
Virginia.

Tennessee was ceded from North Carolina. Alabama and Mississippi had been a part of Georgia.

Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut originally claimed the areas now occupied by Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, and formally renounced jurisdiction over them to the United States.

LOUISIANA PURCHASE.

The first accession to the territory of the United States as it was constituted in 1790 came through the Louisiana Purchase. This vast region, bought by the United States (in the administration of President Jefferson), April 30, 1803, from France, in the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte, for 60,000,000 francs ($15,000,000), plus payment of the French Spollation Claims." comprised the Mississippi River's west side drainage basin, except that part held by Spain. It extended from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, and included the areas now occupied by Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa, the Dakotas, Montana, most of Minnesot,, and portions of Colorado and Wyoming.

Settlement of the French Spollation Claims was effected with France for $3,750,000. Interest accruals raised the final total cost of the Louisiana Purchase to $27,267,622.

Arkansas was cut out of Missouri Territory, a part of Louisiana Territory; Iowa was made from Wisconsin; Kansas and Nebraska from Missouri; Minnesota, from Iowa; the Dakotas from Minnesota and Nebraska.

The Dakotas were separated in 1889.

Oklahoma was made from Western Indian Territory: Montana, from Idaho; Wyoming, from the Dakotas, Idaho and Utah; Colorado, from Utah, New Mexico, Kansas and Nebraska; Arizona, from New Mexico; Nevada, from Utah; Idaho, from Washington, the Dakotas and Nebraska. The following table shows the territorial expansion of the United States, by years and areas. Added.

DIVISION,

29.670 Panama Canal Zone 1904 590,884 Danish West Indies

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Yr.

Added.
Square

Yr. Square

Miles.

Miles.

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527

1867

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13,435 Hawalian Islands.
58,666 Porto Rico..

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1846 286,541 Philippine Islands..
1848 529,189 American Samoa.

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Oregon..

Mexican cession

OREGON TERRITORY.

The Oregon Territory, the northern limits of which were settled in the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1846 between the United States and Great Britain, is not classed as an accession, because the Government at Washington claimed it, In 1848, on three grounds-(1), discovery and Occupation; (2), the Louisiana Purchase; (3), the Florida Purchase. The grounds of the title are called obscure by Henry Gannett of the Geological Survey, 1904, in "Boundaries of the United States."

As constituted at its organization, in 1848, the Territory of Oregon extended from the Pacific to the crest of the Rocky Mountains, north of the forty-second parallel of latitude, and comprised the areas now covered by Oregon, Washington, Idaho and part of Montana and Wyoming.

FLORIDA PURCHASE.

The second accession was the Floridas, which the United States bought from Spain in 1819. The United States had claimed that West Florida was s part of the Louisiana Purchase tract, but it was denied by France. The southeastern part of Louisiana was acquired by the Florida purchase.

No money payment was made to Spain in connection with the acquisition of the Floridas, but The United, States assumed and paid the sum of $5,000,000 in satisfaction of claims of citizens of the United States against Spain. No interest was paid in these cases.

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Total added area' Total United States In77cluding original 13 States, 3,742,903

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The fifth increase of United States territory came with the purchase of Alaska from Russia, by the treaty of 1867. The price, 87,200,000 in gold, was paid Aug. 1, 1868, no interest being charged. The 1903 joint American-Canadian commission finally smoothed out the boundary disputes.

The sixth accession brought in the Hawaiian Islands, which voluntarily joined the United States in 1898, the Hawalian national debt of $4,000,000 being assumed by this country.

PORTO RICO, GUAM, THE PHILIPPINES. The victory of the United States over Spain in 1898, brought into the American national area the seventh accession.

Under the treaty of Dec. 10, 1898, the United States paid to Spain $20,000,000 in connection with the relinquishment of all claims to Porto Rico, Guam and the Philippine Islands; and, under a later treaty of Nov. 7, 1900, a further payment of $100,000 was made to Spain for cession to the United States of any and all Islands (Cagayan Jolo) of the Philippine Archipelago lying outside of the lines described in Article III. of the treaty

of Dec. 10, 1898. No interest was paid in either

case.

AMERICAN SAMOA (TUTUILA). The Samoan Isles, in 1889, by agreement of the United States, Great Britain and Germany, in conference at Berlin, were recognized as independent, neutral territory, with Malietoa as King, under the joint protection of the three powers named. In 1898 the United States accepted Pago Pago (ceded in 1872) as a coal and naval base.

By the Anglo-German Convention of Nov. 14, 1899, effective Feb. 16, 1900, Tutulla and the adjacent isles of Tau, Olesinga and Ofu were ceded to the United States; Samoa, to Germany; the Tonga, Savage and Solomon Islands to Great Britain. The Mauna Islands were ceded to the United States in 1904 by the King of the group.

PANAMA CANAL ZONE.

The United States did not acquire, by the Isthmian Canal Convention of Nov. 18, 1903, any title to territory in the Republic of Panama, but merely a perpetual right of occupation, use, and

control of and over a zone of land ten miles in width. For this privilege it paid to the Republic of Panam the sum of $10,000,000, and undertook to pay the sum of $250,000 annually so long as such occu pancy continued, such payments beginning o Feb. 26, 1913.

The United States and the Colombian Congresses ratified, in 1921, a treaty of the United States with Colombia by which Colombia is to receive $25, 000,000 (in yearly instalments of $5,000,000) as compensation for the loss of territorial sovereignty over Panama and the Canal Zone. Ratification of the two countries were exchanged at Bogots Colombia, on March 1, 1922. The first payment of $5,000,000 was made six months thereafter; the last on Sept. 2, 1926.

VIRGIN ISLANDS OF THE U. 8.

For the Danish West Indies, consisting of the Islands of St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. John, the United States paid $25,000,000, and took posse sion on March 31, 1917. They then had 32,00 population.

AREA OF THE UNITED STATES AND OUTLYING POSSESSIONS-1790-1920.
U. S.. Incl. Possessions.
U. S., EXCLUDING POSSESSIONS.

POSSESSIONS

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Water area does not include water surface of oceans, Gulf of Mexico, or Great Lakes, lying withi jurisdiction of United States.

LAND AND WATER AREA OF STATES, BY RANK, 1920 (Square Miles).

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Water area figures do not include water surface of oceans, Gulf of Mexico, or Great Lakes, lying within jurisdiction of United States.

SECTION AND DIVISION.

Gross
Area.

GROSS AREA (Square Miles), BY SECTIONS AND DIVISIONS: 1920.
Rank
Pet. No. Av'rage SECTION Ranki
Pct. No. Avrage
Gross Gross Total of
Gross Gross Total of Gross
Area. Area Area. States.
Arca. Arca Area States. Area.

AND
DIVISION.

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