American Marine: The Shipping Question in History and Politics

Ameri American shipbuilding American ships American vessels American wood sail American-built bounty Britain British iron sail British ships British steamers British wood British-built builders building built Bureau of Navigation capita cargoes carried cent CHAPTER cheap coast commerce Commissioner of Navigation companies composite ship Congress cost discrimination duties England Europe export carriage favor flag foreign nations foreign shipping foreign trade foreign vessels free-ship freeboard freight French German gross gross registered tonnage hulls imports increase iron ships iron steam Iron steamers lake Liverpool Lloyd's Register loading loss mails marine insurance maritime ment merchants naval navy Norwegian wood ocean owners paid ports premium proportion protection rates rules sailing ships sailing vessels seamen Secretary shipbuilding shipowners shipping interest speed steam vessels steamships subsidy superiority tariff tariff of 1828 tion tonnage taxes tons transportation Treasury underwriters United voyage wood steam wooden ships wooden vessels