without injury to the sense, though with some loss of per spicuity, e.g. "[After] having-been thus particular upon myself, I shall.... give an account of those gentlemen.'-Addison. 'He was very shy of using it, [as] being loath to wear it out.' -Hudibras. We shot it [when] flying. (3) by the substitution of a prepositional phrase, usually consisting of a preposition and gerund [§ 25], as in I always walk before [prep.] dining [gerund] = I always walk before [sub. conj.] I dine [clause]. = 'Without [prep.] being imposed-upon [gerund] by words, we may judge impartially of the thought' (Addison) Unless we are imposed-upon by words, we may judge, &c. Upon [prep.] his being made [gerund] pope, the statue of Pasquin was one night dressed in a very dirty shirt' (Addison) When he [i.e. Sextus] was made pope, the statue of Pasquin, &c. = For all thy realms, I would not so blaspheme our country's creed' (Byron) If thou wert to give me all thy realms, I would not, &c. = (4) by the substitution of a single adverb, as in 6 My heart was touched,...had it been human else?' (Southey) My heart was touched....Would it have been human, if it had been otherwise? = 116. Co-ordination in the Complex Sentence. With the exception of the main finite verb, any word, phrase, or clause belonging to the Complex sentence may have one or more co-ordinate terms, whose co-ordinate relations are usually indicated by co-ordinate conjunctions [§ 119]. 117. In applying our Analytic Marks to Complex Sentences we must treat the dependent and subordinate Clauses as if they were single words,-nouns, adjectives, or adverbs,—as follows: It is certain that you are mistaken. 71, 97 They sent a request that you would go. 71, 98 The letters, that you asked for, are here. 105 I know who [= the man who] did it. 104 You saw where [= the place where] it was. 104 They reached Paris where they separated. 107 My father who is blind stumbled. 107 The beggar stood where you saw him. IIO 'If you would succeed,' you 'study hard.' 112 We were concealed so that he did not see us. 113 'The thief cometh not but' he comes 'for to steal.' 112, 115 He wrote so-that he got the prize. 92, 113 The fruit is better-than we expected. 113 THE COMPOUND SENTENCE. 118. Any sentence which contains two or more primary sentences [clauses] is called a Compound Sentence. This is the same thing as saying that a Compound Sentence is one which has two or more main finite verbs. There may be an ellipsis of the finite copula, when both the subject and complement are expressed, as in the following sentence of Macaulay's, where the ellipsis is supplied in brackets, 'Nothing can be more contemptible than the regular military resistance which Spain offers to an invader; nothing [can be] more formidable than, &c.' But otherwise the ellipsis of a main finite verb will generally be found to result in the formation of a simple or complex sentence. Thus, by the ellipsis of the second main verb in 'Dick walked home and Jane walked home,' a compound sentence becomes a simple sentence with two co-ordinate subjects, viz. 'Dick and Jane walked home.' Obs. As a general rule, the number of main finite verbs tells us the number of co-ordinate clauses in a compound sentence. 119. There is always some relation subsisting between co-ordinates, and this relation is usually expressed by a co-ordinate conjunction. These relations, and the conjunctions which express them, may be tabulated as follows: Cumulative CO-ORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS. and, also, eke, likewise, withal, nor and not, as well as, further, furthermore, more-over, well, first, then, again, secondly, thirdly, lastly; now; both-and, not only-but, partly-partly, half-half, now now. Alternative either-or, neither-nor, whether—or ; Adversative Arrestive. Illative .. still, and still, yet, and yet, only, nevertheless, however; for all that, at the same time. Sequential:-then, so then, so, thereupon, whereupɔn. therefore, wherefore; Consequential thence, hence, whence; consequently, accordingly. Resultant :-thus, so, so that, and so. Obs. 1. Many of these conjunctions are merely adverbials, put to a special use. Thus for example, now, yet, still, well, consequently, are ordinary adverbs; then, thence, so, are demonstrative adverbs; whence, however, are relative adverbs; on the one hand, on the other hand, at the same time, there-upon [= upon that], where-upon [= upon which], there-fore [= for that], where-fore [= for which], are, or once were, adverbial prepositional phrases. It is only as they are put to cumulative, adversative, or illative [i.e. inferential] uses, that they become co-ordinate conjunctions. Obs. 2. Combinations of the above conjunctions are very common, and some such appear in the above table. When the combination consists of conjunctions of the same class [e.g. 'and moreover,' 'but yet,'] we have possibly nothing but a greater emphasis or intensity given to the expression. But, when the combination consists of conjunctions of different classes [e.g. 'and so,' ' and therefore,'' and still,' 'but then '], we have two shades of thought, and we can only classify such a compound according as the general meaning of the passage shows the one or other conjunction to predominate. Obs. 3. The following is a table of the most common of the Old English co-ordinate conjunctions. Cumulative and and; eáceke, also; ealswá = also; gelíce likewise; oððe furðum = Exclusive :- elles also, moreover. = else; óðerlícor = otherwise. orde = or. Adversative Alternative óððe—óððe = either-or. naðor ne-ne = neither-nor. Arrestive :-ac = but, nevertheless; git = yet, still. |