Obs. 1.-Adverbial Infinitives are modified by adverbials, not by reason of their adverbial functions, but by reason of their verbal character.

Obs. 2.-The adverbial cases, or adverbial case-stems, of non-verbal nouns are restricted or defined as nouns, and not as adverbials.

93. Co-ordination in the Simple Sentence. With the exception of the main finite verb, any word, phrase, or clause, belonging to the simple sentence, may have one or more co-ordinate terms, whose co-ordinate relations are usually indicated by co-ordinate conjunctions (§ 119). As

The great and glorious city is destroyed.
We bought a fast and steady boat.

He was seen in a deep and dangerous bog.
She floated gracefully and easily on the waves.

The monsters lay in the water and on the land.
'The fault will then not be mine, but Fate's.'-Kingsley.
'Whether he were more wise or stout, &c.—Hudibras.

'His tawny beard was th' equal grace, both of his wisdom and his face.'-Hudibras.

94. Having now completed our survey of the Simple sentence, we proceed to enlarge our system of Analytic Marks so as to include the elements which have been added to those contained in the Primary sentence.

a. Subordinating apposites, attributes, and adverbial-attributes.

B. Co-ordinating apposites, attributes, and adverbial attributes.

y. Complements, having originated in ẞ, are distinguished by

a simple inversion of the ẞ marks, thus

N.B. It is seldom advisable to use the last three marks unless some such expansion of the mark system be in use as that described in § 124.

8. Quotations placed within double inverted commas.

Ellipses supplied outside single inverted commas, or within brackets.

Connections indicated by hyphens, dashes, or prolongations of the Mark, according as the Student finds convenient.

NOTE: The periphrastic tenses and moods are all treated as if single verbs, and the verb 'do' may be allowed to sink into its following infinitive. The numerals placed below a mark are meant to call attention to the section which explains.

William the Conqueror was despotic.

71

I have a hope that all is well.

71

It is pleasant to be praised by all.

71

The great and glorious city lay before the foe.

93

He was dressed in black and white.

93

84

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE.

95. The Complex Sentence only differs from the simple sentence in having one or more of its non-essential elements represented by dependent clauses, of which there are three kinds, viz.

§ 96-100.

§ 101-107.

the Substantival or Noun clause
the Adjectival or Relative clause
the Adverbial or Subordinate clause § 108-115.

96. The Substantival or Noun clause is best considered here, although we have seen that it may occur in a primary sentence as subject or object of a verb. Where-ever this sort of clause is used, it occupies the position and discharges the functions of a substantival or noun; hence its name. The noun clause, although by no means invariably depending on a verb of assertion, petition, or inquiry, is invariably constructed as if it did so. It therefore appears under three forms, sufficiently illustrated in § 34, viz.

97. An Oblique Assertion [§ 34] is usually marked, and can always be marked, by the demonstrative 'that,' e.g.

'That you are here is well known.'

'He knows [that] you are here.'

'Me thinke [that] I coulde gesse, &c.' [see § 37, Obs. 2].

Obs. 1.- The clause, which is introduced by 'but (that),' is not Substantival but Adverbial. Whether the 'but' be taken as a preposition or conjunction, we have in such a construction a protasis, e.g. 'I have no