the Senate. But he disregarded the warnings which had been given him. 4. The ten ambassadors, of whom Cato was chief, offered their arbitration, which was accepted by Masinissa, but rejected by the Carthaginians, who had no confidence in Roman justice. This refusal Cato never forgave them. In traversing their country, he had remarked the increasing wealth and population. After his return to Rome, he let fall from the fold of his robe some early-ripe Libyan figs; and as their 2 beauty was admired,1 "Those figs," quoth he, "were gathered three days ago at Carthage. So close is our enemy to our walls." From that time forth, whenever he was called upon for his vote in the Senate, though3 the subject of debate bore no relation to Carthage, he added these words, "Carthage must be destroyed.' Active (cum, with imperf. subj.). 8 quamquam, with imperf. Lesson 21. Verbs.-3. Infinitive Constructions. 2 Relative. 1. LEARN §§ 270, 271 (uses of the Infinitive); also 288, with a, b (use of the Present and Perfect infinitive). Learn also §§ 272, 330, 336 (Accusative and Infinitive). 2. The English infinitive is rendered by the Latin infinitive in many constructions: a. When it is equivalent to an abstract noun: as, To err is human, humanum est errare. NOTE. An abstract noun is also sometimes equivalent to an infinitive, and is to be rendered in the same way in Latin: as, 1. What is creation? Quid est creare? 2. Writing with a stile is easy, est facile stilo scrivere. b. When a second action of the same subject is indicated: as, I begin to grow old, senescere incipio. NOTE. This principle includes many classes of words where the connection is very close between the infinitive and the verb on which it depends; and also many where it is more remote, so that a subjunctive clause might also be used. 3. The English THAT with a verb, when it denotes a statement or thought, is always to be rendered by an Infinitive with an Accusative for its subject. This construction (called the Indirect Discourse) is a very common one in Latin, and is used after all words of knowing, perceiving, thinking, and telling. In English we often use the infinitive in such sentences as the preceding: as, "I think it to be right;"" He is said to be rich;" and so on. a. The English simple infinitive, with expressions of hoping, promising, threatening, and the like, is rendered by the same construction, of the infinitive with subject-accusative: as, I hope to come, spero me venturum [esse]. b. The English infinitive may be used after any verb of commanding or forbidding. In Latin it is regularly used only after jubeo and veto (see hereafter, Lesson 28). c. In using the Indirect Discourse in Latin, observe what tense would be used in the direct discourse, and make the tense of the infinitive correspond to that. Thus - 1. He says that his father is here, dicit patrem adesse. 2. He said that his father was here, dixit patrem adesse. 3. He will say that his father is here, dicet patrem adesse. In all these three cases the same tense is used in Latin, because the same tense would be used in the direct: viz. "My father is here." 4. He says his father was here, dicit patrem adfuisse. 5. He said his father had been (or was formerly) here, dixit patrem adfuisse. 6. He will say that his father was here, dicet patrem adfuisse. These three cases take the perfect infinitive, because the words in direct discourse would be, “ My father was here." 66 7. He says that his father will be here, dicit patrem adfuturum [esse]. 8. He said that his father would be here, dixit patrem adfuturum. 9. He will say that his father will be here, dicet patrem adfuturum. In these cases, the words in direct discourse would be, "My father will be here." (In this tense, the esse is usually omitted.) In like manner, with verbs of promising, expecting, and the like 10. He hopes to come (direct, "I shall come"), sperat se venturum. II. He hopes that you are well, sperat te valere. 12. He hopes that you were there, sperat te adfuisse. 13. He threatened to destroy the city, minatus est se urbem deleturum. d. When the verb of knowing, &c., is in the Passive, the impersonal construction is more common in English; but in Latin the personal is regular with the simple tenses, the impersonal with the compound (see § 330. a): as, 1. It seems to me that you are wrong, videris mihi errare. 2. It was reported that Cæsar's house had been attacked, oppugnata domus Caesaris nuntiabatur. 3. There is a tradition that Homer was blind, traditum est Homerum caecum fuisse. 4. The subject of the Infinitive is regularly in the Accusative. But if the subject of the infinitive is not expressed, then any predicate word will agree with the subject of the main clause if there be a personal subject (see sec. 272, with Remarks): as, 1. It is advantageous to be honest, utile est probum esse. 2. I am anxious to be merciful, cupio me esse clementem (or cupio esse clemens). N. B. Never translate the infinitive of Purpose by the infinitive in Latin (see hereafter, Lesson 25). The English Infinitive and the clause with THAT are also often to be rendered by other constructions than the above (for which see hereafter, Lesson 28). Exercise 20. 1. "You," said Scipio Æmilianus, "to whom Italy is not mother, but step-mother, ought to keep silence. Surely you do not think that I shall fear those let loose whom I sent in chains to the slave-market.” 1 2. The king of Syria, Antiochus, had nearly conquered Egypt. Popilius Læna ordered him, in the name of the Senate, to abandon the country. Antiochus wished to deliberate; but Popilius, having traced 1 a circle about the king with a staff which he held in his hand, "Before 2 leaving this circle," said he, answer the Senate." Antiochus promised to obey, and went out of Egypt. Popilius then divided the kingdom between the two brothers Philometor and Physcon. ee 3. I purpose3 to write the history of a memorable revolution which has agitated men deeply, and which divides them even to-day. I do not conceal from myself the-difficulties-of-the-undertaking; for passions which it was thought were stifled under [the influence of] a military despotism have just been reawakened. Suddenly men overwhelmed with years and toil have felt revive 5 in them resentments which seemed to be appeased, and have communicated them to us their children and heirs. But if we have-to-maintain the same cause, we-have-not to defend their conduct; 'Participle passive, ablative absolute (see next Lesson). • Lit. "how difficult are (subj.) those things which I undertake." 5 Infinitive. 7 nihil opus est. • Part in dus, agreeing with causa. 8 Lit. "those will alarm me." and we can separate liberty itself from those who have well or ill served it, while we still have the advantage of-having-heard and watched these old men, who, filled as-they-are with their memories. still excited by their impressions, teach us to understand them. 4. The king entered the ship in a violent storm, which the mariners beholding-with-astonishment, at length with great humility gave him warning of the danger. But he commanded them instantly to put off, and not be afraid, for he had never in his life heard that any king was drowned. Verbs. -4. Participial Constructions. 1. LEARN §§ 289 to 292, with Remark on the uses of Participles. Also, §§ 293 and a; with 129 (Periphrastic Conjugations); 294, with a, b, c; and 255, with a, b (Ablative Absolute). 2. The English participle is often expressed not by a participle in Latin, but by a relative clause, or one with cum or dum (see § 290. c): as, 1. In the following winter, ea quae secuta est hieme. 2. Cæsar, seeing this, gave the signal for battle, Caesar cum hoc vidisset signum dedit proelii. 3. While humoring the young, I have forgotten that I am old, dum obsequor adulescentibus, me senem esse oblitus sum. 3. On the other hand, almost any simple modifying clause can be rendered in Latin in a participial form. This principle includes, among others, relative clauses, |