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2. REVIEW § 105. c, d, e, h (forms and use of the Indefinites); study the whole of § 202.

a. The pronouns which correspond to the English A or SOME, ONE, or ANY (indefinite, not emphatic) are quis, quispiam, aliquis, quidam. Of these quis is the least definite, and quidam the most. When SOME is used of objects defined in thought though not named, it is regularly quidam. The expressions nonnullus, nonnemo, nonnihil are somewhat less definite than quidam. Quis is the regular word after si, nisi, ne, num, to signify if any, &c. With these particles aliquis is more definite, like our if some one, &c. A FEW or SEVERAL may be expressed by aliquot, nonnulli, plures; pauci (restrictive) means only a few. The English ANY ONE WHO is often best rendered by si quis (See Note, Gr. p. 227). 1. Some one may say, aliquis dicat (dixerit quispiam). 2. Some philosophers think so, aliqui (or, if definite persons are thought of, quidam) philosophi ita putant.

3. Some poor women live here, habitant hic quaedam mulieres pauperculae. [That is, some women he knows; some women or other would be aliquae or nescio guae.]

4. Up runs a man, accurrit quidam.

5. I will call in a few friends, aliquot amicos adhibebo. 6. In the very senate-house there is more than one enemy, in ipsa curia nonnemo hostis est.

7 Banished not on some other charge but this very one, expulsus non alio aliquo sed eo ipso crimine.

8 He neither denies nor asserts a thing, neque negat aliquid neque ait (any thing whatever would be quidquam). b. The pronouns which correspond most nearly with the English ANY (emphatic) are quisquam (substantive), ullus (adjective), quivis, and quilibet. The first two are used chiefly with negatives (but see § 202. b, c); the other two are universal (any you like). When only two are spoken of, EITHER is uter (corresponding to quisquam), utervis, uterlibet (corresponding to quivis and quilibet). For the negatives non quisquam, non ullus, non quidquam, non uter, use nemo, nullus, nihil, neuter.

1. What can happen to any (one) man can happen to any man (whatever), cuivis potest accidere quod cuiquam potest.

2. I never did any thing worse, numquam quidquam feci pejus (better, nihil umquam).

3. Why did I send to anybody before you? cur cuiquam

misi prius?

4. I have less strength than either one of you, minus habeo virium quam vestrum utervis.

5. No one thinking of any thing but flight, nemo ullius rei nisi fugae memor.

c. The Distributives EACH, EVERY, are expressed by quisque (uterque, if there are only two). Unusquisque is more emphatic (every single one). Omnis is sometimes used in the singular in nearly the same sense as quisque, but more indefinitely, and is almost equivalent to a plural.

1. Every good book is better the larger it is, bonus liber melior est quisque, quo major.

2. Both armies go away every man to his home, ambo exercitus suas quisque abeunt domos.

3. Each army was in sight of the other, uterque utrique erat exercitus in conspectu.

4. Every system of instruction (= all systems of instruction), omnis ratio et doctrina.

Exercise 8.

1. Which do you consider the greatest general, Cæsar, Scipio, or Hannibal? Which the better orator, Cicero or Demosthenes? 2. "We here bring you war and peace," said the Roman ambassadors in the Senate of the Carthaginians; "which pleases you best ?" 3. Pompey obtained the highest dignity in the State — that of the consulship — without any recommendation of ancestors. 4. The vices of Alcibiades were redeemed by some brilliant qualities. 5. Most men's vices are redeemed by some better qualities. 6. No1 great man was ever without some divine inspiration. 7. Horace did not read his poetry to any one except friends; and then 2 under compulsion, not everywhere,

1 nemo.

Lit." and that."

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nor before1 everybody [indiscriminately]. 8. Some skill as an orator is necessary to a commander. 9. Several of the allies of Sparta were dissatisfied with the peace she had concluded; and soon after some of them determined to restore the ancient power of Argos. 10. Some slight battles occurred, in which the side of-the-Syracusans had the advantage." 11. Since Agamemnon, no Grecian king had led an army into Asia.

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12. It is contrary-to nature to take 8 any thing from any other9 [person]. Does any one deny this? 13. Whoever had killed a tyrant was praised by the Greeks and Romans. Thus Harmodius, who expelled the sons of Pisistratus, was honored at Athens; Timoleon, who consented-to 10 the death of his brother Timophanes, at Corinth; and Brutus, the slayer of Julius Cæsar, at Rome.

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Lit. "Something of skill." • Adjective. 6 res. • Adjective. Lit. "was superior."

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Lesson 10.

Cases.-1. As Objects of Verbs.

1. REVIEW §§ 237, with b, c (Accusative as Direct Object); 225, 227, with a, b, 228 (Dative as Indirect Object); 219, 220, 221 (Genitive as the object of verbs of Memory and Feeling); and 249 (Ablative of means, with utor, etc.).

2. All of the above cases are used in Latin with different classes of verbs to represent the English Objective case.

Thus:

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1. I see the man, hominem video (Accusative). 2. I help the man, homini subvenio (DATIVE).

3. I pity the man, hominis misereor (GENITIVE).

4. I treat the man as a friend, homine amico utor (Ablative).

REMARK.

- In all the above examples the verb is transitive in English, but not really so in Latin. In deciding on the case to be used as the object of any given verb, the following points are to be observed:

a. The Accusative, as the case of Direct Object, is far more general in its use than either of the others; and may be assumed to represent the English Objective, except as limited by the special rules which follow.

b. The Dative is to be used, along with the Accusative, wherever in English two object-cases follow, with one of which we may use the preposition To or FOR (except after verbs of Asking and Teaching, which take two accusatives): as,

1. He gave me the book (= he gave the book to me), mihi librum dedit.

2. I promise you a fig, tibi ficum promitto. But-
3. He asked me for money, pecuniam me rogavit.

4. Plato taught his scholars geometry, Plato discipulos suos geometriam docuit.

The Dative is also to be used after the verbs (apparently transitive) given in the lists in §§ 227, 228, 229. These sub-sections, with the accompanying examples and remarks, must be attentively studied; as an accurate knowledge of these classes of verbs is absolutely essential to the correct use of the language in one of the commonest constructions in Latin.

c. Verbs governing the Genitive in Latin are few, and belong to the strictly limited classes given in the sub-sections under § 219, &c. They are chiefly verbs of Memory and Feeling (with egeo, indigeo, need). The genitive of Charge and Penalty corresponds with the English use of the preposition OF.

d. The only verbs governing the Ablative in Latin, corresponding to transitives in English, are the few deponents given above, § 249: either of them may easily be represented in English by a phrase with a preposition: as,

1. I use (make use of) a sword, gladio utor.

2. He eats (feeds on) flesh, carne vescitur.

3. They abuse (take advantage of) my friendship, amicitia mea abutuntur.

of others.

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Exercise 9.

I. In our own calamity, we remember the calamities 2. I shall never forget that day it reminds me at-once 1 of the greatest delight and 1 greatest peril of my life. 3. Pity the sorrows of a poor old man. 4. Bocchus, king of Mauretania, had-pity-on the condition of his son-in-law, Jugurtha, king of Numidia, and promised him aid; but afterwards, callingto-mind3 the greater power of the Romans, betrayed him to Sulla, the quæstor of Caius Marius. 5. The Italians loudly demanded the rights which had been promised them by Drusus. 6. Cæsar forgave all those who had fought on the side of Pompey in the civil war. 7. Marius commanded a separate army in the neighborhood. 8. If a patrician man married a plebeian wife, or a patrician woman a plebeian husband, the State did not recognize the marriage. 9. Dentatus had accompanied the triumphs of nine generals. As tribune of the people, he most bitterly opposed the patricians. 10. The Knights abused the judicial power, as the Senate had done before. II. He who commands the sea is lord of affairs. After the Mithridatic war, Pompey, [though] only a private-citizen, performed the part of a commander, levied three legions, and having gained a brilliant victory was received by Sulla with the greatest distinction. 13. Marcus Livius Drusus, like his father, favored the side of the nobles. But he had promised the Latins and allies the Roman franchise, a measure which had always displeased the Roman people, and which they violently resisted. Drusus, therefore, had recourse to sedition and conspiracy. A secret-society

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12.

3 memor, with gen. Abl. abs. Passive.

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