and it may be that the much- ridiculed story of Hannibal's use of heated vinegar to soften the rocks in his passage of the Alps (cf. X, 153; Livy XXI, 37) is not so absurd, after all.

Surdo verbere, the unheard blow, so occultum flagellum, the unseen lash. 195. Tortore is in apposition with animo, which is in the ablative abso

lute with quatiente.

Flagellum. Cf. Fig. 75.

197. Caedicius is said to have been a cruel judge in the time of Nero. Rhadamanthus with Minos and Aeacus gave judgment in the lower

199 ff. This story of Glaucus is told by Herodotus, VI, 86. He wanted to keep from the sons money entrusted to him by their father, and consulted the oracle as to the probable effect.

etc.

204. Moribus, principle.

205. Adyti, of the sanctuary.

206. Extinctus-i. e., his destruction with that of his whole race proved, Extinctus is the participle.

207. Quamvis longa, however far removed.

210. Cedo (an old imperative form), come, tell me (what penalties he incurs).

212. Ut morbo-i. e., as if he were ill.

213. Cibo, ablative absolute with crescente.

Sed, but even.

214. Albani senectus-i. e., old Alban wine.

215. Densissima ruga, cf. densissima lectica, I, 120.

216. Acri Falerno. The Falernian wine was sharp, and was usually mixed with honey.

221. Imago, apparition, called sacra, because connected with the idea of an avenging deity.

224. Primo quoque, the very first.

228. Velut hoc dilata sereno, as if but deferred by this clear weather.

229. Vigili cum febre, with sleepless fever.

233. Balantem, bleating.

234. Nocentibus = noxiis, criminals.

236. Malorum, masculine.

237. Superest, cf. line 109, note.

239. Ad mores damnatos, to the practices condemned by conscience. 242. Attrita, hardened.

244. Dabit, etc., will step into the snare-i. e., will be caught.

245. Uncum, cf. X, 66, Seianus ducitur unco.

246. Rupem scopulosque; cf. I, 73.

248. Nominis is used for the man himself.

Laetus, with joy.

249. Tiresian

caecum, for Tiresias was the blind prophet of Thebes.

SATIRE XIV.

THE EFFECT OF EVIL EXAMPLE.

INTRODUCTION.-Parents often unconsciously teach their children to be gamblers or gluttons. Can Rutilus, who treats his slaves with cruelty, expect his son to be humane? It is easier to teach vice than virtue. Reverence the innocence of childhood, else you will have no right to censure your son's faults when he grows up. Will you not make as great efforts to keep your home pure for the sake of your child as you make to keep it clean for the sake of your guests? Children, like birds, show their training in after-life. Cretonius is extravagant, his son is still more so. Another man is tolerant of superstitions, his son becomes a fanatic. Most faults the young are ready to learn; avarice must be forced upon them, and, alas! it is but too often taught, first by little acts of meanness, then by greater ones. What folly is such avarice! In early times a little land was enough to support a family, now we must have more than that for a pleasure-garden. Hear the advice of the simple Samnite father. Now the father urges his son on in the race for wealth. The rising generation learns its lesson well, and is apt in forgery, even in murder. "I never taught him that," you say. No, but you planted the seed that produces such a harvest. The follies of the avaricious are more amusing than any drama. There are various forms of madness, and your indifference to danger in the pursuit of wealth is one. Then, too, what hard work you

have to keep what you have gained! My advice is: Be content with little; if you begin to seek much you will end by wanting more.

1. Fuscine, unknown.

2. Maculam haesuram, a lasting stain. 5. Bullatus. Cf. V, 164 (Fig. 30); XIII, 33.

Arma, implements; cf. armiger, I, 92.
Fritillo, dice-box. Cf. Fig. 76.

7. Radere tubera terrae, to peel truffles.

8. Eodem iure, in the same sauce (as the mushrooms).

9. Mergere, to dip.

Ficedulas, small birds, beccaficoes.

FIG. 76.-Fritillus.

10. Gula, as well as parente (line 9), is ablative absolute with monstrante. 13. Lauto-paratu. The usual word is apparatus; cf. Hor., Odes I, 38, 1, Persicos odi puer apparatus.

16. Atque connects praecipit and putat; Rutilus is the subject of both. Bücheler's conjecture of utque here and putet in line 17 seems good.

Nostra materia-i. e., of the same material as ours.

17. Putat seems awkward; it must have something of the idea of praecipit.

20. Antiphates, etc.—i. e., the dreaded tyrant of his household. Antiphates was the fierce king of the Laestrygones. Hom., Od. X, so.

22. Thievish slaves were branded on the forehead with the letter F (fur). 24. Quem, its antecedent is the subject of suadet, implied in laetus. Inscripti, branded slaves. The ergastulum is the slaves' prison. 35. Meliore luto, finer clay.

Titan, Prometheus, who was often considered as the creator of man. Cf. IV, 133.

37. Trahit, its object is reliquos.

Orbita means the track made by the wheel, then path, course.

40. Imitandis turpibus ac pravis, ablative of specification.

41 f. Catiline has many imitators, Brutus and Cato none.

42. Quocumque, any.

Axe, sky. Cf. VIII, 116; Gallicus axis.

43. Bruti avunculus, Cato the Younger.

51. Se dederit, shall show himself. For filius in the next line we might expect filium.

53. Omnia does not modify vestigia.

54. Corripies, "catch up," so blame, reprove.

55. Tabulas mutare, to alter your will.

56. Frontem may be the brow of authority as Mr. Lewis translates it, but I think it means impudence, as usually. Cf. German Stirne. So too forehead, e. g., With what forehead do you speak this to me? Beaumont and Fletcher, Beggars' Bush, I, 2.

57. Vacuum cerebro, empty of brains.

58. Cucurbita, cupping-glass, so called from the likeness of its shape to that of a gourd (cf. Fig. 77). It is called ventosa, from the movement of the air as it is drawn out to form the vacuum. It was (and is) used in diseases of the brain to relieve the pressure of blood.

Quaerat, is looking for-i. e., needs; subject is caput.

59 ff. You are anxious to have your home swept and garnished when guests are expected: have you no care that it should be morally pure in the eyes of your son?

77. Relictis-i. e., having eaten such food, the vulture carries a portion of it back to her young ones. Of course, crucibus refers to the bodies of

criminals.

79. Quoque, also.

81. Famulae Iovis, the eagle was the bird of Jupiter.

Generosae aves is simply another name for eagles.

82. Cubili, the nest.

86. Aedificator, cf. I, 94; Quis totidem erexit villas? X, 225; Hor. Epist. I, 1, 100.

Cretonius, the orthography of the name is doubtful. Modo-nunc-nunc. 87. Caietae (modern Gaeta), on the coast of southern Latium, a favorite place for villas.

Tiburis. Cf. III, 192; proni Tiburis arce.

88. Praenestinis. Cf. III, 190; gelida Praeneste.

89. Graecis marmoribus; instrumental ablative. The principal sources of the supply of Greek marble, largely used by the Romans during the empire, were Hymettus, Pentelicus, and the island of Paros.

Longeque-i. e., from Numidia, Phrygia, and Egypt.

90. Fortunae; there was a famous temple of Fortune at Praeneste.

Herculis. Martial mentions the temple of Hercules at Tibur.

91. Capitolia; for the plural, cf. X, 65; duc in Capitolia.

Posides was a favorite freedman of Claudius.

95. The Roman villas were often very extensive; cf. Fig. 78.

96 ft. So, too, in religious matters; if the father has a leaning toward Jewish superstitions, the son becomes an actual convert.

97. I. e., no statues.

100. This was the chief complaint against the Jews at Rome, that they held themselves bound to obey the Jewish rather than the Roman laws. Some slight similarity may be seen in the alleged recognition by the Roman Catholics in the United States of the Church as a higher authority than the State.

FIG 78.-Ground-plan of the so-called villa suburbana of Diomedes, at Pompeii. 1. Entrance; 2. Peristylium; 3. Tablinum; 4. Gallery; 5. Oecus; 6. Court; 7. Cryptoporticus; 8. Court; 9. Tepidarium; 10. Calidarium; 11. Sleepingroom; 12. Staircase.

103. Monstrare and deducere (line 104) depend on some such word as solent implied in the preceding verbs.

Eadem sacra colenti-i. e., to one of their own sect. The reference is to the esoteric character of the Jewish teaching.

104. Quaesitum fontem-i. e., the fountain of truth.

105. In causa, a rare use, causa (nominative).

Lux ignava, a lazy day.

106. Attigit. Most editors say that the subject is pater; it seems to me that it is septima quaeque lux.

107. Sponte, of their own accord.