You is used in the singular, as well as thou; and in the plural it is quite as common When the imperative is to denote gentleness and entreaty rather than harshness and authority, you is perhaps preferable to thou.

as yo.

Tc, the sign of the infinitives, is omitted after bid, make, need, hear, | let, see, feel, and dare, in the active voice.

ANCIENT FORM, OR SOLEMN STYLE.-THOU.

didst move,

art;

C. movest,

E. dost move,
Pr. art moving,
P. art moved;

C. takest,

E. dost take,
Pr. art taking,
P. art taken.

wast moving, be moving, been moving, been moving, been moving, wast moved; be moved; been moved; been moved; been moved;

We can also say, "Wert thou," "Wert thou moved," "Hadst thou been," "Hadst thou moved;" for, "If thou wert," "If thou hadst been," etc.

The Ancient Form has the ending eth, in stead of s or es, in the third person singular; and ye in stead of you, in the second person plural.

Ex.-"Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath."-Shakespeare. "Ye are the salt of the earth."-Bible.

Doth is used for the auxiliary does, and doeth for the verb does. Hath and saith are contractions of haveth and sayeth.

How many and what tenses has the indicative mood?—the subjunctive?—the potential? -the imperative? What participles are there?—what infinitives?

In what mood and tense do you find do?-did?-have?-had-shall or will?-shall or will have?—may, can, or must?—may, can, or must have ?—might, could, would, or should! -might, could, would, or should have?

Does the subjunctive mood vary in its forms, through the different persons and numbers? Can you show how some of its forms differ from the corresponding forms of the indicative

mood?

Tell of what mood and tense; then conjugate throughout the tense, beginning with the first person singular:-

I imagine. He suffered. We have gained. I had been ploughing. I will visit. Were I. Had I been. If he were. Were I invited. Had I been invited. If I be invited. They shall have finished. I lay. We read. It may pass. You should have come. We may have been robbed. I was speaking. It is rising. You might be preparing. She had been singing. Had you been studying. Do you hope? Did she smile? If I do fall. If thou rely. Thou art. Art thou? Ho forgiveth. Dost thou not forgive? It must have happened. They are gone. Thou art going. We were proceeding.

Predicate each of the following verbs correctly of THOU; then of HE, and of THEY :— Am, was, have been, would have been, are deceived, had been, do say, did maintain, gave, touched, cast, amass, recommend, be discouraged, shall have been, will pardon, may have been rejoicing, was elected, should have been elected, wrapped, consider, considered, have been loitering.

Change into the other tenses of the same mood:

I write, I may write, If I write, If I be writing, To write.

Give the synopsis of the verb BE, with the nominative I;-with YOU:-THOU ;—HE ;—WE

In like manner give the synopsis of each of the following verbs:—
Bind, arrest, have, do, be known, be proved, be conversing.

Give THOU with each auxiliary except BE and its variations;—give HE

6. ADVERBS.

If I say, "He reasons correctly, speaks fluently, and persuades earnestly, "Walk up, walk down, walk in, walk out, walk slowly, walk not" "Very tall, horribly ugly, sternly inquisitive, surprisingly abrupt, more ingenious, most eloquent, very powerfully, quite fast," you see that the Italicized words tell how, when, where, or to what degree, a thing is done; also how or in what degree a quality or property exists; and being most generally applied or added to verbs, they are called adverbs.

What is an adverb?

An adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. See above.

Some entire phrases, as long ago, in vain, to and fro, by and by, the more, the less, sooner or later, are generally used as adverbs, and called adverbial phrases. Perhaps they may as well be called simply adverbs.

We have said that adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs; but what other parts do they sometimes affect?

Phrases, entire sentences, and sometimes perhaps nouns or pronouns.

Ex.-"He sailed NEARLY round the world." "The murdered traveller's bones were found FAR down a narrow glen."-Bryant. "Do you know him?-No." "Can you not go?" "Can not you go?" "The immortality of the soul has been evinced to almost a DEMONSTRATION."Addison. "And the FAME hereof went abroad.”—

Bible.

Whether an adverb, as such, may ever be said to modify a substantive, is questionable. But there is a difference, for instance, between "Can you not go?" and "Can not you go?" And sometimes the adverb seems to relate to the verb lurking in the noun. Perhaps it is best to parse such words, sometimes as adjectives, and sometimes as adverbs modifying the VERB with reference to the subject, the object, the adjunct, or whatever part is affected.

If adverbs describe or limit as well as adjectives, can they also be compared ?

Yes.

How do they differ from adjectives in comparison?

A smaller portion of them can be compared ; and they are more frequently compared by more and most.

Ex. Thus, we can say, "Slow, slower, slowest; lively, livelier, liveliest"; but we must say, So, more so, most so'; wisely, more wisely, most wisely."

66

What do most adverbs express?

Manner, Place, Time, or Degree.

Ex-Elegantly, well, merrily, gayly; here, there; now, then; very, more,

most.

List of Adverbs.

Since it is not unfrequently difficult to determine whether a given word is an adverb or not, or to what class of adverbs it should be referred, a full catalogue is

given below, which must be carefully and thoroughly studied. The classification, too, is more minute than it usually is; because it is supposed that the nature and various powers of the adverbs may be better learned by this means.

MANNER, MODE, or QUALITY. How?

So, thus, well, ill, how, wisely, foolishly, justly, slowly, somehow, anyhow, however, howsoever, otherwise, else, likewise, like, alike, as, extempore, headlong, lengthwise, crosswise, across, aslant, astride, astraddle, adrift, amain, afloat, apace, apart, asunder, amiss, anew, fast, together, separately, aloud, accordingly, agreeably, necessarily, in vain, in brief, at once, in short, foot by foot, so so, so and so, helter-skelter, hurry-skurry, namely, suddenly, silently, feelingly, surprisingly, touchingly, trippingly, lovingly, hurriedly, mournfully, sweetly, proportionally, exactly, heavily, lightly; and many others ending in ly, and formed from adjectives or present participles.

Of place absolute: Here, there, yonder, where, everywhere, somewhere, universally, nowhere, wherever, wheresoever, anywhere, herein, therein, wherein, hereabouts, thereabouts, whereabouts, hereabout, thereabout, abed, aground, on high, all over, here and there.

Of place reckoned FROM some point: Whence, hence, thence, elsewhere, otherwhere, away, far, afar, far off, out, remotely, abroad, above, forth, below, ahead, aloof, outwards, about, around, beneath, before, behind, over, under, within, without, from within, from without.

Of place reckoned To some point: Whither, thither, hither, in, up, down, upwards, downwards, inwards, backwards, forwards, hitherward, thitherward, homeward, aside, ashore, afield, aloft, aboard, aground, nigh. The forms upward, downward, backward, &c., are also used as adverbs.

Of order: First, secondly, thirdly, &c., next, lastly, finally, at last, in fine. TIME. When? How long? How often? How soon? How long ago?

Of time absolute: Ever, never, always, eternally, perpetually, continually, constantly, endlessly, forever, incessantly, everlastingly, evermore, aye.

Of time relative, i. e., reckoned with, to, or from some other time: When, whenever, then, meanwhile, meantime, as, while, whilst, till, until, otherwhile, after, afterward, afterwards, subsequently, before, late, early, betimes, seasonably.

Of time repeated: Again, often, oft, oftentimes, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, frequently, now and then, ever and anon, daily, weekly, hourly, monthly, yearly, annually, anew, once, twice, thrice, four times, etc.

Of time present: Now, to-day, nowadays, at present, yet (-heretofore and now), as yet.

Of time past: Yesterday, heretofore, recently, lately, of late, already, formerly, just now, just, anciently, since, hitherto, long since, long ago, erewhile,

till now.

Of time future: Hereafter, henceforth, henceforward, soon, to-morrow, shortly, erelong, by and by, presently, instantly, immediately, straightway, straightways, directly, forthwith, not yet, anon.

DEGREE. How much? How little? To what extent?

Adverbs of degree are not easily classified; for adverbs from several other classes may sometimes be used to express degree. The following adverbs, to the dash-line, are not all strictly adverbs of degree.

Adverbs showing how much, to what extent, or in what degree: Much, more, most, greatly, far, further, very, too, little, less, least, extra, mostly, entirely, chiefly, principally, mainly, generally, commonly, usually, in general, fully, full, completely, totally, wholly, perfectly, all, altogether, quite, exceedingly, extravagantly, immeasurably, immensely, excessively, boundlessly, infinitely, inconceivably, clear, stark, nearly, well-nigh, partly, partially, intensely, scarcely, scantily, precisely, enough, exactly, even, everso, just, equally, sufficiently, adequately, proportionately, competently, as, so, how however, howsoever, somewhat, at all.

Of exclusion or emphasis: Merely, only, but, alone, simply, barely, just, particularly, especially, in particular.

Adverbs implying something additional to what has been mentioned, or something beyond what might be expected: Also, besides, else, still, yet, too, likewise, withal, moreover, furthermore, however, extra, eke, even, nevertheless, anyhow.

Adverbs implying cause or means: Why, wherefore, therefore, hence, thence, consequently, accordingly, whereby, hereby, thereby.

Of negation: Not, nay, no, nowise, noway, noways, by no means.

Of affirmation or admittance: Truly, doubtless, undoubtedly, unquestionably, forsooth, indeed, well, very well, well then, yes, yea, ay, verily, surely, certainly, really, assuredly, certes, amen, of course, to be sure.

Of doubt or uncertainty: Perhaps, probably, possibly, perchance, peradventure, haply, mayhap, may-be.

The adverbs of the last three classes are sometimes termed modal adverbs. They are said to show "the manner of the assertion." They have a more direct reference to the mind of the speaker than the others have. We may deny or refuse, hesitate, consent; disbelieve, doubt, believe; pass from strong negation through doubt into strong positive assertion, and vice versa.

EXPLETIVE ADVERBS. These serve merely to begin sentences, in order to render them less blunt or more sprightly; as, There, well, why.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS. These connect as well as modify. They are usually adverbs of time, place, or manner; as, When, where, while, till, as, etc.

INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS. These are those adverbs of the foregoing classes, which are used to ask questions; as, Why? where? how? whither?

From the foregoing list, it may be seen that the same word may sometimes be referred to one class of adverbs, and sometimes to another, according to its meaning.

Ex. "I have just come." (Time.) "It is just full;" i. e., neither more nor less, (Extent or degree.)

It is supposed that the student, after having carefully studied the foregoing catalogue, will be able to refer any adverb not in it to its proper class. In parsing, when an adverb can not be easily referred to some special class, it may be more convenient to refer it to the general class to which it belongs,—to call it simply an adverb of manner, place, time, or degree.

Will you mention siz adverbs of manner?-three of place where-three of place whence?-three of place whither?-three of order?-three of time absolute?-three of time relative?-three of time repeated-three of time present ?-three of time past? —three of time future?-six of degree?-three implying exclusion?-three implying something additional?-three of cause?-three of negation?-three of affirmation?-three of doubt?-thres expletive adverbs?—siz conjunctive adverbs?-one interrogative adverb of manner, one of place, and one of time?—siz adverbial phrases ?

7. PREPOSITIONS.

When I say, "The horses are in the ferry-boat, the ferry-boat is on the river, and the river is between the hills; you see that the words in, on, and between, show how different objects are relatively situated. These little words are called prepositions; for preposition means placing before, and prepositions must generally be placed before nouns, to make the latter capable of being used as descriptive words. What is a preposition ?

A preposition is a word used to govern a noun or pronoun, and show its relation to some other word.

Ex.-In, on, under, above, over, round, at, from, to, through.

Two prepositions are sometimes combined, and some phrases are constantly used in the sense of prepositions. The former expressions may be calied complex prepositions; the latter, prepositional phrases ; or both may be termed simply prepositions. See the List.