American Marine: The Shipping Question in History and Politics

abroad Ameri American Carriage American ships American vessels American wood American-built amount annually average balance of trade bounty Britain British iron British ships British wood British-built building built Bureau of Navigation cargoes carried cent CHAPTER coast companies Congress cost deck depth discrimination Dollars duties employment England Europe export carriage favor flag fleets foreign nations foreign shipping foreign trade foreign vessels free-ship freeboard freight freightage French gain German gross registered tonnage hulls imports increase iron sail iron ships Iron steamers less Liverpool Lloyd's Register loading loss maritime ment merchandise naval navigation navy Norwegian wood ocean owners paid period ports premium proportion protection rates reciprocity rules sailing ships sailing vessels seamen Secretary shipbuilding shipowners shipping interest steamships subsidy tariff tariff of 1828 tion tons Treasury underwriters United United Kingdom voyage wood sail wood steam wooden ships