marese were deficient of powder: but this did not abate their constancy; and they yet resisted with the remainder of their ammunition. At the same time also they threw darts, immen-e stones, and scalding water, during the different assaults; thus killing and wounding such numbers, that the Portuguese began to slacken their ardour. Added to this, the want of necessaries and refreshments occasioned a general murmur in the besieging army; and they plainly saw that their expedition must prove abortive, without the assistance of fresh troops, artillery, and provisions. A courier was in. stantly dispatched to the governor of Pernambucco, requesting these supplies; which were with difficulty forwarded. In the mean time the Palmarese were in hopes, from the discontinuance of attacks, that the enemy were on the point of retiring and this expectation alone kept up their spirits; for not only their powder was entirely exhaust. ed, but they began to feel all the horrors of famine,-increased from the numbers that had retired into the town.

"They endured these evils with great resolution: the townsmen in daily expectation of yet enjoying their liberty; and their country friends, of returning to their villages and their rural happiness. But these hopes were too delusive: for the detachment arrived with artillery, &c. for the besiegers. From the eminence in the centre of the town, the Palmarese saw these supplies approaching in each direction; and when they viewed the heavy guns and fresh troops, then, and then only, their spirits sunk, and they foresaw the fate to which they were doomed.

“A general storm took place;

and the resistance of the inhabitants was weak, from their feeling that it must be ineffectual. A port was forced, and the troops entered: the shock was violent but momentary, and the Palmarese gave way. Prince Zombi, with nearly the whole of his remaining comrades in arms, pre determined not to outlive their free dom: they retired to the mount. and, self-devoted, precipitated them selves down its steep rocky side, finding liberty in death.

"The Portuguese were disap pointed of their vengeance, but the object was attained: the trophies of conquest consisted in the wounded, old men, women, and children; with the gold, silver, &c. The ar my retired to Pernambucco: where the captives were sold; exceptafes men and the wounded warriors, who, when cured, were immediately transported to Bahia, Rio Janeiro, and other distant parts of the coast, for sale. By these means the victors succeeded in effectually dispersing them, to prevent any future junc tion of men animated with seati ments so hateful and dangerous to 3 despotic government."

No orders whatever respecting Mr. Lindley having arrived from Lisbon, and a year having been spent in this state of suspense and misery, he at length determined upon attempting his escape, which he hap pily effected, together with his wife, and arrived in Oporto, where no news of him or his proceedings had yet arrived his ineffectual efforts to procure redress, &c. we have al ready adverted to.

In the second division of the work under our consideration, there is much more valuable matter than in that we have already reviewed. Our limits will not allow us to dwell upon

and

e natural wealth, productions and pabilities of those provinces of rasil, which Mr. Lindley had the pportunity of becoming acquainted ith.-Gold, silver, and the less vaable minerals-diamonds and very variety of precious stonese most precious balsams rugs dye stuff's cotton, toicco, and sugar-with numberless ther sources of commerce and ealth abound in every direction.vast extent of coast, fine harbours, id bays, with the noblest rivers in e world (the whole abounding with sh) add to those advantages an instimable value; whilst the finest limate and soil render these happy limes the most desirable portion f the globe for every earthly purose: nor can we think (notwithanding Mr. Lindley's assertions) at the inhabitants are so totally nworthy of these blessings as he epresents them -The following ketch of the commerce of the inha itants of Bahia, one of the smallest ivisions of Brasil, shew them to be ctive, enterprising, and industri

us.

"The revenues of government re partly derived from the high daies laid on every sort of merchanlise, both at importation and exporation. The import duties amount o full thirty per cent.; and the exort ones are heavy, particularly as to the article of tobacco, which is in reality a royal monopoly. But the principal source of the government income is the produce of the diamond and gold mines, and Brasil wood,

which pass solely through its hands, and are astonishingly profitable; so carefully however is this subject secluded from enquiry, that it is impossible to calculate the extent of profit, or form a true estimate of the value of this rich colony to the crown.*

"Bahia carries on a very considerable commerce, from its superior local advantages, rather than the industry of the inhabitants. The chief trade is directly with Lisbon and Oporto, in which about fifty large vessels are employed, that perform their voyages with great dispatch. These vessels supply the colony with European and Indian manufactures, as well as wine, flour, bacalhao, butter, Dutch cheese, salt, and other commodities; and receive in return cotton, sugar, aqua ardent, † coffee, tobacco, fignum-vitæ, mahogany, satin and tulip woods, a variety of gums, balsams, and medi cinal roots; giving a considerable balance of profit in favour of Lisbon. The Bahians have permission to import their own slaves, and to bring in the same vessels different African articles, such as wax and gold dust, which they obtain in exchange for coarse printed cottons, aqua ardent, and tobacco. The price of a slave in Bahia is about thirty pounds sterling.

"The distant colonial or home trade of the Bahians is likewise considerable and extensive; and that to the southern, Rio Grande in particular, very lucrative, considering the indolent and desultory manner

in

↑ Chiefly of Lisbon manufacture,

in which it is conducted. About forty vessels, of two hundred and fifty tons each, are engaged in it; which scarcely complete their voyages in two years, though the distance is only twenty degrees to the southward. They take with them from Bahia a trifling quantity of rum, sugar, earthenware, and European goods (chiefly British and German), which they dispose of for the greatest part, the salt excepted, in a contraband traffic with the Spaniards of Maldonado and Montevideo, for silver. During this traffic the crews are employed in loading with jerk beef and hides, prepared from the fine cattle that abound in the Savannahs adjoining Paraguay. After slaughtering these animals, they cut the flesh into thin pieces, about two feet in length, which they salt, and dry in the sun and smoking-houses; and they cure the hides at the same time.

"The ships, as they arrive at Bahia, sell the beef on board by retail, at two vintins a pound. It is purchased principally by the lower class of inhabitants, and for the use of slaves and shipping. By dispos ing in this manner of a cargo, instead of landing it, a vessel is detained five months in port, and sometimes longer; so that in the period which one voyage takes, reckoning the idle time lost at Rio Grande, three might be made.

"The trade carried on in the immediate confines of the bay, of which a great part is inland, is astonishing. There are full eight hundred launches and sumacks of different sizes, daily bringing their tribute of commerce to the capital: tobacco, cotton, and various drugs, from Cachoiera; the greatest assortment of common

earthenware from Iaguaripe; ram and whale-oil from Itaporica; tim. ber from the province of the Ilhess; farinha and salt fish from Porto Se guro; cotton and maize from the r vers Real and San Francisco; an sugar, fire-wood, and vegetablis from all quarters. A degree d wealth, unknown in Europe, is the put in circulation, and would be considerably increased, if even the supine nation who at present enjo the country were left to their f exertions; but their trade is stavi ly fettered by the severest regul tions. Bahia, as well as Perman bucco, has a staple for cotton; sú on the importation of this article, it the launches and sumacks, t whole is landed at a warehouse ap pointed for the purpose, where it weighed, sorted, and pressed; t quality, first, second, or inferice. marked on the bales; and then its ready for exportation. In this g neral store it continues till dispose of by the owner, at the prices commonly fixed by the staplers. Th aqua ardent is in the hands of r exclusive company, to whom ere pipe that does not pass through t warehouses pays a duty increasing. to the price at which the compar sells. Tobacco, Brasil-wood, belion, and the precious minerals, I have already mentioned, are d posed of by government alon Foreigners are expressly forbidde every species of trade, and are të even allowed to ship colonial produce in Portuguese bottoms. short, the prohibitions and monopolies are so many, that commerce is contracted in its operations, in dustry debilitated, and smuggling encouraged: for men in all countris are too ready to engage in what i forbidden,

shore have no other alternative than taking the whole or part of a house, and furnishing it themselves: which, however, is easily done; a few chairs, trunks, and a table, being amply sufficient, and in character. The cating-houses are distingushed by a tri-coloured flag over the door, but they are so inconceivably dirty, and the cooking is so horrible, that a St. Giles's cellar is far preferable. Coffee-houses abound in every street, if you can dignify by that name a dirty shop, where a few tabies and benches are ranged in front, with a kind of bar in the back-ground; whence a filthy li quid, called coffee, is distributed, which is rendered still more disgusting to the eye by being served in glasses. These places are These places are every morning crowded with persons of different classes, the respectable and the vulgar, who, for four vintins, procure a breakfast, consisting of a glass of coffee, and a roll spread with rancid Irish butter, the refuse of the Lisbon market.

"The city and country are alike too much infested with beggars; a subject of real or affected distress presenting itself every moment. The probable reason of this is, the want of public charities for the relief of the poor, the aged, and the distressed; together with a weak police, inattentive to the idleness and tricking practices of vagabonds, who are here impudent to an excess, and intrude themselves every-where. The monasteries and convents occasionally distribute donations both of money and provision, as do wealthy individuals, on recovery from sickness and other occasions. I have witnessed several assemblages of these mendicants thus receiving benefactions, and the number seldom

fell short of five hundred miserable objects.

"The slaves of Brasil are chief from the Portuguese colonies of gola and Benguela; a sturdy kir of negroes, docile to a degree, af very active, and lively, particia the Benguelese; but these gu qualities are spoiled by the habi familiarity and idleness which the contract after their arrival.

"An edict was passed by the i king of Portugal, that the sh should only continue in bondag the term of ten years, and shed immediately on their arrival in it. sil be instructed in the Catholic fe The first part of this law met 12 immediate opposition on the part the planters, who ventured to monstrate and petition, but rece no answer: they have neverthe continued to evade it, which government pretends not to The other injunction of the edic nearly unnecessary, as it had h been customary to baptize the sla and the custom is still univers continued.

"This participation in the refe of the country, and the inconsis familiarity to which the slaves admitted, render them impe and licentious to a degree: and negro feels his consequence incr ed by the great numbers that emancipated through service, vour, or purchase; who are s course Senhors, and frequently sume the character, and act it full as much propriety as their possessors.

"The male inhabitants genera dress as in Lisbon; following English modes; except when ing, or on a holiday, they have excess of embroidery and spar." on their waistcoats, and lace to th