1825.] REVIEW.-Bombay Transactions. "As their mythology describes their gods as having descended upon the earth and become incarnated in various forms, the representation of these incarnations, or avatan, forms the chief ornament of their temples; on one hand we see a deity with the head of a boar, on another with the head of a bull: here a god with two hands; there, one with four, or eight, and often with many heads. One god is distinguished by bearing a trident; others have the disc, or the chank, the vedas or the thunderbolt. Each god too has some animal to carry him from place to place the elephant, the goose, the kite, the peacock, the bull, the tiger; and the appearance of his attendant animal leads us to look for the presence of the deity, whose motions it is supposed to attend. We can rarely be at a loss to discover what deity a sculpture of the Brahmins represents, though the roundless range of their extravagant mythology may often leave us uncertain which of his innumerable exploits is celebrated. As the Brahmins do not live in a monastic or collegiate state, but marry, and have families and houses of their own, their temples are not surrounded by cells, like those of the Talapoins. The storied walls of their temple proclaim the deity to whom it was raised, and his manifold exploits. Inscriptions are not required to communicate in words ideas that are presented at once by sculptures. Whether from this, or from whatever other cause, I [Mr. Erskine] have never remarked an inscription in a Brahminical temple in the Konkan or Dekhan." Here we shall stop in our quotation, to do Mr. Erskine the justice of an excellent philosophical observation. It is this. Perhaps the Bouddhist is not only a simple, but a more intellectual religion. The use of numerous external symbols has a natural tendency to call off the attention from dogmas or opinions to forms and ceremonies. The religions in Europe that have the simplest ceremonies are the most metaphysical." The means of discriminating the æras, appropriations and characters of Indian cavern-temples is a scientific acquisition of property- a benefaction to our institutions for the dissemination of ancient knowledge. We shall therefore proceed to the further distinctions of Brahminical temples. "The Dagop cannot of course be found in Brahminical structures, as the gods are immortal; and the worship of holy men removed to an union with the divinity is no part of the religion. For a similar reason, GENT. MAG. October, 1825. 337 the elegant arched temple for containing this object of adoration, not being required, is not to be found." "That there is any connexion between the worship of the Dagop and that of the Ling, there seems no ground to believe. They are different in their origin and ob ject. The Dagop is a tomb or cenotaph of a divine man, or the repository of a relic; the Ling is the symbol of the organ of generation, venerated in the productive power of nature. The one is always supposed to have reference to a Buddh or sainted man ; the other typifies the boundless energy of the divine power acting on the external universe. Nor can an eye in the least experienced mistake their forms. The Dagop rises at once from within the margin of the cylinder, on which it is placed, into a hemispherical or globular form; the continuous cylinder of the ling is slightly rounded off at its upper extremity. "It is not so easy to distinguish the sacred edifices of the Iains, from those of the Bouddhists. Their images are simple, and in the same contemplative posture, as those of Buddh. They may, however, be generally recognised by some one of the twentyfour distinguishing characteristic signs engraved on the pedestals of the images of the Tuthanker. Their temples, though dedi. cated to a particular saint, generally contain the figures of the whole twenty-four; but they do not appear ever to have the Dagop of the Bouddhists, nor should we expect the vaulted temple in their excavations." Pp. 516, 517. The two religions existed in India down to the eleventh century of the Christian æra; and when Buddhism was destroyed (when is uncertain). Buddh was reverenced by the Brahmins, as an Avatur (incarnation) of Vishnu, and his image, accompanied with Brahminical symbols, occurs in temples of the latter system. XVI. Geological Notes on the strata between Malwa and Guzerat. This article concludes the volume, which contains some very valuable papers. If, as is affirmed, the Druids were Buddhists, and Buddhism only commenced 540 years before Christ, and yet as Mr. Fosbroke has shewn, Druidism is to be found in North America, various important inferences suggest themselves, which we reserve to another opportunity. 67. Junii Juvenalis Satire; with the original Text reduced to the natural order of Construction; an English Translation literal and interlineal; and an Index, historical, 338 REVIEW. Stirling's Juvenal, by Dr. Nuttall. torical, geographical, and poetical. By John Stirling, D.D. Vicar of Great Gaddesdon, Hertfordshire. A new Edition, revised, corrected, and improved. By P. A. Nuttall, LL.D. 8vo. pp. 420. Ward. THE various editions of the Latin classics, published by Dr. Stirling, have been long and duly appreciated. His Juvenal, in particular, has for a considerable time been "out of print," as the Booksellers say, and only to be rarely met with in private libraries. It was originally published in 1760, and was the last, and probably the most laboured of his productions. In an Advertisement the Editor informs us that it was his original intention to republish the Work with such emendations only as a critical revisal of the letter-press would bestow; but he soon discovered that a careful examination both of the text and translation was requisite. "In accomplishing this task (the Editor observes) he had first to compare the various readings of different editions, and settle the punctuation, which is so frequently erroneous even in the best copies. He then arranged the translation under the ordo, in such a manner as to render it strictly verbal and interlineal. This mode, which was first suggested by Locke and Du Marsais, he adopted from the conviction that a very imperfect acquaintance with the genius and powers of a language could be acquired from dictionaries and grammars; and that there were innumerable niceties, not only of construction and of idiom, but even in the signification of words, which I could only be discovered by much reading and critical attention. Lastly, he corrected, in numberless instances, the harsh and obscure phraseology of the translation, and endeavoured to impart to it a greater degree of ease and perspicuity." ver The wide difference between the Latin and English languages, in idiom, construction, and phraseology, must have rendered a verbal and interlineal arrangement a most arduous undertaking. Such translations require not only an extensive and critical knowledge of the Latin language, but considerable versatility in our nacular tongue; and to impart freedom of expression, under such restrictions, is like playing Harlequin in fetters.-Stirling's translation was chiefly appreciated on account of its literal construction, and its affording considerable aid to students; but in general the style was hobbling, and sometimes the expressions were so contrary [Oct, unintelligible. On comparing the preto the English idiom as to be almost sent edition with a former one, we find this objection removed by the most nearly every sentence, without the verapt and judicious emendations in sion being less literal. Indeed some passages, which have generally been rity, have been so happily translated misunderstood owing to their obscuby the Editor, as to remove all doubt respecting the meaning of the original. Life, Genius, and Character of JuveIn an admirable "sketch of the analysis of each satire, the Editor has nal," which comprehends a general traiture of this energetic writer. We introduced a fine and glowing porcannot resist the following extract. hemence, loftiness, and freedom. His great "The characteristics of Juvenal were veaim was to alarm the vicious, and if possible to exterminate vice. To accomplish this he disdained to wield the feeble weapon of ridicule. He struck, without distinction, all who deviated from the course of nature, or the paths of honour. He combated not for conquest, but for extirpation. With the sudden dexterity of a warrior accustomed to victory, he closed upon the objects of his attack, trampled upon them, and tore them to pieces. He stood like a priest at the altar. He heard the groans, and searched into the entrails of his victims. "The licentious period in which he wrote supplied incessant exercise for a mind glowing with every sentiment of hostility to tyranny, hypocrisy, and lust. His fellowcitizens were enervated by luxury; their hearts were hardened by the institutions of domestic slavery and the amphitheatre; their sentiments were debased by the despotism and example of the emperors; and every characteristic and manly principle subverted by the mixture and confusion of nations in one great city. "In surveying this mass of guilt and despised. Every feature of depravity and that the laws of Nature were violated or nal to the world, Dr. Nuttall has 1825.] REVIEW.-Memoirs of Samuel Pepys, Esq. greatly contributed to the promotion of classical literature; for the volume will form an agreeable and useful auxiliary to the acquisition of the Latin tongue. The mode of its arrangement (to adopt the language of the Editor) removes every difficulty; the position of the words is developed with clearness and precision; the ideas of the original are neither amplified nor retrenched; the periods correspond in every part; their members and even their length being usually the same: in short, it will furnish the greatest facility ever offered for the acquisition of a tongue so deserving of our attention. If we consider the grandeur of the people by whom it was spokenthe lustre of its writers-the empire which it still maintains among ourselves the necessity we are under of learning it in order to obtain access to almost all the sciences, nay, even to the knowledge of our own laws, of our judicial proceedings, and of our charters-every aid rendered to this important study must be highly acceptable to the taste and spirit of the age. 339 and himself and wife now being shut up and in despair of escaping did desire only to save the life of this little child; and so prevailed to have it received stark naked into the arms of a friend, who brought it (having put it into new fresh cloths) to Greenwich; where upon hearing the story, we did agree it should be permitted to be received and kept in the town. "4th. Walked home, my Lord Brouncker giving me a very neat cane to walk with; but it troubled me to pass by Crome farme, where about twenty-one people have died of the plague. 5th. After dinner comes Colonel Blunt in his new chariot made with springs; as that was of wicker, wherein awhile since we rode at his house. And he hath rode, now he says, his journey, many miles in it with one horse, and out-drives any coach, and out-goes any horse, and so easy he says. So the hill to the heath, and over the cart for curiosity I went into it to try it, and up ruts, and found it pretty well, but not so easy as he pretends. "6th. To London, to pack up more things, and there I saw fires burning in the street, as it is through the whole City, by the Lord Mayor's order. Thence by water to the Duke of Albemarle's, all the way fires on each side of the Thames, and strange to see in broad daylight two or three burials upon the Bankside, one at the very 68. Memoirs of Samuel Pepys, Esq. F. R.S. heels of another: doubtless all of the (Concluded from p. 241.) WE resume our notice of this entertaining Volume, with the following account of the plague, as being very characteristic of Pepys. 'Sept. 3, 1665. Lord's day. Up; and put on my coloured silk suit very fine, and my new periwigg, bought a good while since, but durst not wear, because the plague was in Westminster when I bought it; and it is a wonder what will be the fashion after the plague is done, as to periwiggs, for nobody will dare to buy any haire, for fear of the infection, that it had been cut off the heads of people dead of the plague. My Lord Brounker, Sir J. Minnes, and I, up to the vestry at the desire of the Justices of the Peace, in order to the doing something for the keeping of the plague from growing; but Lord! to consider the madness of the people of the town, who will (becuse they are forbid) come in crowds along with the dead corpses to see them buried; but we agreed on some orders for the prevention thereof. Among other stories, one was very passionate, methought, of a complaint brought against a man in the town for taking a child from London from an infected house. Alderman Hooker told us it was the child of a very able citizen in Gracious-street, a saddler, who had buried all the rest of his children of the plague, It is to the honour of Pepys that he was the friend of the virtuous Evelyn; several interesting notices of whom are scattered through the volume. "Sept. 10, 1665. To Greenwich, and there sending away Mrs. Andrews, I to Capt. Cocke's, where I find my Lord Brouncker and his Mistress*, and Sir J. Minnes. Where we supped (there was also Sir W. Doyly and Mr. Evelyn); but the receipt of this news did put us all into such an extacy of joy, that it inspired into Sir J. Minnes and Mr. Evelyn such a spirit of mirth, that in all my life I never met with so merry a two hours as our company this night was. Among other humours, Mr. Evelyn's repeating of some verses made up of nothing but the various acceptations of may and can, and doing it so aptly upon occasion of something of that nature, and so fast, did make 340 REVIEW. Memoirs of Samuel Pepys, Esq. us all die almost with laughing, and did so stop the mouth of Sir John Minnes in the middle of all his mirth, (and in a thing agreeing with his own manner of genius) that I never saw any man so out-done in all my life; and Sir J. Minnes's mirth too to see himself out-done, was the crown of all about ten at night, and so my Lord and his our mirth. In this humour we sat still mistress home, and we to bed." P. 367. "Nov. 5th, 1665. By water to Deptford, and there made a visit to Mr. Evelyn, who, among other things, shewed me most excellent painting in little; in distemper, In dian incke, water colours: graving; and, above all, the whole secret of mezzo-tinto and the manner of it, which and good things done with it. He read to very pretty, me very much also of his Discourse, he hath been many years and now is about, about Gardening; which will be a most noble and pleasant piece. He read in part of a play or two of his making, very good, but not as he conceits them, I think to be. He shewed me his Hortus Hyemalis; leaves laid up in a book of several plants kept dry, which preserve colour, however, and look very finely, better than an herball. In fine, a most excellent person he is, and must be allowed a little for a little conceitedness; but he may well be so, being a man so much above others. He read me, though with too much gusto, some little poems of his own that were not transcendant, yet one or two very pretty epigrams; among others, of a lady looking in at a grate, and being pecked at by an eagle that was there." P.377. April 29, 1666. where I walked in his garden till he came To Mr. Evelyn's, from church, with great pleasure, reading Ridley's Discourse, all my way going and coming, upon the Civil and Ecclesiastical Law. He being come home, he and I walked together in the garden with mighty pleasure, he being a very ingenious man; and the more I know him, the more I love him." P. 403. 69. A Synopsis of the Peerage of England; exhibiting, under alphabetical arrangement, the date of creation, descent, and present state of every title of Peerage which has existed in this Country since the Conquest. In two volumes. Nicolas, Esq. Barrister-at-Law, F. A. S. By Nicholas Harris 12mo. A PEERAGE is to a Patriot a record of his Nation's glory. If, as Johnson said, little is that man to be envied whose patriotism does not glow upon the plain of Marathon, still less is he to be envied, whose meanness of soul cannot see in the descendants of heroes and statesmen, animated effigies, in [Oct. stead of marble statues, of those who The Peerage before us has been face will further explain the Editor's "To the merit of sedulous care, of rigid 1825.] REVIEW.-Nicolas' Synopsis of the Peerage. impartiality, and to having acted upon the resolution of not stating a single word which he did not believe to be strictly true, with the view of flattering the pride or gratifying the ambition of others, he conscientiously feels that he is entitled; and many instances will be found where dignities, which by every previous writer have been attributed to different noble families are in these pages proved either to be now vested in other individuals, to have become extinct, or never to have been created to the ancestor of the present. He has felt that with respect to hereditary honours more than with any other worldly possession, that Rien n'est beau que le vrai”.” Prefixed are elaborate dissertations upon Baronies by Tenure, Writ, Patent, &c. full of valuable, and often curious information. Now there are certain points, connected with these subjects, upon which we wish to dilate. Every one has read that nothing conclusive can be said concerning the persons who composed the AngloSaxon Witenagemot, or the Norman Parliaments before the time of Edw. I. We should be arrogant if we presumed upon superior capacity to those very able men, who have treated the subject most elaborately; but that very meritorious circumstance, where evidence is conflicting, often occasions a person not to be able to see the wood for trees, and we shall endeavour to show, from a testimony not to be disputed, the ancient constitution of the two houses *. This testimony is the Magna Charta of King John. We quote the copy printed by Matthew Paris, p. 216. Ed. Watts. The paragraph commences with the following: "Nulluin scutagium vel auxilium ponam in regno nostro, nisi PER COMMUNE CONSILIUM REGNI NOSTRI nisi ad corpus nostrum redimendum et ad primogenitum filium nostrum militem faciendum, et ad primogenitam filiam nostram semel maritandam. Et ad hoc non fiet nisi rationabile auxilium." i.e. I will levy no scutage or aid in our Kingdom, except THROUGH THE COMMON COUNCIL OF OUR KINGDOM, except it be to ransom our person, make our eldest son a knight, and murry (once) our eldest daughter; and for these purposes, reasonable aid only shall be required. * Before the 48 Hen. III. is the time to which our investigation refers. 341 " COMMUNE CONCILIUM REGNI NOSTRI."-The application of these words to Parliament admits of no question. The Charter proceeds thus. "SiLondinensi; et civitas Londinensis mili modo fiat de auxiliis de civitate habeat omnes antiquas libertates et liberas consuetudines suas tam per terras quam per aquas. Preterea volumus, et concedimus, quod omnes aliæ civitates et burgi et villæ, et Barones de Quinque Portubus, et omnes Portus, habeant omnes libertates et omnes liberas consuetudines suas, et AD HABENDUM COMMUNE CONSILIUM REGNI de auxiliis assidendis aliter quam in tribus casibus prædictis," i. e. in like manner let it [or it may] be done, concerning the aids of the City of London; and let the City of London [or the City of London may] have all its ancient liberties and free customs, both by land and water. Besides we will and grant, that all other Cities and Burghs [walled towns] and Towns, and Barons of the Cinque Ports, and all Ports may have all their liberties and all their free customs, and TO HOLD A COMMON COUNCIL OF THE KINGDOM concerning assessing the aids, except in the three cases aforesaid." AD HABENDUM COMMUNE CONSILIUM REGNI. The sense of this passage turns entirely upon the government of Regni. If it be the genitive after auxiliis, the sense may mean, that they had liberty of holding a Common Council [among themselves] concerning assessment of the aid; but if it be connected with consilium, (and 66 commune consilium Regni is the term just before used for "Parliament,") then the sense may imply their appearance in a meeting of the Commons House for levying taxes. We will not decide either way. The Charter next says, "Et de scuTAGIIS ASSIDENDIS, submoneri faciemus Archiepiscopos, Episcopos, Abbates, Comites, et majores Barones Regni SINGILLATIM PER LITERAS NOSTRAS, i. e. and concerning levying scutages, we will cause to be summoned the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Earls, and greater Barons of the Realm, SINGLY BY OUR LETTERS." It is commonly understood that Burgesses did not sit in Parliament before the time of Edward I. SCUTA |