'The Swan' and 'The Charitas,' laden with people and other necessaries. Under Gov. Printz, ships came to the colony in three distinct voyages. The first ship was 'The Black Cat,' with ammunition and merchandise for the Indians; next the ship Swan,' on a second voyage, with emigrants, in the year 1647; afterwards two other ships, called The Key' and 'The Lamp.' During these times the clergymen, Mr. Lawrence Charles Lockenius and Mr. Israel Holgh, were sent out to the colony." "1 6 The Swedes were a very religious people. Their first church was dedicated Sept. 4, 1646, by Magister John Campanius Holm, the government chaplain; and the oldest church in Philadelphia was erected on the same site where the Gloria Dei, or Swede's Church, now stands. We learn further from Acrelius the following facts respecting their religious progress in later years. The Hollanders had built no church during their whole time; but by intermarrying, and living together, the Swedes and Hollanders coalesced into one church association. "The church at Christina usually held its services in Christina Fort; but, for greater convenience, a small wooden church was, in 1667, erected at Tranhook, at the distance of one-fourth of a Swedish mile (one and three-quarters of a mile English) from the fort on the creek: this was more suitable for the Hollanders who dwelt at Sandhook. On the strand at Wicacoa stood a blockhouse which, some years after, was changed into a church; so that service was held here and at Tenakong alternately. A block-house, answered the purpose very well; for the churches generally were of the same material. The Indians were not always to be depended upon, that they would not make an incursion, fall upon the Christians, and capture their whole flock. It was, therefore, necessary for them to have their religious houses as a place of defence for the body as well as for the soul. The churches were so built, that after a suitable elevation, like any other house, a projection was made some courses higher, out of which they could shoot; so that, if the heathen fell upon them, which could not be done 1 Reynolds's Translation of Acrelius, p. 29. without their coming up to the house, then the Swedes could shoot down upon them continually; and the heathen, who used only bows and arrows, could do them little or no injury." Thus the Swedes in Pennsylvania verified the lines of the facetious poet Trumbull, in the days of the Pilgrim Fathers of New England: "As once, for fear of Indian beating, Our grandsires bore their guns to meeting, With psalm-book, shot, and powder-horn." Of the manners and customs of this people, we subjoin the following from the same author: "The houses are built of brick, after the English fashion, without coating, every brick glazed; or they are of sandstone, granite, &c., as is mostly the case in the country. Sometimes, also, they build of oak planks five inches thick. To build of wood is not regarded as economy after every thing is paid for. The roof is of cedar shingles. Within, the walls and ceilings are plastered, and whitewashed once a year. Straw carpets have lately been introduced in the town. But the inconvenience of this is, that they must soon be cleansed from fly-spots and a multitude of vermin, (which harbor in such things), and from the kitchen smoke,, which is universal. The windows are large, divided into two pieces, the upper and the lower: the latter is opened by raising, and shut by lowering. The woodwork is painted, or it does not last long. "The furniture of the house is usually made of the woods of the country, and consists of a dining-table, tea-table, suppertable, bureaus, cabinets, and chairs, which are made of walnut, mahogany, maple, wild cherry, or sweet gum. All these, trees are the growth of the country, except mahogany, which is brought from South America. "The articles of dress are very little different among city and country people, except that the former procure them from the merchants' shops, and the latter make them for themselves, and usually of coarser stuff. Wool, weaving, and fulling mills are not used for manufacturing broadcloth, camelot, and other woollen cloths, which might be finer, if more carefully attended to. The coloring of certain stuffs is very inferior. Silks are rare, even in the town. Plush is general; and satin is used all over the country. Calicoes and cottons are used for women's dresses. Handsome linen is the finest stuff sought by men, as the heat is great, and of long continuance. By their dress, most people are known, whether of Irish or German birth." Although they were plain men and frugal, yet, according to this historian, they were what we should call good livers. He says, "Ham, beef, tongue, roast beef, fowls, with cabbage set round about, make one meal. Roast mutton or veal, with potatoes or turnips, form another. Another still is formed by a pasty of chickens, or partridges, or lamb. Beef-steak, vealcutlets, mutton-chops, or turkey, goose or fowls with potatoes set around, with stewed green peas, or Turkish beans, or some other beans, are another meal. Pies of apples, peaches, cherries, or cranberries, &c., form another course. When cheese and butter are added, one has an ordinary meal. "The breakfast is tea or coffee. Along with these are eaten long and thin slices of bread, with thin slices of smoked beef in summer. In winter bread roasted, soaked in milk and butter, and called toast; or pancakes of buckwheat, so light that one can scarcely hold them between his fingers, are also used. The afternoon meal (four-o'clock piece'), taken at four o'clock, is usually the same. Suppers are not much in use." They were undoubtedly wise in pursuing the course of not ordinarily taking any meal after four o'clock. It would seem, also, they were free from the practice of putting lard, called "shortening," into pie-crust; for he adds in a note, "A pie is a tart made of the fruits named in the text. Apple-pie is used through the whole year, and, when fresh apples are no longer to be had, dried ones are used. It is the evening meal of children. House-pie in country places is made of apples neither peeled, nor freed from their cores; and its crust is not broken if a wagon-wheel goes over it." Nor had they adopted the present course of temperance societies, by wholly abstaining from spirituous and fermented liquors; for, speaking of their drinks, he enumerates the following: "French wine, Frontignac, Pontac, Port-a-Port, Lisbon wine, Phial wine, Sherry, Madeira wine, Sangaree, cherry wine, currant wine, or black raspberry, apple wine (cider), cider royal, rum or sugar brandy, raw dram or raw rum, egg-dram or eggnog, cherry-bounce, bilberry-dram, punch (made of fresh spring water, sugar, lemon-juice, and Jamaica spirits), mämm (made of water, sugar, and rum), manathan (made of smallbeer with rum and sugar), tiff, or flipp (made of small-beer, rum, and sugar, with a slice of bread toasted and buttered), hot rum warmed (with sugar and grains of allspice), mulled rum, warmed (with egg-yolks and allspice), hotch-pot (warmed beer with rum in it), Sampson (warmed cider with rum in it), grog (water and rum), sling, or long-sup (half water and half rum, with sugar in it), mint-water, distilled from mint (mixed in the rum), egg-punch (of yolks of eggs, rum, sugar, and warm water), milk-punch (of milk, rum, sugar, and grated nutmeg), sillabub (of milk warm milk, wine, and sugar). Brandy was then distilled from peaches or apples; and whiskey was brandy made of grain." The Dutch, the Swedes, and some Englishmen from New England, mingling together, sometimes the one taking precedence, and then the others, making larger or smaller purchases of the Indians, as the case might be, held possession of the Delaware until 1682, when William Penn with his great charter, which he received from Charles II., came over and settled on the Delaware, about seventy years from the first settlement by the Dutch. CHAPTER II. RISE, PROGRESS, AND PRINCIPLES OF THE DENOMINATION CALLED QUAKERS, OR FRIENDS. George Fox-His Followers take the Name of Friends: His Enemies call GEORGE FOX, the founder of this sect, was born at Dray ton-in-the-Clay, Leicestershire, 1624. The occupation of shoemaker and grazier not meeting the needs of a highly religious nature, he forsook them, and began a wandering life in 1643, sometimes living in solitude, at others frequenting the company of religious and devout persons, finally settling into a public preacher of the Quakers in 1647 or 1648. So boldly did he advance the peculiar doctrines of this people, that he became the object of persecution, which was carried so far, that he was imprisoned at Nottingham in 1649; and, during his whole life, he suffered the like treatment eight times, being often subjected to great severity. To perpetuate his views, he visited not only England, Ireland, and Scotland, but extended his travels to Holland and Germany, to the American colonies, and the West India Islands. He died in London, 1690. He and his followers called themselves by the name of Friends: others gave them the name of Quakers, some say, "for directing their enemies to tremble at the word of the Lord;" others, "in consequence of the odd contortions of their bodies." |