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there was only one regular means of access to the summit from below, 89 the clivus or ascent to the Capitol. Comp. Arnold, vol. 2, p. 328.

22. Inde ex loco, etc. See above, c. 39, note on ex loco munito.

24. Ut nunquam, i. e. ita ut, "so that.”

32. Ad Romanam, etc. This clause must be joined with duxit,

not proficiscentes.

35. Senesceret, "mœrore contabesceret."-Crevier.

CH. XLIV.-43. Quando, "since." Z. § 346. In this sense it frequently occurs in historical writers.

44. Conditionis meæ, i. e. as an exile.

6. Bello, i. e. belli tempore.

So 7, 1, pace belloque; 24, 1, pace 90 ac bello. Also 27, 5; 42, 46. Yet the ablative alone occurs more commonly, joined with an adjective or genitive, as primo Punico bello, 21, 1; Pyrrhi bello, 31, 31. Where the preposition occurs even with an adjective or genitive, e. g. 2, 27, in Volsco bello, and 6, 27, and in other passages, the expression has not an exclusive reference to time. See Z. §§ 318, 476, Note.

12. Cui-dederit. For the subjunctive, see Z. § 558, Note. Comp. above first note on B. 2, c. 8.

17. Vagique-palantur. These words occur together very frequently in Livy. Thus vagos palantes in 7, 17; 10, 20; 23, 42; palati vagabantur, 31, 21; vagos palatosque, 33, 15. The idea of wandering about without fixed purpose is common to both expressions; but palari has in it the additional idea of separation from others, and wandering alone.-D.

19. Stationibus ac custodiis. Stationes and custodie are nearly allied in signification, both meaning bodies of soldiers under arms; but statio from stare has in it the idea of remaining, being posted in some place, like our word "post," "outpost ;" custodia, from custos, the idea of guarding, protecting, "guard." Thus they are connected by ac or que, not by et. So in B. 21, 14, stationibus custodiisque. So in B. 2, 39, vigilia, "watches," "night-watches," occurs with stationes, and connected in the same way, stationes vigiliasque. On the difference between the conjunctions, see Z. § 333; Arn. Pr. Intr. P. I. p. 18.

22. Omnia Galliam fieri, i. e. "totam hanc regionem fieri Gallorum."-Ruperti.

CH. XLV.-26. Equis iniquisque, i. e. "amicis et inimicis."Ruperti.

28. Corpora curant. Corpora curare in the sense of cibum sumere, taking food, refreshment, is a common expression in Livy. S. 3, 60; 25, 23; ib. 38; 31, 39. So cibo curare, 9, 37; vino et cibo curare, 34, 16.

44. Ut-habuerint. For the perf. subj. see n. B. 1, c. 3.

7. Compressique. Que has here an adversative force, "but," 91

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91 like sed. Arnold, Pr. Intr. P. II. (Eng. ed.) 241, remarks, “que has sometimes an adversative force, especially after negative clauses, like atque, et." So also Madvig, Lat. Sprachl. § 452, Anm. 2.

8. Rem-sustinuere, i. e. distulerunt, “put off." So B. 3, 60, sustinuit-bellum; ib. 65, sustinendo rem.

CH. XLVI.-15. Esse, the historical infinitive, which occurs not unfrequently in the apodosis. Thus B. 5, 9, cum iretur,-tritunicontradicere, 6, 11; 21, 54; 22, 30; 23, 3.-Z. § 599, Note.

19. Gabino cinctus. Comp. 8, 9, Incinctus cinctu Gabino. For the description of the cinctus Gabinus, see Dict. Antiqq p. 987

22. Terrorem, used, by metonymy, for any thing which occasions fear. So in B. 4, 21, terrores ac prodigia; 29,27, cœlestes maritimique terrores. In like manner occur, metus, timor, formido.

37. Negare se commissurum cur, etc. Negare = dicere non. Committere cur, "to give occasion for." Committere in this sense is usually followed by ut. The construction with cur is rare. Crevier thus gives the sense of the passage: C. declarat sibi curæ fore ne exspectet, dum sibi ab alio aliquo, sine deo sine homine finiatur imperium, sed potius ut ipse posceret imperatorem, eique libens pareret.

92 1. Secundo Tiberi, "down the Tiber." So 21, 28, secunda aqua; ib. 47, secundam aquam, "down the stream."

9-14. Seu-quod-dictus. Livy mentions two opinions in regard to the return of Camillus; the first, that he was conducted to Veii, before the law had been passed by the curies, (lex curiata,) appointing him dictator; the second, that he did not leave Ardea, until after the lex curiata had been passed, and he had been appointed, in his absence, dictator. To the second, Livy himself inclines, as the more probable.

CH. XLVII.-18. Ad Carmentis, sc. ædem. See note on ad Murcia, B. 1, c. 33.

23. Fallerent. Fallere, "to escape the notice of," is very frequent in Livy. So below, fefellere; and 2, 19, nec fefellit—ducem; 3, 8, Lucretium—agmen fefellit.

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39. Classico, primarily a signal given with the cornu, trumpet; then, by metonymy, the instrument itself. Dict. Antiqq., Cornu.— Freund. 93 12. Ab-memoria. Ab= propter, on account of." So above, c. 44, ab secundis rebus incauti. Also, 2, 49, ab levitate; 4, 32, ab -occasione; ib. 41, ab re male gesta; 21, 36, a glacie. So also, ab ira, a cupiditate, ab odio. See Z. § 305; Hand, Turs. I. p. 32.

CH. XLVIII.-17. Quorum-fecere. The two parts of the sentence as follows: Cum gens-morerentur, jam—urebant bustorumque-fecerunt.

31. Quibus-adoriatur. For the subjunctive, see Z. § 567; A and S. § 264, 5.

32. Stationibus vigiliisque. See above, on c. 44 34. Diem de die. De die, literally, "from," "away from," i. e. “immediately after," "day after day," "from day to day." So, 25, 25, dicm de die deferret. Z § 308; Hand, Turs. II. p. 207.

36. Cum stationes procederent, i. e. “cum progrederentur milites; ponit ecce, ante oculos, ut aspiciamus fame affectos, proce dentes cum armis, vix incedentes, vix arma tenentes."-Bauer. 43. Mille pondo. See Z. § 87.

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93

CH. XLIX.—5. Prohibuere—vivere. For prohibere with the 94 infinitive sce note, B. 1, c. 39. The construction is common in Livy. Compare 4, 49; 5, 26; 8, 38; 9, 30; 26, 41.

20. Providit. We might expect providet, as instruit precedes, were not the change in tenses so common in Livy. Thus, below we have, ibi-obtinuit; castra capiuntur, et—relictus. Compare B. 1, 48, arripit-dejecit.

24. Majore momento, i. e. m. vi. Compare note, B. 1, c. 47. Momentum is thus frequently used for the force or effort put forth, in order to effect any thing. Compare 8, 19, levi momento; 21, 43, perlevi momento; also 23, 24; 24, 34; 42, 59.

25. Justiore—prœlio. Prælium justum is a formal, regular battle, in opposition to tumultuarium p., i. e. one that takes place without due preparation, disorderly. So, in B. 23, 37; ib. 40; 35, 4. So also justa pugna, B. 22, 8, and justa acies, 21, 8. For an account of the corruptions of the story of the retreat of the Gauls, see Arn. Hist. Rome, vol. 1, p. 330.

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96

BOOK XXI.

CH. I.-2. Summæ totius. Totius agrees with summa; the whole expression = operis universi, the whole work, "the whole," in distinction from parte operis.

2. Plerique = permulti. In this sense frequent in Livy; e. g. 10, 33; ib. 31; 23, 13. Compare Z. § 109, Note.

4. Quod-gessere. On the use of the indic. in this clause, instead of the subjunctive, see Z. § 546,

7. His ipsis, i. e. the Romans and the Carthaginians.

7. Virium-roboris. Vires, strength in attacking, force as the means of effecting any thing; robur, strength in resisting an attack, in remaining firm.-D.

8. Inter sese.

From Alschefski, instead of inter se. A. joins the words with conserebant, comparing artes conserere with manus conserere, arma conferre.

9. Expertas; used passively. See note, B. 1, c. 17. On bello, see note, B. 5, c. 44.

11. Ut—fuerint. On the use of the perf. subj., see n. B 1, c. 3. 15. Annorum-novem. On the construction, see Z. §§ 397, 426. 16. Duceretur. Ducere, here, to take with. Sometimes secum is expressed, as in 10, 25, and 34, 56.

5. Concessam. The verb on which this word with its acc. depends, is readily supplied from angebant, e. g. angebatur. Fabri compares with 1, 46, Angebatur-Tullia, nihil-esse; and 38, 8 Also Cic. Lælius, 24, 90; Cic. Epist. ad Quint. Fr. 3, 5; Fam. 7, 15. By the terms of the treaty at the end of the First Punic War, Sicily was given up to the Romans.

7. Stipendio-imposito. Etiam belongs to stipendio. Insuper, "besides." The troops in Sardinia had revolted from the Carthaginians; and as the Carthaginians were preparing to assert their domin. ion over the island, they were threatened by the Romans with war In the end, the Carthaginians were obliged to give up Sardinia, and even to pay the sum of twelve hundred talents (stipendium) as compensation for injuries, which it was alleged they had done to the Roman shipping. Compare Schmitz, p. 190.

CH. II.—8. Sub recentem pacem. Sub immediately after. See Z. § 319.

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9, 10. Africo bello-quinque annos. The African, some- 96 times called the Civil War, took place at the end of the First Punic War, and was occasioned by the failure of the Carthaginians to pay their mercenaries for their services in Italy. According to Polybius, 1, 28, it continued only three years and four months.

18. Ob aliam indolem profecto animi. This reading of the MSS. Alschefski has restored, the common reading being, according to the conjecture of Lipsius, altam ind. provecto annis. Alschefski thus explains the passage: Primo dicit Livius, Hasdrubalem Hamilcari conciliatum esse flore ætatis, quem illi fruendum præbuerit; deinde eum ab eodem generum ascitum esse-quod magna aliqua animi ingeniique indoles in Hasdr. inesset,—ob aliam, id est, ceteram indolem; ac, ne quis de hac ejus indole dubitaret, profecto animi addidit.

19. Factionis Barcinæ. There were two parties at Carthage; the Barcine, (from Barcas, Lightning, the cognomen of Hamilcar,) and another which favored Hanno. See below, c. 3.

22. Hospitiis, "by friendly connections."

29. Ut-præbuerit. On the perf. tense, compare n. B. 1 c. 3. In this instance, the clause with ut does not really express a conse. quence, but simply explains more exactly what has gone before. As therefore the two actions or states in the verbs fuit, præbuerit, do not stand to each other in the relation of succession, but are coincident in time, the perfect is manifestly the proper tense.

31. Fuerat-renovaverat. The pluperfect, because mention had been made of the death of Hasdrubal. But this tense is also frequently used in describing events which are considered preparatory to others, or introductory to them. Compare 21, 11, habuerant; ib. 21, concesserat; ib. 32, venerat.

CH. III.-35-38. In-locum-sequeretur. A change of construction. We should expect with in locum some such expression as Hannibal succederet. Such instances of anacoluthon are not uncommon in Livy. See A. and S. § 323, 5; Z. § 815.

39. Vixdum puberem.

two years old.

Yet Hannibal was then about twenty

44. Quod petit. For the indicative, see above on gessere, c. 1. 5. An-timemus, etc. "Or, do we infer," &c. See note on an 97 non sensistis, B. 2, c. 38.

CH. IV-12. Pauci ac f. opt. quisque. Ac is explicative; "and especially," "and yet;" f. opt. quisque, "almost all the worthi.. cet men." See Arn. P. Int. P. I. 400, (c.)

19. Ut pater, i. e. his resemblance to his father On momen tum, compare notes, B. 1, c. 47, and B. 5, c. 49.

22. Discerneres. See note on timerem, B. 2, c. 7.

24. Fortiter ac strenue, "with energy and activity" Fortis and strenuus frequently occur together in Livy and in other writers.