BOOK II Pagu CH. I.—5. Ita regnarunt, ut-numerentur, "reigned ir such 44 a manner, that they may be considered." Regnârunt is the perf. indefinite, and yet is followed by the present subj. The reason seems to be, that the writer from his own point of view, as a narrator, simply expresses the idea of the reigning of the kings as something past. See A. and S. § 258, II.; Z. § 512, Note. = 9. Pessimo publico, maximo reipublicæ damno, "with the greatest injury to the state." In like manner malum publicum, Liv. 4, 44, ut in parcendo uni malum publicum fiat, and bonum publicum, Liv. 2, 44; 9, 38; 28, 41. So commune magnum, Hor. Odes, 2, 15, 14. 10. Facturus fuerit, "would have done." The perfect in the periphrastic conjugation, both indicative and subjunctive, has in hypothetical sentences the force of the pluperfect. See Z. § 498. 11. Quid enim futurum fuit, "for what would have been the result." Futurum fuit = accidisset. See preceding note. 13. Templi. This refers to the Asylum of Romulus. See B. 1, c. 8 22. Quia-factum est, quam quod-diminutum sit. Quia and quod both denote a cause; but Livy in using quia with the indicative factum est, gives a cause which he himself holds to be the true one; and in using quod with the subjunctive diminutum sit, a cause which is alleged by some one else, or a merely supposed cause. We must ascribe, he says, the origin of liberty to the fact of the consular government being made an annual one, rather than to the alleged circumstance of any falling off from the power which the kings had possessed. 12. Traditumque-essent, "and from this circumstance is said 45 to have been handed down the custom of summoning to the senate, the Patres and the Conscripti." Livy thus explains the customary form of addressing the senate, Patres Conscripti. It was originally Patres et Conscripti, i. e. the original patrician senators, and the new senators chosen, according to Livy, by Brutus. These new senators were probably plebeians of equestrian rank. See Dict. Antiqq., Senatus. CH. II.-18. Regem sacrificulum. Under the regal government, the king was, by virtue of his office, high-priest of the nation, Page 45 and performed in person some of the sacra publica. Under the republican government now established, a rex sacrificulus, otherwise called rex sacrorum, was appointed to discharge those priestly duties which formerly devolved upon the king. But lest the title rex-additus nomini honos-should be in any way injurious to the interests of liberty, the new office was made subordinate to that of the pontifex maximus. See Dict. Antiqq. 21. Nescio, an. This expression, denoting uncertainty, and thus joined with the subjunctive, yet expresses an opinion leaning to an affirmative It is the same as fortasse or videtur mihi. See A. and S § 265, R. 3; Z. §§ 354, 721. 22. Consulis alterius, i. e. L. Tarquinius Collatinus. 37. Dicturum fuisse. See note on futurum fuisse, B. 1, c. 46. 46 13. Ex senatus-consulto. See note on ex fœdere, B. 1, c. 23. 15. Comitiis centuriatis. This ablative, which frequently occurs in Livy, falls under the rule for the abl. of time. So ludis, gladiatoribus, tumultu, and others. See Z. § 475, Note. For an account of the Comitia Centuriata, see Dict. Antiqq. On the meaning of the word creavit, see note below on B. 21, c. 15, creatus ab T. Sempronio. CH. III.-18. Spe-serius. § 484. See A. and S. § 256, R. 9; Ꮓ 21. Nec hi-orti, “and these too, of no mean descent." See Arn. Pr. Intr. 385; Z. § 699. 31. Periculosum-vivere, "that it was a perilous thing, in the midst of so many errors to which men are liable, to rely solely upon one's innocence." The fine tone of irony running through this whole passage well illustrates the condition and sentiments of a corrupt nobility, suddenly forced to exchange the license of a bad monarchy for the strictness and equality of a republic. 36. Tenuit, continued." So Freund, who also cites this passage Other passages, in which teneo has the same sense, are 23, 44; 24 47; 33, 22. 47 CH. IV.-11. Nam aliter qui—afferri. These words give the ground on which the legati urged the conspirators to give them letters to the Tarquinii. They wished the letters as credentials, "for how otherwise," (said they,) "would they believe," &c. 14. Et cenatum. 66 Copula et impeditam facit orationem, quæ ea sublata melius procedit."-Duker. Yet the et is established by the MSS. CH. V.-29. Contacta, nom. case, agreeing with plebs understood. "that the commons having shared in." Comp. below c. 6, bona sua diripienda expers esset. 30. Ager Tarquiniorum, etc. According to Livy here, this land was, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, consecrated to Mars, Page But Dionysius states 47 and afterwards distinguished by their name. 37. Insulam inde-factam. This island, the origin of which Livy here explains in accordance with the popular tradition, is the Insula Tiberina, or, as it is now called from a church which is upon it, Isola di S. Bartolommeo, the Island of St. Bartholomew. From its shape it has been sometimes called the Ship of the Tiber. It was connected with the right bank of the river by the Pons Cestius, and with the left by the Pons Fabricius; hence it was also called inter duos pontes. It was celebrated in ancient times for its temple of Esculapius See the Plan of Rome; Becker's Röm. Alterthümer, Bd. 1, 651. 13. Eminente-ministerium, "the feelings of the father clearly 48 appearing, in the midst of the execution of a public punishment." This is clearly the idea of Livy. The struggle between the father and the consul is expressed by the contrasted words patrio and publicae. Dr. Arnold thus gives the sense of the passage: "Brutus neither stirred from his seat, nor turned away his eyes from the sight, yet men saw, as they looked on, that his heart was grieving inwardly over his children."-Hist. of Rome, 1, p. 79. CH. VI.-25. Ne se ortum, se=ex ipsis, referring to the Veientes and Tarquinienses. But below, bona sua diripienda-dedisse, the reflexive pronoun refers back, and without possibility of ambiguity, to Tarquinius. 36. Pro se quisque-fremunt. Livy and other prose writers use a plural verb and also a plural participle with quisque, pro se quisque, and similar partitive expressions. This construction, however, does not occur in Cicero. A. and S. § 209, R. 11, (4); Z. § 367. 37. Romano saltem duce, "that at least with a Roman at their head,” i. e. that se favorable an opportunity for redressing their wrongs should be eagerly embraced. 1. Primus eques hostium agminis fuit, i. e. eques (=equitatus) 49 in hostium agmine primum locum tenuit.-Crevier. "The cavalry formed the enemy's vanguard." 12. Dum vulneraret, "so long as he wounded." Dum, as well as donec, in the sense of so long as, if only, where a purpose is indicated, takes the subjunctive.-Cf. Arn. Pr. Intr. P. I. 654, (Eng. ed.); Madvig, 360, 2. CH. VII.-23. Suas quisque. Quisque here refers to each of the two armies. It generally however is used in reference to a subject, representing two or more persons, in order to express forcibly the notion that each individual shares in the action of the verb. Cf. Drak. ad Liv. 2, 22; Mützell's Curtius, p. 51. 26. Uno plus-acie, "that one man more had fallen on the side Page 49 of the Etruscans than on the side of the Romans," lit. more of the Etruscans by one. See Z. § 488; A. and S. § 256, R. 16 33. Quia—quod-fuisset. See note on quia—quod, B. 2, c. 1 40. In summa Velia. There has been much discussion, in regard to the situation of the Velia. Becker fixes it as the ridge extending from the Palatine to the Esquiline. The Basilica of Constantine and the Temple of Venus and Roma are on this hill.-See the Plan of Rome. Becker, Röm. Alterth. vol. 1, p. 246; also Arnold, Hist. 66 Rome, 1, 80. 50 3. Ibi audire jussis, i. e cum ibi in concione populus audire jussus esset."-Alschefski. 11. Timerem, the imp. in the sense of the pluperf. So in the next sentence, si-habitarem—crederem. The imperf. is thus used where a continued or a repeated action or condition is meant to be expressed. So in the common expressions in Livy, cerneres, nescires, decerneres. See Krebs' Guide, 232; Z. § 528, N. 2. 21. Vicæ Potæ. Vica Pota, an epithet of the goddess of victory, the goddess, quæ vincit et potitur. (Hartung, Rel. der Röm. 2, 256, For the government of the word, see note on ad Murcia, B. 1, c. 33. CH. VIII.-22. Quæ-absolverent-verterent. The subj. seems here to be used with the relative, in dependence upon a demonstrative pronoun to be supplied with leges in the preceding clause, " laws of such a nature, that they not only cleared the consul," &c. See Z. § 558, and the Note. 42. Postem, i. e. of the temple which he was dedicating. 44. Funestaque familia, "and that while his family was thus defiled by the unburied corpse." A family was said to be funesta, so long as the body of a deceased member of it remained unburied, and the funeral rites were unperformed. In general, "the idea of non-burial was considered by the ancients a most deplorable calamity, and the discharge of this last service a most sacred duty." Thus it was a "regulation that any family, a member of which had remained unburied, should yearly offer a propitiatory sacrifice, and only under such a condition was the familia pura." Becker's Gallus, p. 400. 51 3. Nihil aliud-quam, 66 only," ""merely." See Z. § 771. Dr. Arnold, in his version of this story, says: "But he said, 'Then let them carry him out and bury him;' and he neither wept nor lamented, for the words of lamentation ought not to be spoken, when men are praying to the blessed gods, and dedicating a temple to their honor." Hist. Rome, 1, p. 81. CH. IX.-9. Lartem. "Lars," like "Lucumo," is not an individual name, but expresses the rank of the person, like avas. Micali connects it with the Teutonic word" Lord." Arnold's Hist. Rome, 1, p. 81. 29. In publicum omni sumptu. This is the reading of the MSS Gronovius proposed omne sumptum. Alschefski in his larger edition Pago adopted the conjecture of Divæus, omni sumpto; but in the later school 51 edition he has restored the reading of the MSS. To translate the passage, we must supply a participle with sumptu, e. g. translato. Render thus: "The privilege of selling salt also, as it was sold at an extravagant price, was taken away from private individuals, all the expense attending the business being transferred to the public treasury;" i e. after the state had assumed all the pecuniary responsibilities attending the manufacture and sale of the article This is substantially the explanation and translation, which are very clearly given by Folsom, who adds, that the government took the business into their own hands, that the commodity "might be afforded to the people at a cheaper rate, since the profits formerly made by the private contractors, or farmers, no longer formed a part of the price." The same view is given by Alschefski; also by Weissenborn, in Jahn's Jahrbücher, vol. 39, p. 279. 31. Oneri ferendo essent, "were able to bear the burden." This construction of esse with the dat. of the gerund is generally explained by an ellipsis of idoneus or par. But such expressions can only be resolved into an idiom of the language. Cf. Z. § 664, N. 1; Madvig, § 415, A. 1. CH. X.-40. Pons sublicius. See note on this word, B. 1, c. 33. 41. Pæne-dedit," had nearly given." The perf. indic. for the pluperf. subj., as it renders the description more animated. See Z § 519, b.; A. and S. § 259, R. 4. 4. Si transitum pontem. I prefer to consider transitum a noun. 52 "if they should leave behind them the bridge as a passage," i. e. "the passage of the bridge." A single MS. has transitum per pontem. Clericus conjectured that the original reading was pontem, and that transitum was first inserted in the margin as an explanation, and that it afterwards crept into the text. Gronovius considered the word as a participle, quem transiissent. There is no doubt that the word occurs as a participle, as Liv. 21, 43, Alpes transitæ, and 23, 28, transito amne. In either case the meaning is plain. The enemy had already gained the Janiculum, and needed only to win the bridge to have a clear passage into the city. 7. Ferro, igni, etc. Cf. Liv. 1, 59, ferro, igni, quacumque dehinc vi possim. Ferro, igni is an almost proverbial expression. In Curtius, 3, 4, however, we find the words in an inverted order, igni ferroque. 9-11. Insignisque-armis, "and readily distinguished among those who showed their backs as they fled, by his turning to the front, with his arms ready for close combat." Terga cedentium and obversis armis are contrasted with each other. 16. Exigua-rescindebant, "when a small part of the bridge was left, and those who were cutting it down, were calling them back." |