Page 8 the object of the feeling expressed by iram. The past part. is thus often used in Latin, where we use a substantive. 26. Crimini-dabant. (The other dat. iis not expressed.) "Laid to their charge." See A. and S. § 227 ; Z. § 422. 35. Numitori-tetigerat animum. Num. is properly depen. dent upon tetigerat, but it is translated by the English possessive case. See A. and S. § 211, R. 5. 39. Haud procul abesset, quin R. agnosceret. "Was not far from acknowledging Remus." See Arn. Pr. Intr. P. I 91. 42. Aliis alio itinere-pastoribus, "by ordering different shepherds to come by different roads." 9 CH. VI.-1. Numitor inter primum, etc. This sentence well illustrates the facility with which the Latin language expresses a great variety of collateral circumstances in one sentence, without injury to the unity and perspicuity of the sentence, and even to their direct advantage. Here Numitor ostendit is the principal clause; all the others are subordinate, and depend upon the one principal clause, with the utmost order and distinctness. The sentence illustrates the several constructions, by means of which such a period is formed, viz., by the use of the part. agreeing with the subject of the principal clause, dictitans, by the abl. abs., perpetrata cæde, advocato consilio, and by conjunctions, cum-avocasset, postquam-vidit. In translation, the English idiom requires us to break up such a period into several distinct sentences. Compare Z. 817; Grysar, p. 335 = 8. Agmine is generally, and perhaps correctly, considered equivalent to uterque conjunctim, "together," as the word is so used in Virg. Æneid, 2, 212. But this sense is so unusual, that it seems more in accordance with the usage of the language, to understand it as referring to the company of attendants, who followed them into the assembly. 18. Quoniam-essent, nec-posset. Quoniam expresses a ground, an occasion of any thing, the French puisque," since," "now as." The mood of the verb connected with it, depends entirely upon the meaning which the writer wishes to convey. If he intend to give his own words or opinions, the indicative; if the words or opinions of the person or persons about whom he is writing, the subjunctive. Here Livy states in the clauses with quoniam, the view taken by the parties about whom he is writing, and accordingly uses the subj. See A. and S. § 266, 3; Z. §§ 545–549; Arn. Pr. Intr. P. I § 58. On the meaning of quoniam, see Z. § 346; Arn. Pr. Intr. P. II (Eng. ed.) § 90. It may here be remarked, in general, that all clauses, whether introduced by the relative or a causal conjunction, which express the words or thoughts of another person, require the subj. Such forms of expression are equivalent to a less formal oratio obliqua. 23. Templa. The word templum, (contract. fm. tempulum,) from tempus, root tem, from which also réuvw, something cut off, means Page primarily a space, the limits of which are fixed, a space marked off, 9 and hence, the place of observation marked off by the wand of the augur, for the purpose of taking the auguries. In the primary sense, the word involves the notion of a free, wide, and of a consecrated, space. Hence the secondary significations—1, a free, wide space, as cœli templa; 2, a consecrated place (a) in general, as, e. g the curiæ, the rostra, the tribunal, (b) a place sacred to a deity, a temple. Freund, under Templum. For an account of the rites of augury, see Dict. Antiqq. under Auspicium and Templum. CH. VII.-26. Tempore-præcepto, "on the ground of priority of time." The expression = 66 "quod augurium tempore præcepis sent." 2. Agendo-compulisset. Agendo is not pleonastic, but, on the 10 contrary, emphatic, being opposed to aversos. 5. Excitus. See Z. under Cieo, § 180. 9. Ex loco infesto, "from the unsafe place." Infestus (infenstus for festus, from fendo, from which defendo, offendo, &c.) means—1, disturbed, insecure, unsafe; 2, active or neuter, disturbing, i. e. hostile, (Freund.) In the first sense, this word differs in classie use from the kindred word infensus. 24. Rogitat, qui vir esset. Rogitat, being the historic present, and equivalent to a past tense, is followed by a past tense. For the subj. esset, see A. and S. § 265; Z. § 552. 28. Aram-Maximam. This altar was in the Forum Boarium, which was in the valley between the Palatine and the Aventine, on the side towards the Tiber. (See Plan of Rome.) Hartung's Rel. d. Röm. vol. 2, p. 25. 33. Potitiis ac Pinariis. Buttmann, in explaining this legend, regards the Potitii and Pinarii as two ancient families, who had the care of these rites, the former being the regular priests, sacerdotes, the latter performing a subordinate part as ministri. Tracing out the etymology of the two words, he further looks upon this particular relation between the Potitii and Pinarii as having sprung from a relation of a more general character. Potitii, (from potiri, potis,) means the same as potentes, the powerful, those who have the chief power Pinarii, (from πɛîva, penuria,) the needy, the dependent. This seems to point to the mutual relation between the two orders of some petty state, occupying the Palatine long before Rome was built. In after times, this little state was merged with its two orders in the Roman state; these orders now became Roman gentes, with the names of Potitii and Pinarii, and the sacred rites, having been adopted by Romulus, still continued to be performed as before. Buttmann, Mythologus, vol. ii. pp. 294–7. 35. Exta apponerentur. So, in the time of Homer, it was the practice to burn the legs enclosed in fat, (unpa,) and certain parts of Page 10 the intestines, exta, other parts of the exta forming a slight meal, preparatory to the general feast furnished from the remaining parts of the victim. See Dict. Antiqq. (Sacrificium.) 11 39. Donec interiit. Livy mentions this circumstance more at length in B. 9, cap. 29, 34. The censor Appius Claudius prevailed upon the Potitii to delegate the priestly office to public slaves, at the same time qualifying them, by instruction, for the performance of its duties. For this profanation they were believed to have been visited by a divine judgment, as the whole gens became extinct within a year. = CH. VIII.-3. Ita-si. Ita means "eo modo," in that manner, thus. It has frequently the force of ea conditione, and especially when joined as here with si; ita-si meaning on condition that, only-if, not-unless. Thus, in the sentence quæ-fore ratus, si, thinking that there would not be, &c., unless, &c." The construction sic-si is a similar one, sic meaning "hoc modo" See Hand's Turs. III. pp. 467 seqq., and Arn. Pr. Intr. P. I. 451, and P. II. (Eng. ed.) 777. " 4. Cum-tum, "not only, but also," the second being the more important notion. Hence tum is frequently strengthened by maxime, as here, or by certe, præcipue, &c. Z. § 723. The construction cumtum differs from et-et in this: while et-et brings together two entirely different ideas, each of equal moment, cum-tum points to a close relation between the two members and thoughts, so that they appear to be closely connected, and fall under one point of view. 8. Et apparitores et hoc genus, "both the attendants (in general), and this (particular) class." Apparitores, (from apparere, in the sense of to wait upon, (Freund,)) a general name for the public servants of the Roman magistrates. See Dict. Antiqq. 9. Sella curulis-toga prætexta. See Dict. Antiqq. 13. Munitionibus alia atque appetendo loca, "by taking in one place after another with their works of defence." Appeto means to reach after something, in order to seize it. Munitio, in this expression, embraces every thing built for the purpose of rendering secure against attack. The idea is, that they kept pushing out farther and further their line of walls, gaining one place, and then another, and another, and thus gradually increasing the extent of the city. 19. Qui nunc-est, "where now the enclosure, on the descent (from the Capitol) between the Two Groves." This place fixed upon for the Asylum, here called Inter Duos Lucos, was the valley between the two summits of the Capitoline hill-the northeastern, on which now stands the Church of S. Maria in Araceli, (see Plan of Rome,) and the southwestern, on which stands the Caffarelli Palace Becker's Handbuch d. Röm. Alterth. p. 385. Cicero refers to the place, in Epist. ad Att. 4. 3; Assequitur inter Duos Lucos hominem Milo. Page CH. IX.-30. Quippe essent. See Preface, n. on quippe qui 11 -videam. 33. Qui peterent. For subj. see A. and S. § 264, 5; Z. § 567. 42. Ecquod-aperuissent? Ecquis, compounded of en, which is interrogative, and never occurs alone, and quis. Like numquis, it is simply interrogative in indirect questions, but to direct questions gives a negative meaning. Z. § 351. Quoque always directly follows the word which it qualifies. 3. Consualia, derived from Consus, i. e. the god of secret delibera- 12 tions. Consus, according to Hartung, (Relig. d. Röm. vol. 2, 87,) is contracted from conditus, like clausus from a form clauditus, &c. Freund however gives the root conso to which also he ascribes consul, consulo, &c. For the Consualia, see Dict. Antiqq. 21. Hanc vocem, i. e. Thalassio! Thalassio! the common cry with the Romans at marriages; as with the Greeks, 'Yμìv, w 'Yμevaïe. Hartung, Rel. Röm. vol. 2, p. 245. 25. Cujus-venissent. This subjunctive particularly illustrates the general remark at the end of the note on quoniam, c. 6. Livy wishes to represent the parents themselves, as declaring that they had come to the festival, &c. If he had simply intended as a writer to mention the fact of their having come, he would have said venerat. Thus the Latin expresses by the subjunctive, and by inflection, what in English we should express by some intermediate clause, as here, for instance, to whose festival, &c. (as they said) they had come. 30. Mollirent modo iras, "they should now soften their feelings of anger." The subj. is used in accordance with the general principle, that the imperatives of the oratio recta become subjunctives in the oratio obliqua. Thus in the or. recta we should have mollitedate. See Z. § 603; Arn. Pr. Intr. P. I. § 58. CH. X.-38. Animi raptis. For the dative, see ncte on c. 5, Numitori, etc. 5. Nomen Cæninum, "Nomen for populus, as in English de- 13 nomination for sect."-Folsom. 14. Pastoribus sacram. Dative case, to the shepherds, i. e. "held sacred by the shepherds." This Latin case thus expresses concisely, what in English we must express by a circumlocution. See Z. § 408. 15. Simul cum dono, "together with the present," i. e. at the same time that he offered the spoils, he marked out the bounds for the temple. 16. Juppiter Feretri. This passage seems to point to fero, as the word from which the cognomen Feretrius is derived, the spoils being carried upon a ferculum, (contracted from fericulum, from fero.) Freund traces the derivation to ferio, according to the passage from Propertius, 5, 10, 45-8, though that same passage points also to fero Page 13 as the primitive, Nunc spolia in templo tria condita; causa Feretri, emine quod certo dux ferit ense ducem; Seu, quia victa suis humeris hæc arma ferebant, Hinc Feretri dicta est ara superba Jovis. (Prop. in Weber's Corpus Poet. Lat.) 18. Opimis spoliis, armor and weapons taken by a Roman general from the leader of the foe, on the field of battle. This is at least the generally received definition of this word. See Dict. Antiqq. 24. Bina postea-annos. The first time by A. Cornelius Cossus, who slew Lars Tolumnius, king of the Veientes, A. u. c. 318, (Liv. 4, 19,) the second time, by M. Claudius Marcellus, who slew Viridomarus, king of the Gæsatæ, A U. c. 532, Liv. 20, 55. CH. XI.-27. Per occasionem ac solitudinem, i. e. the occasion which was offered by the deserted state of the territory, "taking advantage of the occasion," &c. So Tacitus, Ann. 15, 50, occasio solitudinis. 38. Nomina darent. Nomen dare, "to enlist," in reference to a colony, the army, the navy.-Folsom. 14 6. Magni-ponderis, magna-specie. On the difference between the abl. and the gen. of quality, see Z. § 471, Note. CH. XII.-14. Palatinum Capitolinumque collem. Plan of Rome. See the 29. Quod-sit, "to be." For the subj. see A. and S. § 264, 5; Z. § 567. 34. Ab Sabinis princeps. Ab is used to denote the quarter from which any thing comes, the part to which it belongs, = a parte, apud. Thus it comes to mean, "in respect to," "as regards." Princeps in respect to the Sabines, on the side of the Sabines, nearly equivalent to the gen., "the chief of the Sabines." See Freund; also Hand, Turs. 1, p. 36. 42. Alia―acies; i. e. reliqua. "The rest of the Roman troops." On acies, see n. below on c. 23. 15 CH. XIII.-12. Si-inter vos, etc. 16 On the change from the obliqua to the recta oratio, see below, n. on c. 47. 27. In curias. On the Curie, see Dict. Antiqq.; also on the Centuria, mentioned below. CH. XIV.-5. Occupabant-facere. Occupare, in such connections as this, has in it the idea of priority; to anticipate, do a thing before some one else. Here to make war in anticipation, beforehand. Comp. 21, 39, occupavit-trajicere, crossed first. 13. Egressus omnibus copiis. For the omission of the preposition with copiis, see A. and S. § 249, III.; Z. § 473. This read 14. Locis circa densa obsita virgulta obscuris. ing Alschefski retains, as the reading of the MSS., and still having those peculiarities which have caused so much discussion, and provoked so many emendations. Densa obsita virgulta seems to mean |