NOTES. Page 1. Facturusne operæ pretium sim.-Operæ pretium, literally, ⭑1 the reward of one's pains, a thing worth the while opus utile, a useful work. Facturus sim is the subj. of the future, (see A. and S. § 260, Rem. 7, (2,) Z. § 497,) forming with the enclitic ne an indirect question, (see A. and S. § 265; Z. § 552.) These first four words form the first four feet of an hexameter verse. So Tacitus begins his Annals with an entire hexameter, Urbem Romam a principio reges habuere. Such instances of poetic numbers in prose Cicero censures in Orator, c. 54; and in every language they are to be avoided. Accordingly, critics and editors have preferred to read facturusne sim operæ pretium; but the remark of Quintilian, (Inst. 9, 4,) is conclusive on this point: T. Livius hexametri exordio cœpit, "facturusne operæ pretium sim;" nam ita edidit estque melius quam quomodo emendatur. Est operæ pretium, as we learn from the Scholiast on Horace, Sat. 1, 2, 37, was a favorite expression of the poet Ennius; and as we know that Livy, in his history of the kings, followed the Annales of Ennius, a fact which is quite obvious from the general poetic character of the style, as well as from particular forms and expressions, and even fragments of verse, borrowed directly from that poet, it seems not improbable that this epic opening of Livy's preface was either imitated or borrowed from the same source. Compare Niebuhr's Hist. Rome, vol i. p. 219. 2. Si sciam, "if I knew." In hypothetical sentences, we must thus frequently render the subj. pres., in a conditional clause, by an English past tense.-Ausim, see A. and S. § 162, 9; Z. § 161, and § 181. 3. Quippe qui-videam, "for I am aware." Quippe-also utpote, ut qui means inasmuch as I, he, they, &c., i. e. "for," "because." Sometimes the English expression "as being" gives the force of this construction. For the subj. see A. and S. § 264, 8; Z. § 565; Arn. Pr. Intr. P. I. 482. 8. Pro virili parte. Pars or portio virilis means, in a legal sense, a portion of an inheritance that falls to a man, i. e. to each one of the heirs. Hence the expression comes to mean a part, a share, a duty; and pro virili parte, for my part, what belongs to me. Render, "that I also have borne my part, &c."-Folsom. Page 1 11. Ut quæ-repetatur. For the subj. see n. above, on quippe qui—videam. 14. Legentium plerisque. Plerique is here partitive, in the sense of the greater number, the majority. Otherwise it means & great many," " very many." See Z. § 109, Note. 22. Ante conditam condendamve urbem, i. e. antequam urts aut condita esset, aut conderetur, (Lachmann, Propert. 4, 12, 62,) "before the city was built, or the design of building it was formed." The part. here, as frequently, supplies the place of the part. pres. pass., i. e. of a continued passive state. See Z. § 652. 23. Poeticis magis decora fabulis. This remark clearly reveals Livy's own view of the poetic character of the early Roman history. The early books of his work furnish a perpetual commentary upon this remark. "Livy wrote in the same spirit, in which the marvellous legends of the heroic age were commonly drawn down into history. Those primitive times, in which the gods walk among mankind, he would not absolutely reject; whatever was recorded of the more recent, so that it was not inconsistent with the earthly condition of our race, he only held to be less complete and certain, but of the same kind with the traditions of accredited history."-Niebuhr's Hist. vol. i. p. 3. 2 4. Cum-Martem potissimum ferat. Potius and potissimum imply choice and preference; potius, this thing rather than some other; potissimum, this rather than any other. Ferre here means to report, hold, consider. "Since they (populus) prefer to consider Mars above all others," &c. 9. Ad illa mihi. Mihi is an instance of what is called by gram. marians the dativus ethicus. See A. and S. § 228, Note; Z. § 408. To a Roman it was no expletive, though in translation it may seem so It gives to the discourse the force of a lively personal interest. "Let every one, if he will listen to me," &c.; or, "To these things then I earnestly desire that every one," &c. to us. 10. Per quos viros, quibusque artibus. Per with the acc. is used, when a man is the instrument or the means by which any thing is done. There is, however, a difference between per when used of things, and the ablative. See Z. § 301, and § 455. 19. Quod imitere, capias:—quod vites. The subj. capias is used, because the second person denotes an indefinite subject, "one,” "a man," &c.-Madvig's Lat. Sprachl. § 370. For the subj. in imitere―vites, see A. and S. § 264, 5; Z. § 567. 22. Nec in quam civitatem, etc. = nec ulla (nulla) civitas, in quam, etc. For the subj. in immigraverint-fuerit, see A. and S. § 264, 7; Z. § 561. 25. Adeo, quanto, etc. Freund cites this passage to illustrate the force of adeo in transition from one thought to another more im Page portant one It is thus equivalent to immo, and in Eng. to an emphatic 2 indeed. (See Freund under Adeo, c. 3.) 30. Ordiendæ rei. Ord. has the force of a pres part. pass. See above n. on condendam. CH. I.-2. Æneæ Antenorique-jus abstinuisse. This is the 5 reading of Alschefski, from the MSS., instead of the common, Ænea Antenoreque. But the use of the dat. is a departure from the usual construction of abstinere, which is used with the abl. either alone or with the prep. ab. See Z. § 468. So also B. 2, 14, abhorrens with the dative. 11. Pagoque-Trojano nomen est. In this manner the proper name very often occurs in apposition with the dat. rather than with nomen. Just below, however, Livy has Troja-loco, etc.; and at the end of the chapter, cui Ascanium-nomen, according to the regular rule for Apposition. See A. and S. § 204, R. 8, and § 227, Note 2; Z. § 421, Note. 13. Ad majora rerum initia, i. e. The fates directed Eneas to the establishment of a greater state than that which Antenor founded. 15. Ab Sicilia—ad Laurentem, etc. Alschefski has ad L. from his MSS. Tenere seems to be used in the sense of cursum tenere. See Freund.. 17. Ut quibus-superesset. For the subj. see n. on quippe qui -vid., Preface. 28. Postquam audierit. Postquam, and other particles of time, in the sense of "as soon as," are joined with the perfect indic. Z. § 506; Arn. Pr. Intr. P. I. 514. The subj. is used here, in accordance with the general rule for the oratio obliqua, that all the dependent clauses have their verbs in the subjunctive. See A. and S. § 266, 2; Z. § 603; Arn. Pr. Intr. P. I. 460 CH. II.-18. Jam inde ab initio. Indes = ex eo tempore, since, 6 and its force is strengthened by jam, ever since. "From the very beginning." Hand, Turs. 2, p. 367. 19. Nimio plus. Nim. is the abl. of excess, by too much, i. e "far too much for the safety," fc. See A. and S. § 256, R. 16, (2,) Z. §§ 487, 488. 32. Situs est, "was buried." The common inscription upon tombs was, Hic situs est, Hic siti sunt, Here lies, here lie. Super i e. super ripam, "on the bank of the N." 33. Quemcumque-est. These words are interposed, from a religious scruple in regard to uttering the human name of a deified person, or to saying, Deum situm. Jus means what is allowed by human, fas by divine law.-D. CH. III.-39. Haud ambigam. So Alschefski reads from the MSS., instead of haud nihil ambigam Ambigere means to dispute, discuss the question, whether, &c. 5. Inter-deductam, "Between the building of Lavinium, and 7 Page 7 the planting (or the establishment) of the colony at Alba Longa. The Latin part. is thus frequently used, where we use a substantive. See Z. § 637. Albam is of course acc. of place. 6. Tantum-creverant-ut-ausi sint. It will be seen that the perf. subj. ausi sint is used, where according to the rule for the succession of tenses, we should expect the imperf. auderent. For this general rule for the tenses, see A. and S. § 258; Z. § 516; Arn. Pr. Intr. P. I. p. 29. On the use of the perf. subj. in this instance and in others, see A. and S. § 258, R. 3; Z. § 504, Note; Arn. Pr Intr. P I. 418. Most grammatical writers discuss this use of the perf. subj. as a peculiarity of Nepos; especially Zumpt, and Haase, in Reisig's Vorlesgg. Anm. 480. But we meet with the same construction frequently in Livy; and instances are not wanting in Tacitus and Suetonius, and also in Cicero. Zumpt speaks of the instances in Livy, as occurring" only now and then, and more for the sake of variety, than on any definite principle;" a mode of disposing of the subject, which seems hardly satisfactory. In addition to the explanations furnished by the authors above referred to, to which I here add, (Madvig, Lat. Sprachl. § 382, Anm. 1,) I venture to propose, as applicable to the present passage, and to many others, in which a perf. subj., in a clause denoting a consequence, follows a past tense, the following rule: The imperf. subj. is used, when the writer proceeds, in the historical order, from the cause to the consequence, and wishes to represent the latter as resulting from the former. The perf. subj. is used, when, on the contrary, the writer argues from the consequence back to the cause, and states the latter, in order to determine and establish the former. (See Archiv. für Phil. Bd. 1, p. 78.) To illustrate in the present instance: Livy does not intend to represent, historically, the fact of no one daring to attempt hostilities against the Latins, as a consequence of the increase of their power, but rather to state that fact, in order to make clear to his readers, how greatly that power had increased; in other words, he does not develop, historically, the consequence out of the cause, but rather, speculatively, establishes the cause, by stating the consequence. Hence the perf. The idea of the sentence might otherwise thus be expressed: Quantum opes crevissent -ex eo potest intelligi-quod—ausi sunt. On the other hand, in the very next sentence, Livy uses the imperf. esset, because he there wishes to represent historically, the settlement of the boundary, as the consequence of the peace, which had been agreed upon. Other instances in Livy, of the perf. subj. after ut, in clauses expressing a consequence, (some of which we shall have occasion hereafter to notice,) are the following: 2, 20, ut—occiderit; 3, 3, ut—pertulerint, ib. 29, ut decreverit; 5, 43, ut-tentaverint; ib. 45, ut—habuerint, 8, 36, ut—fuerit; 21, 1, ut―fuerint; ib. 3, ut—præbuerit; 24, 40, ut-perfugerint. Page 29. Cum-legisset, “having made her a Vestal." It is worth 7 while to remark, that this construction of cum with the pluperf. subj. is usually thus to be translated by the English perf. active part. So also, generally the Latin past part. with a substantive, in the construction of abl. absolute. Vice versa, in translating from English into Latin, the perf. act. part. is to be rendered according to one or the other of these two constructions. See Arn. Pr. Intr. P. I. § 47. CH. IV.—38. Forte quadam divinitus—effusus—amnis. Effusus expresses the occasion of the two following circumstances, nec— poterat, et—dabat, and is equivalent to effusus erat, or quia—effusus grat. "The river Tiber had happened to overflow its banks," or, " it had happened that the T. &c." Nec―et — et non-et; poterat and dabat agree with Tiberis, being connected by et and nec to effusus. In the expression forte quadam divinitus, there is no contradiction necessarily implied. With the ancients, as well as with the moderns, an event that is apparently accidental, is frequently spoken of as providential. So in the expression often quoted from Plutarch, Oɛíạ tɩvì Túxh 40. Justi cursum amnis; may be rendered "at its regular channel," as amnis seems pleonastic, Tiberis being already expressed. 43. Ficus Ruminalis. Ruminalis, derived (according to Freund) from Rumina, which is derived from Ruma, a word meaning the Romularis is not from Ruminalis, but is another same as mamma. and earlier name. See Freund, Rumina. 6. Faustulo nomen. See above, c. 1, n. on pagoque, etc. 11. Nec in stabulis, nec ad pecora. Stabula, (from stare,) "The former places of abode, means here the huts of the shepherds. expression is equivalent to domi, the latter to in pascuis.”—Bauer. CH. V.-15. Jam tum, i. e. even at that early period. Hoc, i. e. the festival now known by that name, in our own day. 16. Lupercal. This word (from Lupercus, lupa) is the name of -1. A spot on the northern side of the Palatine, where were an altar and a grove sacred to Lupercus; 2. As here, of a Roman festival, celebrated in honor of Lupercus, who was, with the Romans, the god of fertility. The place called Lupercal was near by the Ficus Ruminalis, celebrated by the story of the she-wolf; and with this story seems to be closely connected the word Lupercal, as well as the festival, known among the Romans by this name, down to the time of Anastasius. See Dict. Antiqq.; also Hartung, Relig. d. Römer, 2, 177. 19. Qui-tenuerit. Livy uses the subj. because the clause is in oratio obliqua, and because it states the circumstance as a part of the tradition. On the contrary, below, quem-vocaverunt, he uses the indic. because he states the fact on his own authority. See below, c. 6, n. on quoniam, etc. "On account of their anger at 23. Ob iram prædæ amissæ. the loss of the booty." Not prædæ alone, but præda amissa forma 8 |