ladle-boards, travel at a mean rate of 6 feet in a second: these measure 5 x 5 feet, and deliver a constant stream of water, with a sectional area of 27 square feet, which moving at the speed abovenamed, discharges 165 cubic feet, equal to more than 4 tons of water in one second; or about 16,200 tons in an hour. A more simple or effectual mode of raising a large body of water to a height of ten or twelve feet (from surface to surface) cannot well be devised, nor one less liable to derangement, from ice, weeds, and drift-wood. By this means upwards of 125,000 acres of Fen-land in England have been cleared of water under the author's direction, besides similar works of drainage in Holland, Germany, and in British Guiana, where the same machinery also irrigates the land in the dry season. For the drainage of small districts, it is probable that rotary or centrifugal pumps may be used with advantage. The number and variety of these machines, exhibited at the Crystal Palace, in 1851, and the elaborate and valuable experiments then made, have afforded data for their construction and improvement, which will tend to make their application to such purposes more general, and prove one of the many benefits resulting from that ever-memorable display of industry and ingenuity. THE END. LONDON: BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS. NEW [AND PERMANENT] LIST OF WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WEALE, 59, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON. SERIES OF RUDIMENTARY WORKS FOR THE USE OF BEGINNERS. 1854. 1. CHEMISTRY, by Prof. Fownes, F.R.S., including Agricultural Chemistry, for the use of Farmers. 4th edition 2. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, by Charles Tomlinson. 2nd edition 3. GEOLOGY, by Lieut.-Col. Portlock, F.R.S., &c. 2nd edition 4, 5. MINERALOGY, by D. Varley, 2 vols. 2nd edition 6. MECHANICS, by Charles Tomlinson. 2nd edition 7. ELECTRICITY, by Sir William Snow Harris, F.R.S. 3rd edition 8, 9, 10. MAGNETISM, by the same, 3 vols. 11, 11* ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH, History of the, by E. Highton, C.E., double Part 12. PNEUMATICS, by Charles Tomlinson. 2nd edition 13, 14, 15. CIVIL ENGINEERING, by Henry Law, C.E., 3 vols.; and 15* Supplement 16. ARCHITECTURE (Orders of), by W. H. Leeds. 2nd edition 17. ARCHITECTURE (Styles of), by T. Bury, Architect. 2nd edition, with additional cuts 18, 19. ARCHITECTURE (Principles of Design in), by E. L. Garbett, Architect, 2 vols. 20, 21. PERSPECTIVE, by G. Pyne, Artist, 2 vols. 3rd edition 22. BUILDING, Art of, by E. Dobson, C.E. 2nd edition 1s. 1s. 1s. 6d. 28. 18. 1s. 6d. 3s. 6d. 28. 1s. 4s. 6d. 1s. 1s. 6d. 28. 28. 1s. 23, 24. BRICK-MAKING, TILE-MAKING, &c., Art of, by the same, 2 vols. 25, 26. MASONRY AND STONE-CUTTING, Art of, by the same, with illustrations of the preceding, in 16 4to. atlas plates 28. 23. 27, 28. PAINTING, Art of, or a GRAMMAR OF COLOURING, by George Field, Esq., 2 vols. 28. 18. 29. DRAINING DISTRICTS AND LANDS, Art of, by G. R. Dempsey, C.E. 31. WELL-SINKING AND BORING, Art of, by G. R. Burnell, C.E. 2nd 32. USE OF INSTRUMENTS, Art of the, by J. F. Heather, M. A. 3rd edition -33. CONSTRUCTING CRANES, Art of, by J. Glynn, F.R S., C.E. 34. STEAM ENGINE, Treatise on the, by Dr. Lardner 35. BLASTING ROCKS AND QUARRYING, AND ON STONE, Art of, by Lieut.-Gen. Sir J. Burgoyne, K.C.B., R.E. 2nd edition RUDIMENTARY WORKS. 36, 37, 38, 39. DICTIONARY OF TERMS used by Architects, Builders, Civil and Mechanical Engineers, Surveyors, Artists, Ship-builders, &c., 4 vols. 40. GLASS-STAINING, Art of, by Dr. M. A. Gessert 41. PAINTING ON GLASS, Essay on, by E. O. Fromberg 42. COTTAGE BUILDING, Treatise on, 2nd edition 43. TUBULAR AND GIRDER BRIDGES, and others, Treatise on, more particularly describing the Britannia and Conway Bridges, with Experiments 44. FOUNDATIONS, &c., Treatise on, by E. Dobson, C.E. 45. LIMES, CEMENTS, MORTARS, CONCRETE, MASTICS, &c., Treatise on, by Geo. R. Burnell, C. E. 46. CONSTRUCTING AND REPAIRING COMMON ROADS, Treatise on the Art of, by H. Law, C. E. 47, 48, 49. CONSTRUCTION AND ILLUMINATION OF LIGHTHOUSES, Treatise on the, by Alan Stevenson, C.E., 3 vols. 50. LAW OF CONTRACTS FOR WORKS AND SERVICES, Treatise on the, 54. MASTING, Mast-making, AND RIGGING OF SHIPS, Treatise on, by 55, 56. NAVIGATION, Treatise on THE SAILOR'S SEA-BOOK.-How to 28. 28. 59. STEAM BOILERS, Treatise on, by R. Armstrong, C. E. 62. RAILWAY DETAILS, Introductory Sketches of, by R. M. Stephenson, 63, 64, 65. AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS, Treatise on the Construction of, on Motive Powers, and the Machinery of the Steading; and on Agricultural Field Engines, Machines, and Implements, by G. H. Andrews, 3 vols. 66. CLAY LANDS AND LOAMY SOILS, Treatise on, by Prof. Donaldson, A.E. 67, 68. CLOCK AND WATCH-MAKING, AND ON CHURCH CLOCKS, Treatise on, by E. B. Denison, M. A., 2 vols. . 69, 70. MUSIC, Practical Treatise on, by C. C. Spencer, 2 vols. 76, 77. DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY, Treatise on, by J. F. Heather, M.A., 2 vols. 77*. ECONOMY OF FUEL, Treatise on, particularly with reference to Reverberatory Furnaces for the Manufacture of Iron and Steam Boilers, by T. S. Prideaux, Esq. · RUDIMENTARY WORKS. 78, 79. STEAM AS APPLIED TO GENERAL PURPOSES AND LOCOMOTIVE 83. BOOK-KEEPING, Treatise on, by James Haddon, M.A. 83**. CONSTRUCTION OF LOCKS, Treatise on the, with illustrations . 28. 28. 1s. 38. 1s. 6d. 1s. amples for Practice, and for Self-Examination, by Prof. J. R. Young 18.6d, 84*. KEY to the above, by Prof. J. R. Young 85. EQUATIONAL ARITHMETIC: Questions of Interest, Annuities, and General Commerce, by W. Hipsley, Esq. 86, 87. ALGEBRA, Elements of, for the use of Schools and Self-Instruction, by James Haddon, M.A., 2 vols. 88, 89. Geometry, Principles of, by Henry Law, C.E., 2 vols. 90. GEOMETRY, ANALYTICAL, by James Hann 91, 92. PLANE AND SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY, Treatises on, by the same, 2 vols. 93. MENSURATION, Elements and Practice of, by T. Baker, C.E. 96. POPULAR ASTRONOMY, Elementary Treatise on, by the Rev. Robert Main, M.R.A.S. 18. 97. STATICS AND DYNAMICS, Principles and Practice of, by T. Baker, C.E. 99, 100. NAUTICAL ASTRONOMY AND NAVIGATION, Theory and Practice 103. INTEGRAL CALCULUS, Collection of Examples of the, by James Hann 104. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS, Collection of Examples of the, by J. Haddon, M.A. 105, ALGEBRA, GEOMETRY, AND TRIGONOMETRY, First Mnemonical Lessons in, by the Rev. Thomas Penyngton Kirkman, M.A. 18. 1s. 6d. APPENDIX. CENTRIFUGAL AND ROTARY PUMPS. In the preceding pages the reader will have observed that several machines derive their power from the reaction of water-pressure: such as Dr. Barker's mill, Whitelaw's mill, the Vortex-wheel, and others. If these machines be impelled by some other power, and caused to revolve by an equal external force, say that of a steam-engine, they may be made to act as pumps; and as they had before been put in motion by the pressure of a column of water descending and passing through them, they would, by inverse action, raise a corresponding column of water to the like height. Let the most simple of these machines, Dr. Barker's mill (fig. 15), be turned upside-down,-let the funnel mouth at the top, there shown as receiving the water, be immersed in a well, and the machine caused to revolve rapidly on its axis; the swiftrotary motion will cause a partial vacuum in the arms, and the water will rise in the central pipe and fill them until it is thrown out at the holes near the ends, where the centrifugal force will cause continuous streams to be discharged so long as the requisite velocity is maintained. The straight form of the arms, however, causes a considerable loss of effect: the course the water should take is that of the curve compounded of its radial direction, and of the rotary motion of the machine, for any radial velocity in the water, at the point of discharge, is power uselessly expended. Another centrifugal machine, having the same diameter, section, and apertures, but having the arms bent to the proper curvature, will discharge more than double the quantity of water in the same time with the same power-(see figs. 18 and 20). This was proved by direct experiments made by Mr. Hensman, at the request of the jury, during the Great Exhibition. Thus Mr. Whitelaw's mill will be found to make a very effective machine for raising water, by reversing its action; and hence it was that the jury found Mr. Appold's wheel, formed with vanes similarly curved, produced so much greater results than wheels of the same dimensions with straight vanes. Mr. Appold's wheel was only 12 inches in diameter; it received the water on each |